有机层界面对双层有机发光二极管复合效率的影响

建立了双层有机发光二极管中载流子在有机层界面复合的无序跳跃理论模型.由于有机分子材料的空间及能带结构的无序性，采用刚体模型处理有机层界面问题是不恰当的，而采用无序跳跃模型比较合理.复合效率及复合电流由载流子跳跃距离、有机层界面的有效势垒高度及该界面处的电场强度分布所决定：在双层器件ITO/α-NPD/Alq₃/Al中，当所加电压小于19.5V时，复合效率随着载流子跳跃距离的增加而增加，而大于19.5V时，复合效率随着其距离的增加而减少；复合效率随着有机层界面有效势垒高度的增加而增加； 关键词： 有机层界面 双层有机发光二极管 复合效率 有效势垒高度 无序跳跃模型     

DPVBi/Alq3基有机发光二极管中载流子复合区移动的研究

制备了以结构ITO/PCBM:PVK(x Wt%,～40nm)/DPVBi(30 nm)/Alq3(30 nm)/Al为基础的一系列有机发光二极管,利用电致发光光谱分析了DPVBi/Alq3基有机发光二极管中载流子复合区的移动.通过氟化锂的阴极修饰,改变了器件的载流子注人情况;通过PCBM的浓度变化,改变了载流子的输运情况,讨论了这些因素对载流子复合区形成的影响.同时通过改变对器件所加的电压,讨论了电压对载流子复合区形成的影响,并分析了其影响的本质.     

温度和电压对双层有机发光二极管复合效率的影响

提出了双层有机电致发光二极管ITO/PPV/PBD/Ca复合的理论模型。计算并讨论了温度和电压对其复合效率的影响：在电压为6～7.5 V时,复合效率随温度变化出现两个峰值,但随着电压升高,两峰值相互靠拢,当电压达到9 V时,峰值位置重叠,我们认为这一现象除了浅缺陷能级和深缺陷能级贡献的结果以外,还由于复合区域发生变化引起的。该模型较好地解释了有关实验现象。     

迁移率对单层有机发光器件中复合率分布的影响

以载流子运动的扩散-漂移理论为基础,利用数值方法研究了有机发光层中双极载流子注入时的电势、电场、载流子浓度和复合率分布.结果表明:当两种载流子的迁移率相同实现平衡注入,并且当空穴和电子的复合为Langevin型时,复合率的分布曲线相当理想,参与复合的空穴和电子总量远大于其他情况,由此器件的发光性能也得到更大的优化.     

利用微球层提高有机发光二极管出光效率

采用自组装的方法(提拉法)在普通玻璃盖玻片衬底上制备了聚苯乙烯微球层,对其进行简单的热处理可获得类似微透镜的结构。利用折射率匹配液将其耦合在常规OLEDs的出光面,研究了其对器件光学特性的影响。初步的研究结果表明:热处理后的直径为3μmPS微球层可将限制在玻璃衬底中的部分光耦合到前向外部空间,并将OLEDs器件正方向的发光亮度(效率)提高大约9%。     

迁移率对单层有机发光器件中电场与载流子分布的影响

有机发光器件的宏观特性与有机层中的电场和载流子浓度分布密切相关。建立的有机电致发光器件模型是由两个金属电极中间夹一层有机发光薄膜材料组成的单层器件,金属与有机发光层之间为欧姆接触。模型以载流子运动的扩散-漂移理论为基础,利用数值方法研究了有机发光层中双极载流子注入时的电势、电场、载流子浓度和复合密度分布。分析结果表明:当两种载流子的迁移率相同时,电场强度、载流子浓度、复合密度的分布呈对称形式。而当电子和空穴的迁移率μn和μp相差比较大时,高迁移率的载流子不仅仅分布在注入端附近而且还有一小部分能够传输到另一端,而低迁移率的载流子只分布在其注入端附近;当μn、μp的大小相差不大时,载流子传输情况就介于两者之间。当μn/μp的比值变化时,电场强度的极大值向载流子迁移率小的注入端偏移。     

具有新型双空穴注入层的有机发光二极管

采用新型双空穴注入层N, N, N', N'-tetrakis(4-Methoxy-phenyl)benzidine/Copper phthalocyanine(MeO-TPD/CuPc)及器件结构:ITO/MeO-TPD(15 nm)/CuPc(15 nm)/ N, N'-Bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N, N'-bis(phenyl)benzidine (NPB, 15 nm)/8-hydroxyquinoline (Alq₃, 50 nm)/LiF(1 nm)/Al(120 nm), 研制出高效有机发光二极管(器件D), 与其他器件(器件A, 没有空穴注入层的器件; 器件B, MeO-TPD单空穴注入层; 器件C, CuPc单空穴注入层)相比, 其性能得到明显改善. 器件D的起亮电压降至3.2 V, 比器件A, B, C的起亮电压分别降低了2, 0.3, 0.1 V. 器件D在10 V时, 其最大亮度为23893 cd/m², 最大功率效率为1.91 lm/W, 与器件A, B, C的最大功率效率相比, 分别提高了43% (1.34 lm/W), 22% (1.57 lm/W), 7% (1.79 lm/W). 性能改善的主要原因是由于空穴注入和传输性能得到了改善, 通过单空穴型器件的J-V 曲线对这一现象进行了分析. 关键词： 有机发光二极管 空穴注入层 功率效率 势垒     

