Cuβ催化剂上氧化羰基合成碳酸二甲酯的原位漫反射红外光谱研究

采用原位漫反射红外光谱法研究了Cuβ催化剂上氧化羰基合成碳酸二甲酯(DMC)的反应机理,考察了甲醇、一氧化碳和DMC的单独吸附及混合气吸附。结果表明,Cuβ催化剂上只存在一种活性位,位于六元环中;氧气能够氧化吸附态的甲醇产生甲氧基和水;DMC吸附在Cuβ催化剂上时,以羰基中的氧原子吸附在活性位上更加稳定;反应存在生成单甲氧基物种和双甲氧基物种两条路径,单甲氧基物种与CO反应生成单甲基碳酸盐物种(MMC),MMC再与甲氧基反应生成DMC;CO插入双甲氧基物种也可以得到DMC。在Cuβ催化剂上更倾向于进行CO插入双甲氧基物种这一路径。     

水对甲醇在电解银上氧化反应的影响

本文运用超高真空程序升温反应谱(TPRS),结合瞬变应答和同位素交换方法研究了电解银上氧致甲醇吸附和反应的机理以及水对甲醇氧化的影响.实验结果表明:吸附态的氧能显著增加甲醇的吸附并和甲醇反应生成水;水中的氧来源于吸附态氧,氢来源于甲醇中的甲基氢和羟基氢且以甲基氢居多.水和氧在电解银表面上存在着竞争吸附,水的加入能抑制甲醇氧化为甲醛的副产物CO_2的产生,提高反应选择性.此结果与活性数据一致.     

甲醇在活性Al2O3催化剂表面的吸附与脱水反应

 采用X射线衍射、红外光谱、程序升温脱附和微反等技术对一系列不同方法制备的活性Al2O3催化剂的结构和性能进行了表征,探讨了催化剂的结构与甲醇脱水反应性能之间的构效关系,提出了甲醇在活性Al2O3催化剂表面脱水的反应机理. 结果表明,活性Al2O3主要由γ-Al2O3和无定形的Al2O3组成,其表面存在σⅠ和σⅡ两种L酸吸附位. 甲醇在Al2O3表面有两种吸附态,即分子吸附态和解离吸附态,其中甲醇的分子吸附为可逆吸附,而解离吸附态甲醇(即甲氧基)在催化剂表面解离成表面甲氧基和羟基,当反应温度较高时,表面甲氧基会进一步分解产生CO,H2以及少量的CO2,CH4和C等. 二甲醚的生成是分子吸附态甲醇与临近的解离吸附态甲醇相互作用的结果.     

甲醇与丙烯在HZSM-5上的吸附及催化机理研究

用红外光谱、氘交换及脉冲催化反应综合考察了甲醇与丙烯在HZSM-5型沸石上的吸附及催化转化。发现甲醇在<120℃下抽空活化的HZSM-5上吸附时,在一些强质子酸中心有甲氧基生成,而室温下甲醇是以分子间氢键缔合成多聚物的形式吸附在HZSM-5表面上。丙烯在该沸石上强质子酸中心吸附时,双键立即被打开,生成正碳离子。丙烯芳构化和烷基化等都属正碳离子机理。最后讨论了甲醇在反应条件下于HZSM-5上催化转化成汽油的反应机理。     

ZrO2修饰Cu催化剂对甲醇吸附原位红外表征

通过原位红外漫反射实验比较研究了甲醇在Cu及ZrO2/Cu催化剂表面的吸附与反应,并且采用不同还原温度来处理催化剂,改变催化剂表面的氧含量,并进一步研究甲醇吸附和反应性能随着催化剂表面氧含量的变化规律.结果表明,甲醇在Cu催化剂表面反应生成吸附态甲醛物种,进一步生成CO2,而在ZrO2/Cu表面形成甲酸盐物种,并与表面氧进一步反应生成CO2.随着催化剂还原温度的升高,反应中间物进一步生成CO2的反应速率变慢,说明催化剂表面的氧物种含量决定着催化剂甲醇吸附中间物种的形成及反应速率.     

