铁助剂对Rh-Mn-Li/SiO2催化剂表面上的CO脱附和CO加氢行为的影响

 采用一氧化碳程序升温脱附（CO－TPD）和吸附的一氧化碳加氢程序升温表面反应（TPSR）考察了Fe助剂对Rh基催化剂上CO的脱附行为及吸附CO的加氢行为的影响．CO－TPD实验表明，在Rh／SiO2催化剂上CO有三个脱附峰．在Rh－Mn－Li／SiO2中加入0．05％Fe后，高温脱附CO比Rh／SiO2催化剂上相应的CO量大．增加Fe的负载量，CO的脱附量减少．TPSR实验中，CO加氢反应的主要产物是甲烷．不同组分的催化剂上甲烷的生成温度有如下顺序：Rh／SiO2（482K）＜Rh－Mn－Li／SiO2（489K）＜Rh－Fe／SiO2（494K）＜Rh－Mn－Li－Fe／SiO2（501K）．甲烷峰的产生伴随着CO（s）高温脱附峰的消失，说明甲烷是由强吸附的CO加氢生成的．     

CO加氢制备碳二含氧化合物Rh-Nd-V/SiO2催化剂配比的优化

采用CO加氢反应、CO吸附和程序升温脱附(CO-TPD)以及程序升温表面反应(TPSR)等方法,考察了助剂Nd和V担载量对Rh-Nd-V/SiO2催化剂上CO加氢合成C2含氧化合物反应性能的影响.研究表明,当助剂Nd和V担载量分别为0.5%和1.0%时,Rh-Nd-V/SiO2催化剂上C2含氧化合物的选择性和时空产率分别达到59.8%和394.5 g/(kg·h).CO吸附和TPD实验表明,随着Nd和V担载量的增加,强吸附的CO数量逐渐增加,而弱吸附的CO数量先缓慢增加后又逐渐降低.TPSR实验表明,助剂Nd的添加抑制了CO的解离和加氢能力,而助剂V的添加提高了CO的解离和加氢能力.结合催化反应评价和表征结果,适量助剂Nd和V的添加提高了未解离的CO比例,使得催化剂上可参与插入反应的CO比例增多,催化剂的活性、C2含氧化合物的选择性和时空收率都有所提高.     

锂助剂对Rh-Mn/SiO2催化CO加氢制碳二含氧化合物性能的影响

 采用 CO 加氢反应、静态化学吸附、程序升温还原、CO 程序升温脱附和程序升温表面反应等技术研究了助剂 Li 对 Rh-Mn/SiO2 催化剂上 CO 加氢合成碳二含氧化合物性能的影响. 结果表明, Li 的加入及其负载量的增加抑制了烃类, 特别是 CH4 的生成, 而对碳二及碳二以上烃类的选择性影响较小. Li 的加入还提高了碳二含氧化合物的选择性, 主要是乙酸的选择性, 但同时降低了 Rh 基催化剂的 CO 加氢活性. 表征结果表明, Li 的加入既降低了催化剂解离 CO 的能力, 又减少了催化剂上 CO 解离活性位的数量, 从而降低了 Rh 基催化剂上 CO 加氢的速控步骤——CO 解离反应的速率. Li 负载量对 Rh-Mn/SiO2 催化剂上 H2 和 CO 的化学吸附量影响较小, 这表明并非所有的 Li 都和 Rh 发生了相互作用, 而是有相当一部分 Li 只是分散在载体 SiO2 上, 并没有与 Rh 发生接触.     

Rh基催化剂上CO加氢制C2含氧化合物的红外光谱研究

 用红外光谱法考察了Rh-Mn-Li-Ti/SiO2催化剂在CO加氢反应过程中表面吸附物种随压力、温度和H2/CO比的改变而变化的规律. 结果表明,高压有利于提高催化剂表面吸附的CO浓度和活性,高温有利于CO解离; 而高温、高压条件不但促进了CO吸附,而且提高并平衡了CO的解离和插入之间的相对活性,促进了C2含氧化合物的生成. H2/CO比的增大有利于CO在催化剂表面的吸附,从而促进了CO插入,尤其是CO的解离和加氢活性,但是过高的H2/CO比将导致过高的CO解离和加氢活性,引起CO插入活性的削弱而最终导致C2含氧化合物生成活性的下降. 同时,考察了助剂(Mn, Li和Ti)对Rh基催化剂表面吸附物种的影响. 结果表明,助剂的加入可提高C2含氧化合物的生成活性.     