典型有机发光二极管中载流子传输和复合模型

提高载流子复合效率是改善有机发光二极管(OLEDs)发光效率的重要方法。采用真空热蒸发成膜法制作了典型双层结构的OLEDs(ITO/TPD/Alq₃/Al)。二极管的性能测试结果表明器件的电流-电压关系与Fow ler-Nordheim场发射载流子注入理论符合得较好。以Fow ler-Nordheim场发射载流子的隧穿注入理论为基础,对OLEDs的电流进行理论分析和数学推导,建立典型双层结构有机发光二极管中载流子传输、复合的理论模型。以此模型为依据,对载流子注入复合进行理论分析,探究载流子注入复合的效率的表达式。在外加电压和器件材料一定下,得出了载流子复合效率与阳极区一侧积累的空穴面密度和阴极区一侧积累的电子面密度的关系表达式。     

空穴注入层对微腔有机发光二极管光电性能的影响

有机发光二极管(OLED)因具有效率高、自发光、种类多样、能耗低、制造成本低、又轻又薄、发光谱域宽、无视角依赖性等一系列独特优点而引起广大科学家的极大关注。微腔可以窄化有机发光二极管出射光谱,提高有机发光二极管的色饱和度。以玻璃为衬底,金属Ag薄膜作为器件阳极金属反射镜,NPB为空穴载流子传输材料,Alq3为发光材料和电子载流子传输材料,Al膜作为器件阴极金属反射镜,制作了结构是衬底/Ag(15nm)/MoO3(xnm)/NPB(50nm)/Alq3(60nm)/Al(100nm)的A,B,C和D四种类型的微腔有机发光二极管,其中:A,x=4nm;B,x=7nm;C,x=10nm;D,x=13nm。在电压13V时,器件A,B,C,D的亮度分别达到928,1 369,2 550和2 035cd·m-2。在电流密度60mA·cm-2时,A,B,C,D器件的电流效率分别达到2.2,2.6,3.1和2.6cd·A-1。实验结果表明,在有机微腔发光二极管内部,电子为多数载流子,空穴是少数载流子。MnO3薄膜在4~10nm的厚度范围,能够极大地增强器件空穴的注入能力。并且,随着MnO3薄膜厚度的增加,空穴注入能力不断增大。     

载流子迁移率对有机太阳能电池性能影响的模拟研究

通过器件模拟的方法研究了载流子迁移率对有机太阳能电池性能的影响。研究发现载流子迁移率同时影响光生电子-空穴对的解离和载流子的输运过程,电子和空穴的迁移率都有一个最佳值。大于最佳值会导致短路电流的微小上升和开路电压的大幅下降;小于最佳值会降低光生电子-空穴对的解离效率,进而使短路电流和填充因子明显下降。     

High power efficiency in single layer blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes

High efficiency single layer blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PHOLEDs) without any charge transport layer were developed. A mixed host of spirobifluorene based phosphine oxide (SPPO13) and 1, 1-bis[(di-4-tolylamino)phenyl]cyclohexane (TAPC) was used as the host in the emitting layer. A high maximum external quantum efficiency of 15.8% and a quantum efficiency of 8.6% at 1000 cd/m² were achieved in the single-layer blue PHOLEDs without any charge transport layer. The maximum power efficiency and power efficiency at 1000 cd/m² were 31.4 and 16.9 lm/W, respectively.     

High efficiency blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes without electron transport layer

High efficiency blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes were fabricated without an electron transport layer using a spirobifluorene based blue triplet host material. The simple blue PHOLEDs without the electron transport layer showed a high external quantum efficiency and current efficiency of 16.1% and 30.2 cd/A, respectively. The high device performances of the electron transport layer free blue PHOLEDs were comparable to those of blue PHOLEDs with the electron transport layer.     

白光有机电致发光器件的载流子传输与复合特性

基于一种将具有电荷传输性的双极性主体材料与蓝、黄光客体材料共蒸的单层结构的同质结结构,制备了色温可调的白光有机电致发光器件(OLED)。由于不存在激子阻挡层,单层结构容易发生漏电流现象,致使OLED器件具有较高的工作电压和较低的电流/功率效率。在空穴/电子传输层进行p/n型掺杂的同质结结构则大大改善了器件性能。研究表明: 该种器件结构获得了相对较低的起压5.6 V,较高的电流效率2.64 cd/A和低效率滚降,其色坐标则随着亮度的增加沿着普朗克轨迹变化,产生类似于太阳光的发光特性。另外,对主体材料和共蒸层的电荷载流子的传输特性和复合机制也进行了一系列分析研究。     

Effects of hole injection layer thickness on the luminescent properties of white organic light-emitting diodes