碳酸二甲酯在固体碱上吸附和活化的原位红外光谱研究

采用原位红外技术研究了碳酸二甲酯在氧化镁、氟化镁、镁铝复合氧化物和氟改性的镁铝复合氧化物4种固体碱表面上的吸附和活化行为。结果表明:碳酸二甲酯以单、双齿两种形态吸附于固体碱的表面,双齿吸附的比单齿吸附的更易活化。碳酸二甲酯吸附于氧化镁和镁铝复合氧化物上活化生成甲氧基,吸附于氟化镁上活化生成甲氟基;而吸附于氟改性的镁铝复合氧化物上优先活化生成甲氟基,随着吸附表面温度的升高,逐渐有甲氧基生成,说明氟改性的镁铝复合氧化物是一种优良的甲基化反应催化剂。     

银表面甲醇氧化反应机理的ab initio计算研究 Ⅰ.银表面静态吸附物种的几何构型和吸附性质

本文用原子簇模型(CM)的从头计算方法,计算了银表面甲醇氧化反应中的静态吸附物种的优化几何构型及吸附性质.计算表明在清洁银表面甲醇、甲醛只存在物理吸附;当表面存在吸附氧原子时,甲醇可在银表面形成两种分子态吸附;甲醛与表面羟基OH_(a)或氢原子H_(a)共存时在银表面能够形成化学吸附,且CH_2O_(a)极易与O_(a)反应生成深度氧化中间体η~2-甲二氧基;中间产物甲氧基在无氧的银表面能够形成稳定吸附,在富氧银表面极易进一步氧化脱氢生成产物甲醛.通过计算与实验结果的对照,我们对反应机理作了初步讨论.     

MgO催化剂上甲醇分解反应机理的研究

自Greenler等用IR光谱研究了甲醇在氧化铝上的分解反应后,对各种氧化物表面上甲醇的吸附及反应的IR光谱、TPD及NMR研究已有较多报道.田丸等研究了酸性氧化铬表面上甲醇分解反应机理,认为甲醇首先形成甲氧基吸附态,然后变成甲酸根吸附态,再进一步分解为H_2、CO、H_2O及CO_2,并认为稳定的吸附态甲酸根离子在甲醇气氛下更易于分解为产物.本文对碱性MgO表面上甲醇分解反应机理进行了探讨.     

Ni-K/Al_2O_3系催化剂上甲醇分解的红外光谱研究

用红外光谱技术研究了室温至300℃时甲醇在Ni-K/Al_2O_3系催化剂上分解形成的吸附态。在Ni/Al_2O_3上形成了物理吸附甲醇、表面甲氧基、吸附一氧化碳和表面甲酸盐。除此以外,在Ni-K/Al_2O_3上还形成了一个稳定的一氧化碳吸附构型及表面碳酸氢盐和=配位碳酸盐。各种表面生成物的稳定性和生成量与催化剂中1K含量及温度之间的关系密切。另外,讨论了甲醇分解时在Ni-K/Al_2O_3系催化剂表面上发生的反应,确认甲醇分解的中间反应产物是表面甲氧基。     

甲醇在FeS2(100)完整表面的吸附和分解

采用基于第一性原理的密度泛函理论结合周期平板模型方法, 研究了甲醇分子在FeS₂(100)完整表面的吸附与解离. 通过比较不同吸附位置的吸附能和构型参数发现: 表面Fe位为有利吸附位, 甲醇分子通过氧原子吸附在表面Fe位, 吸附后甲醇分子中的C―O键和O―H键都有伸长, 振动频率发生红移; 甲醇分子易于解离成甲氧基CH3O和H, 表面Fe位仍然是二者有利吸附位. 通过计算得出甲醇在FeS₂(100)表面解离吸附的可能机理: 甲醇分子首先发生O―H键的断裂, 生成甲氧基中间体, 继而甲氧基C―H键断裂, 得到最后产物HCHO和H₂.     

