预应变对中碳钢扭转疲劳特性的影响

应用扭转疲劳试验机对退火后的非预应变45#钢及其3种预应变材料进行 实验. 实验结果表明：预应变量小于5%时,与非预应变材料相比疲劳极限降低10\%; 预应变量大于5{%}时,随着预应变量的增加,其疲劳极限有恢复的趋势,当预应变量达到 8%时,预应变材料与非预应变材料的疲劳极限几乎相等;当循环应力达到1*10^7$时,各种试件表面都有明显的停留裂纹存在.     

利用红外热像技术快速预测材料的S-N曲线

研究材料疲劳一般采用试验的方法,但试验周期长, 所需试验试件和费用多,一直以来都是材料疲劳试验难以克服的困难,人们一直在探寻能快速得到材料疲劳性能的方法.本文在前人研究的基础上,采用红外热像技术,确定了材料的疲劳极限,并在"同种试件疲劳破坏消耗的塑性功不变"的假设下,通过建立塑性温升、热耗散、塑性功之间的关系给出了试件疲劳寿命的计算公式.由此经过简单的试验,理论上用一根试件,试验几个小时就可以快速确定材料的疲劳寿命,给出材料的S-N曲线.     

预应变对中子辐照高纯铝拉伸性能的影响

金属材料的中子辐照硬化和脆化一直都是核能安全领域十分关注的重要问题之一. 为了进一步认识预应变对中子辐照金属材料塑性形变和最终断裂特性的影响规律, 及其微观机理, 本文研究了10%拉伸预应变高纯铝的拉伸应力-应变曲线、失稳应力和失稳应变等随辐照剂量的变化规律. 结果表明, 辐照剂量越高, 预应变高纯铝内部孔洞的尺寸和数密度越高, 导致屈服强度和极限拉伸强度越高, 均匀延伸率和失稳应变越小, 表现出典型的辐照硬化和脆化效应, 但失稳应力与辐照剂量几乎无关. 相同辐照剂量条件下, 预应变引入的高密度位错能够显著降低辐照孔洞的尺寸和数密度, 加之辐照退火效应的综合影响, 导致预应变能够降低高纯铝屈服强度的增长率和失稳应变的下降率, 从而表现出一定的抑制辐照硬化和脆化的能力, 预应变还能够提高高纯铝的失稳应力, 但整体而言预应变并不能提高高纯铝的延性. 最后, 基于J-C本构模型的中子辐照退火态金属材料的脆化模型能够直接应用于预应变金属材料, 且模型预测结果与实验结果吻合较好.      

冲击加载下样品软回收过程中的侧向稀疏效应

通过数值模拟, 计算冲击加载下样品经历一维应变加载过程和侧向稀疏过程产生的塑性功, 给出试样内部从冲击加载开始到进入回收桶前全过程的应力随时间变化的历程。结果表明:侧向稀疏过程开始后,样品在径向汇聚波的作用下受循环拉、压载荷作用,拉压循环的振幅在中等冲击压力下达到最大。如果振幅超过了材料的层裂强度,样品中心将发生拉伸破坏不能完整回收。侧向稀疏与一维应变加载产生的塑性功之比随冲击速度的增加而减小。在冲击速度为某临界值时,侧向稀疏产生的塑性功与一维应变加载产生的塑性功相等。在一定的冲击速度下,采用低初始屈服应力的材料可减轻侧向稀疏效应。对理想塑性材料的理论分析表明,侧向稀疏与一维应变加载产生的塑性功之比随冲击速度与屈服强度比值的增大而减小,与数值模拟结果一致。     