This work investigates how the thickness of the hole injection layer (HIL) influences the luminescent characteristics of white organic light-emitting diodes (WOLED). Experimental results indicate that inserting a thin HIL (<200 Å) into a WOLED without an HIL reduces the brightness and clearly changes the chromaticity because the surface of the 4,4′,4″-tris{N,-(3-methylphenyl)-N-phenylamino}-triphenylamine) (m-MTDATA) film is extremely rough. In contrast, a dense film structure and the fine surface morphology of m-MTDATA of moderate thickness (350-650 Å) provides a uniform conducting path on which holes cross the indium tin oxide (ITO)/HIL interface, improving luminescent performance, associated with the relatively stable purity of the color of the emission, with Commission Internationale 1′Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (x = 0.40, y = 0.40). However, inserting a thick HIL (>650 Å) reduces the luminescent performance and causes red-shift, because the holes and electrons in the effective emissive confinement region become less optimally balanced. Moreover, optimizing the device structure enables a bright WOLED with CIE coordinates of (x = 0.34, y = 0.33) to reach a luminance of 7685 cd/m² at a current density of 100 mA/cm², with a maximum luminous efficiency of 1.72 lm/W at 5.5 V.     

Light outcoupling efficiency enhancement in organic light emitting diodes using an organic scattering layer

Crystallized 4,7‐diphyenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline (BPhen) films deposited by convenient vacuum thermal evaporation technique have been found to be an efficient means to extract the substrate wave guided light in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). The optimized BPhen film working as organic scattering layer was successfully used with OLEDs for light outcoupling efficiency improvement. Enhancement of 26%, 15% and 6% in efficiency of the blue, green and red OLEDs were obtained, respectively. The achievement was found to be advantageous in terms of simplicity of fabrication method and feasibility for large area OLED applications. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

低效率滚降、发光颜色稳定的磷光白色有机电致发光器件

本文采用多发光层结构,制备了高亮度下具有高发光效率,同时在较宽亮度范围内发光颜色稳定的白色磷光有机电致发光器件(WOLED).在对双发光层结构磷光OLEDs的发光机制和载流子传输过程进行系统研究的基础上,将两种磷光OLEDs的发光层结构相结合,获得的多发光层结构磷光WOLED最大电流效率和外量子效率分别为34.6 cd/A和13.5%;当亮度为1000 cd/m^2时,其电流效率和外量子效率分别为33.9 cd/A和13.3%,外量子效率滚降仅为1.5%;亮度从1000 cd/m^2增至10000 cd/m^2的过程中,其CIE色度坐标从(0.342,0.403)变化至(0.326,0.392),变化量ΔCIE为(0.016,0.011).     

Effect of carrier spillover and Auger recombination on the efficiency droop in InGaN-based blue LEDs

We have investigated efficiency droop in InGaN-based blue LEDs by considering radiative, nonradiative, and carrier spillover processes in the context of internal quantum efficiency (IQE) vs. injection current. If relied on fitting only, both the Auger recombination and an empirical formula for carrier spillover are consistent with experiments. However, the dependence of IQE on quantum well parameters and lack of droop in optical pumping experiments support the notion that carrier spillover is the main mechanism in play.     

基于ZnS增透膜的顶发射白光有机发光二极管

顶发射白光有机发光二极管(TEWOLED)在白光照明和全彩显示中有着良好的应用前景, 克服顶发射器件中的微腔效应是制备光电性能良好的TEWOLED的前提. 使用具有高折射率的ZnS作为增透膜改善金属阴极在蓝光波段的透射率,降低其反射性, 从而有效抑制了微腔的影响.同时利用转移矩阵理论和宽角干涉方法分别对阴极结构和 蓝光发光层位置进行了优化,最终获得了高效、色纯度良好、色度随视角变化小的TEWOLED. 最高亮度和效率分别达到9213 cd/m²和3 cd/A,色坐标位于白光区且接近白光等能点, 同时具有良好的视角稳定性,在0°---60°范围内色坐标仅变化(0.02, 0).     

High efficiency rubrene based inverted top-emission organic light emitting devices with a mixed single layer

Inverted top-emission organic light emitting devices (TEOLEDs) with a mixed single layer by mixing of electron transport materials (PyPySPyPy and Alq₃), hole transport material (α-NPD) and dope material (rubrene) were investigated. Maximum power efficiency of 3.5 lm/W and maximum luminance of 7000 cd/m² were obtained by optimizing the mixing ratio of PyPySPyPy:Alq₃:α-NPD:rubrene=25:50:25:1. Luminance and power efficiency of mixed single layer device were two times improved compared to bi-layer heterojunction device and tri-layer heterojunction device. Lifetime test also shows that the mixed single layer device exhibits longer operational lifetimes of 343 h, which is three times longer than the 109 h for tri-layer device, and two times longer than the 158 h for bi-layer device. In addition, the maximum luminance and power efficiency were obtained at 20,000 cd/m² and 7.5 lm/W, respectively, when a TPD layer of 45 nm was capped onto the top metal electrode.