甲醇、水及乙烯在氧化铌薄膜上吸附行为研究

由Nb（110）氧化制得均匀的氧化铌薄膜，用紫外光电子能谱表征了在不同温度下，甲醇、水及乙烯在该薄膜上的吸附行为．结果表明，在氧化铌表面吸附甲醇、水和乙烯，在140K时，是非解离吸附，一般由化学吸附到物理吸附．在室温时都发生解离吸附．表面缺陷位活性最强，不仅优先被吸附，而且对吸附质的影响也比较大．氧化铌薄膜表面的Nb5 是主要吸附中心，但表面气离子也是一种吸附位．     

Forms of adsorption of methanol on anatase and directions of their transformation

The adsorption of methanol on titanium(IV) oxide in the anatase crystalline modification was investigated by IR spectroscopy and thermal desorption. It was established that coordinationally bonded alcohol and two types of methoxides are formed on the surface of the titanium dioxide (anatase). The adsorption centers of the methanol were found. The thermal stability and the degree of particípation in oxidation were determined for the surface structures of the adsorbed alcohol. The possibility of the conversion of the coordinationally bonded alcohol and the weakly bonded methoxyl into partial oxidation products and the strongly bonded methoxyl into total oxidation products was demonstrated. In the investigated system formate complexes at concentrations sufficient for detection by IR spectroscopy were only formed with the participation of the oxygen of the gas phase through further oxidation of the strongly bonded methoxyls.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 707–712, November–December, 1988.The authors thank V. A. Gerasimova and S. K. Anan'in for assistance in the production of the experimental results.     

Surface reactions of dimethyl ether on γ-Al2O3

The surface reactions of dimethyl ether (DME) on industrial alumina (γ-Al₂O₃) were studied by chromatographic analysis of the products at the outlet of the flow reactor and (independently) by diffuse reflectance IR spectroscopy. The major products of the reactions at 250°С were found to be methanol formed in the reaction of DME with hydroxyl groups (the 3720 and 3674 cm^–1 bands in the diffuse reflectance spectrum) and various methoxy groups (the 1121, 1070, 695, and 670 cm^–1 bands in the differential spectra). The presence of molecularly adsorbed methanol was confirmed by experiments with methanol fed in a high-temperature IR cell. The interaction of the resulting methanol molecule with the hydroxyl group led to the formation of a water molecule in the gas phase and a methoxy group on the oxide surface. Strong adsorption of molecular DME was revealed, which was favored by an increase in the temperature of the preliminary calcination of oxide from 250 to 450–500°С; treatment of alumina with water vapor after its preliminary contact with DME led to a recovery of the hydroxyl coating and a replacement of molecularly adsorbed DME with hydroxyl. The thermal effect recorded in a flow reactor was positive during the adsorption of DME and negative during the desorption of weakly bonded DME. Schemes of formation of methoxy groups in the interaction of DME and methanol with surface hydroxyls were suggested.     

Quantum-Chemical Investigation of the Interaction of Water and Methanol Molecules with Surface Carboxyl Groups on Graphite

A quantum-chemical investigation made of the adsorption of water and methanol at hydrophilic centers (carboxyl groups) on the partly oxidized surface of graphite was undertaken. The enthalpy of adsorption of water and methanol at such centers was determined. It was shown that water is adsorbed at the surface carboxyl groups in the form of dimers, while methanol is adsorbed in the form of single molecules. It was confirmed that the formation of clusters of water molecules in the vicinity of the hydrophilic center is a characteristic feature of the adsorption of water on the surface of graphite and other adsorbents.     