New equipment for cyclic biaxial testing

Methods of achieving biaxial-stress states in fatigue tests are reviewed. A new design of equipment that produces five distinct biaxial-stress states by simultaneous direct pressurization and axial loading of thinwalled cylindrical specimens is described. Four variations of stress state are obtained by the use of two sizes of specimen and by reversal of the pressurizing connections. The fifth state is obtained by direct pressurization without axial load. The actual magnitudes of stress in the specimen are computed from the output of the load cell in the reaction frame in which the biaxial-testing device is mounted. Additional stress ratios are obtained using standard uniaxial and torsional cyclic-testing arrangements. The initial program using this equipment was to investigate the effects of biaxiality on the cyclic properties and low-cycle fatigue behavior of normalized 1018 mild steel, under fully reversed constant-amplitude strain control. Control was achieved using a servo-controlled, electrohydraulic testing system with one of the two clipon strain transducers, that were mounted on the specimen, providing the controlling electrical signal. The system allowed direct recording of the stress-strain hysteresis loops in both principal directions. The behavior of the equipment and the modes of failure of the specimens are described and some test data are presented. The range of application and limitations of the equipment for further cyclic biaxial testing are discussed.     

孔边循环应变与疲劳循环次数相关性实验研究

材料的应变疲劳寿命与裂端的塑性应变有关。研究孔边循环应变与疲劳循环次数的相关性,对于研究材料损伤及微裂纹的产生,预防宏观裂纹的产生及扩展具有十分重要的意义。所以本文对有限宽板中心带孔试件进行了拉伸疲劳试验,用以研究这种相关性。在疲劳试验前首先进行逐级的加、卸载缓慢循环实验,同时利用数字图像相关技术测量孔周的位移场,进而求出孔边应变。在疲劳试验过程中,每当疲劳循环1500次就停机,进行同样的缓慢循环实验,并测量出孔周的位移场及孔边应变。实验研究中获得了一些很重要的结果。     

Design and Simulation of a Novel Multi-Axial Fatigue Test Rig

This research covers the design and simulation of a novel experimental concept for multi-axial fatigue analysis of cylindrical specimens. The resulting design allows a combination of bending and torsional stress to test specimens with critical diameters ranging from 5 to 15 mm at test frequencies up to 50 Hz. Furthermore, the amplitude and frequency of both loadcases can be controlled independently. The test rig will be used to study and validate fatigue criteria for synchronous and asynchronous loading conditions and to analyze the effect of size on the fatigue life of metal and plastic components. The test setup consists of a closed mechanical loop. The primary shaft contains the cylindrical test specimen and is modified to impose rotating bending loads. The secondary shaft is adjusted to introduce fluctuating torque in the transmission loop. Both shafts are connected by means of two double link mechanisms to minimize the clearance and the inertia of the system. The time-varying multi-axial stress state in the cylindrical specimen is analyzed as a function of the amplitudes and frequencies of both bending and torsional loadcases. This is verified by a numerical fatigue analysis in MSC-Patran and MSC-Fatigue. Finally, the dynamical behavior of the test system is studied using a 5 DOF torsional mass-spring representation and the Lagrangian method. A more complex model with 20 DOF is implemented in SimDriveLine and solved via Matlab to analyze the kinematical and dynamical properties more accurately. Both studies take the mechanical properties of steel and plastic test specimens of different sizes into account.     

裂纹闭合和循环塑性预应变及循环载荷压缩部分对裂纹扩展速率的影响

本文针对三种国产材料 Ｌｙ１１ｃｚ、 Ｌｙ１２ｃｚ 铝合金和 １８ Ｍｎ Ｈ Ｐ钢,通过实验初步考察了循环塑性预应变和循环载荷压缩部分对疲劳裂纹扩展的影响;采用电测法,测定了两种铝合金材料疲劳裂纹扩展的张开应力和有效应力强度因子幅值比 Ｕ。结果表明：（１）材料循环塑性预应变和循环载荷压缩部分,都使疲劳裂纹扩展速率提高;（２）常幅载荷下,在疲劳裂纹稳定扩展阶段,有效应力强度因子幅值比 Ｕ 与应力比 Ｒ 有关,与裂纹长度ａ 无关,并依赖于材料的力学性能。     

时效处理温度对预应变碳素钢疲劳极限的影响

对3种不同预应变量的碳素钢实施时效处理，并进行弯曲疲劳实验，实验结果表明：材料的疲劳极限同时受预应变量和时效处理温度的影响，使其疲劳极限为最大值时所对应的最优时效处理温度随预应变量的增大而降低。     