Methanol adsorption on the beta-Ga2O3 surface with oxygen vacancies: theoretical and experimental approach

Methanol adsorption on beta-Ga2O3 surface has been studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and by means of density functional theory (DFT) cluster model calculations. Adsorption sites of tetrahedral and octahedral gallium ions with different numbers of oxygen vacancies have been compared. The electronic properties of the adsorbed molecules have been monitored by computing adsorption energies, optimized geometry parameters, overlap populations, atomic charges, and vibrational frequencies. The gallia-methanol interaction has different behaviors according to the local surface chemical composition. The calculations show that methanol can react in three different ways with the gallia surface giving rise to a nondissociative adsorption, a dissociative adsorption, and an oxidative decomposition. The surface without oxygen vacancies is very reactive and produces the methanol molecule decomposition. The molecule is nondissociatively adsorbed by means of a hydrogen bond between the alcoholic hydrogen atom and a surface oxygen atom and a bond between the alcoholic oxygen atom and a surface gallium atom. Two neighbor oxygen vacancies on tetrahedral gallium sites produce the dissociation of the methanol molecule and the formation of a bridge bond between two surface gallium atoms and the methoxy group.     

Atomic layer deposition of hafnium oxide from hafnium chloride and water

Hafnium oxide (HfO2) is a leading candidate to replace silicon oxide as the gate dielectric for future generation metal-oxide-semiconductor based nanoelectronic devices. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) has recently gained interest because of its suitability for fabrication of conformal films with thicknesses in the nanometer range. This study uses periodic density functional theory (DFT) to investigate the mechanisms of both half-reactions occurring on the growing surface during the ALD of HfO2 using HfCl4 and water as precursors. We find that the adsorption energy and the preferred site of adsorption of the metal precursor are strong functions of the water coverage. As water coverage increases, the metal precursor preferentially interacts with multiple surface adsorption sites. During the water pulse the removal of Cl can be facilitated by either a ligand exchange reaction or the dissociation of Cl upon increase in coordination of the Hf atom of the precursor. Our predicted potential energy surface indicates that a more likely mechanism is hydration of the adsorbed Hf complex up to a coordination number of 7, followed by the dissociation of a chloride ion that is stabilized by solvation. Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (BOMD) simulations of an adsorbed metal precursor in the presence of a multilayer of water shows that Cl dissociation is facile if sufficient water molecules are present to solvate the Cl(-) anions. Hence, solvation plays a crucial role during the water pulse and provides an alternative explanation for why ALD growth rates for this system decrease at high temperatures.     

Analysis of time-dependent kinetics for the oxidation of methanol on a platinum electrode and reaction mechanism

The reaction kinetics for the oxidation of methanol on a platinum electrode have been examined under precisely controlled conditions. The Tafel relations at constant surface coverages of the strongly adsorbed species show the existence of two potential regions where the predominant reaction path is different. The surface reaction of the strongly adsorbed species with OH(a) is rate determining at E > ca. 0.55 V, while the oxidative adsorption of methanol to form a reactive intermediate becomes the rate-determining step at E < ca. 0.55 V. In the latter potential region, the strongly adsorbed species is not oxidized so that its accumulation on the surface decreases the rate of the oxidative adsorption and thereby the total oxidation rate.     

Surface reactions of carbon dioxide at the adsorbed water-iron oxide interface

Despite the fact that carbon dioxide is an abundant atmospheric gas with profound environmental implications, there is little information on the reaction of carbon dioxide at the adsorbed water-oxide interface. In this study, the chemistry of carbon dioxide at the adsorbed water-iron oxide interface is investigated with FTIR spectroscopy. As shown here, the thin water layer on the iron oxide surface plays an important role in the surface chemistry of carbon dioxide. In particular, adsorbed water enhances CO(2) uptake, undergoes isotope exchange with CO(2) in O(18)-labeled experiments, and influences the chemical nature of the predominant adsorbed product on the surface from bicarbonate to carbonate. The resultant thin water film is acidic in nature from the reaction of CO(2). The IR spectrum recorded of adsorbed carbonate at the adsorbed water-iron oxide interface is remarkably similar to that at the bulk liquid water-iron oxide interface. Since reactions in thin water films estimated to be approximately 2 layers will play a role in a number of environmental processes, it is essential to understand the chemistry of these "wet" interfaces with atmospheric gases.