红外热像法快速确定45#钢的疲劳性能

红外热像法作为一种无损、实时及非接触的测试技术,在疲劳研究领域得到广泛的应用.该方法克服了传统试验方法周期长、所需试验试件和费用多的困难.本文利用红外热像仪测量了疲劳试验中45#钢试件表面温升变化,根据红外疲劳极限快测法得到疲劳极限,并由累积塑性功和塑性温升之间的相关假设,推导出了试件疲劳寿命的计算公式.试验结果表明,红外热像法可以快速、准确地确定材料的疲劳极限和S-N曲线.     

Numerical simulation of thermo-mechanical fatigue properties for particulate reinforced composites

In this paper, a two dimensional Voronoi cell element, formulated with creep, thermal and plastic strain, is applied for the numerical simulation of thermo-mechanical fatigue behavior for particulate reinforced composites. The relation between mechanical fatigue phases and thermal fatigue phases influences the thermo-mechanical fatigue behavior and cyclic creep damage. The topological features of micro-structure in particulate reinforced composites, such as the orientation, depth-width ratio, distribution and volume fraction of inclusions, have a great influence on thermo-mechanical behavior. Some related conclusions are obtained by examples of numerical simulation.The project supported by the Special Funds for the National Major Fundamental Research Projects (2004CB619304), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10276020 and 50371042), the Key Grant Project of Chinese Ministry of Education (0306)     

Intergranular strain evolution near fatigue crack tips in polycrystalline metals

The deformation field near a steady fatigue crack includes a plastic zone in front of the crack tip and a plastic wake behind it, and the magnitude, distribution, and history of the residual strain along the crack path depend on the stress multiaxiality, material properties, and history of stress intensity factor and crack growth rate. An in situ, full-field, non-destructive measurement of lattice strain (which relies on the intergranular interactions of the inhomogeneous deformation fields in neighboring grains) by neutron diffraction techniques has been performed for the fatigue test of a Ni-based superalloy compact tension specimen. These microscopic grain level measurements provided unprecedented information on the fatigue growth mechanisms. A two-scale model is developed to predict the lattice strain evolution near fatigue crack tips in polycrystalline materials. An irreversible, hysteretic cohesive interface model is adopted to simulate a steady fatigue crack, which allows us to generate the stress/strain distribution and history near the fatigue crack tip. The continuum deformation history is used as inputs for the micromechanical analysis of lattice strain evolution using the slip-based crystal plasticity model, thus making a mechanistic connection between macro- and micro-strains. Predictions from perfect grain-boundary simulations exhibit the same lattice strain distributions as in neutron diffraction measurements, except for discrepancies near the crack tip within about one-tenth of the plastic zone size. By considering the intergranular damage, which leads to vanishing intergranular strains as damage proceeds, we find a significantly improved agreement between predicted and measured lattice strains inside the fatigue process zone. Consequently, the intergranular damage near fatigue crack tip is concluded to be responsible for fatigue crack growth.     

利用红外热像技术快速确定材料疲劳极限

基于能量理论，阐述了利用红外热像方法确定材料疲劳极限的原理，并利用红外热 像仪对具有矩形截面的钢试件进行了疲劳试验，通过记录疲劳试验过程中试件表面的温度变 化，经处理后得到了该种材料的疲劳极限. 试验表明，利用红外热像技术可以快速、准确地 确定材料的疲劳极限. 同时，该方法还具有可靠、经济、便捷等优点.     

氧化腐蚀对HRB400EⅢ级建筑抗震钢筋低周疲劳性能的影响

工程实际中,建筑用钢不可避免地会接触空气而遭受氧化腐蚀。本文开展了地震区域大力推广应用的HRB400EIII级钢筋氧化前、后的低周疲劳行为研究。采用轴向应变控制方法,在MTS809拉扭复合疲劳试验机上开展了大量的低周疲劳试验,获得了氧化前、后HRB400EIII级钢筋低周疲劳性能,如循环应力响应特征、循环应力-应变关系以及寿命预测公式等。通过断口电镜扫描发现,氧化后HRB400EIII级钢筋的裂纹均萌生于试件表面,且存在多处裂纹源。研究结果表明,氧化腐蚀对低周疲劳寿命及微观断裂机理方面均存在明显影响,并从力学性能变化的角度对引起差异的原因进行了解释。     

Experimental Energy Balance During the First Cycles of Cyclically Loaded Specimens Under the Conventional Yield Stress

This paper, as an extension of Maquin and Pierron (Mech Mater 41(8):928–942, 2009), presents an experimental procedure developed to macroscopically estimate the energy balance during the very first cycles of a uniaxially loaded metallic specimen at low stress levels. This energy balance is performed by simultaneously measuring the plastic input energy using a load cell and a strain gauge, and the dissipative energy using the temperature field provided by an infrared camera. Some experimental limitations led to restrain the present procedure to positive stress ratios, and to complement this energy balance by a second measurement while the material plastic work per cycle is negligible compared to the dissipative energy. Some results obtained on a cold rolled low carbon steel specimen are presented. First, a sensitivity study is undertaken to precisely determine the detection threshold on both thermal and plastic energies. Then, after having verified the homogeneity of the dissipative source fields, energy balances have been performed at different stress levels. It was thus confirmed that the slow variations of the dissipative sources occurring during the first cycles are due to micro-plastic adaptation, and that the dissipative sources remaining after some hundreds of cycles are due to viscoelastic (internal friction) phenomena. This procedure provides a better understanding of dissipation based approaches to fatigue found in the literature and an advanced tool to study viscoelastic phenomena in uniaxial loading.     

海洋平台K型管节点的疲劳裂纹扩展分析Ⅰ:试验测试

对承受疲劳载荷的海洋平台K型管节点首先进行了静力测试,确定了沿着焊缝的热应力区的应力分布及热应力区最大应力点的位置,从而判断裂纹产生的位置;然后通过专用测试设备提供循环疲劳载荷,用ACPD(Alternating Current Potential Drop,即交流电流势能落差法)技术检测裂纹的产生和增长过程,得到裂纹最深点,用S-N曲线估算其疲劳寿命。对已有裂纹的K型管节点,用应力强度因子估计其剩余寿命。同时用测试的结果验证了S-N的准确性和可靠性。     

An experimental approach to low-cycle fatigue damage based on thermodynamic entropy

This paper presents an experimental approach to fatigue damage in metals based on thermodynamic theory of irreversible process. Fatigue damage is an irreversible progression of cyclic plastic strain energy that reaches its critical value at the onset of fracture. In this work, irreversible cyclic plastic energy in terms of entropy generation is utilized to experimentally determine the degradation of different specimens subjected to low cyclic bending, tension-compression, and torsional fatigue. Experimental results show that the cyclic energy dissipation in the form of thermodynamic entropy can be effectively utilized to determine the fatigue damage evolution. An experimental relation between entropy generation and damage variable is developed.     

缺口件疲劳寿命分布预测的有效应力法

本文提出了一种由光滑件疲劳寿命试验数据预测缺口件疲劳寿命分布的有效应力法。该方法中缺口件的裂纹可能萌生表面被分解成一个个微元,整个表面可看成是这些微元组成的一个串联模型,按照串联概率失效模型,缺口件的疲劳强度失效概率就可以由各微元的疲劳强度失效概率计算得到,其中微元的疲劳强度失效概率是由光滑件的疲劳强度失效概率通过最弱环节理论计算得到的。在缺口件的疲劳强度失效概率表达式中,引入了有效应力的概念,用它查取光滑件的疲劳寿命试验数据就可以直接得到缺口件的疲劳寿命分布。该方法可以同时考虑到应力梯度和试件尺寸对缺口件疲劳寿命分布的影响。进行了材料LY12CZ的带中心孔缺口件的寿命算例分析,预测结果和试验结果吻合良好,表明该方法是有效的。