Rh-Mn-Li/SiO2催化剂的吸附量热和红外研究

通过在最优Rh含量基础上对金属配比的再优化,成功地改进了Rh-Mn-Li/SiO2催化剂的CO加氢性能;并采用微量吸附量热和红外等表征手段,考察了助剂Mn和Li促进作用的本质.结果表明:助剂Mn和Li的添加,使孪式和线式吸附CO的碳氧键强度增加,并同时削弱了桥式吸附CO的碳氧键或者使其转化为更易于解离的倾斜式CO吸附物种,从而同时增加了Rh基催化剂的CO解离和插入能力,提高了其活性和C2含氧化合物选择性.另一方面,Mn和Li的添加显著地降低了Rh基催化剂表面H的数量和稳定性.催化剂加氢能力显著降低极大地抑制了CH4的生成,从而有利于C2含氧化合物选择性的进一步提高.     

单分散SiO2的焙烧温度对Rh基催化剂上CO加氢反应性能的影响

在比较了分别以商业SiO2和采用Sto?ber法制备的单分散SiO2为载体的Rh-Mn-Li/SiO2催化剂催化CO加氢反应性能的基础上,进一步调变了Stober法制备SiO2时的焙烧温度,并考察了其对Rh-Mn-Li/SiO2催化CO加氢性能的影响.利用N2吸附-脱附、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、程序升温表面反应(TPSR)等方法对载体及催化剂的物理化学性能进行了表征.结果表明:不同温度焙烧的载体表面具有不同的Si―OH数量,从而影响金属的分散状态及Rh和Mn之间的相互作用.载体表面较多的羟基有利于Rh的分散和CO的吸附,从而增强催化剂的反应活性.载体表面适当数量的羟基能够得到适中的Rh与Mn之间的相互作用,使催化剂具有合适的CO解离能力,有利于CHx的CO插入反应,从而提高了C2含氧化合物的选择性.     

CO加氢合成C2含氧化合物Rh-Sm-V-Li/SiO2催化剂的研究

使用加压下的CO加氢反应和程序升温还原(TPR),吸附氢的程序升温脱附(H2-TPD),以及H2和CO吸附等技术,研究了Rh-Sm-V-Li/SiO2催化剂上Sm,V和Li促进剂对合成二碳含氧化合物的促进效应.结果表明,Sm和V加入到Rh/SiO2中使催化剂的活性和生成二碳含氧化合物的选择性显著提高,催化剂上的Sm3+不易被还原,Sm的加入起着提高Rh分散度的作用,使催化剂上H2和CO吸附量提高,并促进乙酸和乙醛的生成;催化剂上的高价钒离子容易还原成低价钒离子,并迁移覆盖金属Rh的表面,使催化剂上H2和CO吸附量降低.低价钒具有良好的贮氢能力,使催化剂的加氢能力显著提高,促进乙醇的生成.     

铁助剂对Rh-Mn-Li/SiO2催化剂CO加氢制二碳含氧化物性能的影响

 采用CO加氢反应、程序升温还原（TPR）、CO吸附和CO脱附等技术，研究了Fe助剂对Rh－Mn－Li／SiO2催化剂上CO加氢合成二碳含氧化物反应的影响．结果表明，Mn，Li和Fe的加入明显提高了Rh催化剂的活性及选择性，特别是在1％Rh－1％Mn－0．075％Li／SiO2催化剂中加入0．05％Fe后，C2＋含氧化物的时空收率由331．6g／（kg·h）提高到457．5g／（kg·h）．但当Fe的加入量继续增加时，催化剂的活性及选择性下降，甲醇的选择性上升．TPR实验表明，当加入少量Fe（0．05％～0．5％）时，TPR的峰面积随Fe加入量的增大而增大，Fe的加入使Rh的还原温度向高温移动，Mn的还原温度向低温移动，Fe的还原峰与Rh和Mn的还原峰相重叠，由此推断这些Fe与Rh是处于紧密接触状态的．当Fe含量增加到1％时，样品在522K出现一个新的谱峰，该峰可归属为与Rh非紧密接触的Fe的还原峰．CO的吸附实验表明，当Fe的加入量超过一定值后，CO吸附量下降．CO的脱附实验表明，在Rh基催化剂中加入少量Fe后，强吸附的CO增多，但当Fe的加入量超过一定值时，强吸附的CO量下降．     

Effects of Li Promoter on the Performance of Co/AC Catalysts for CO Hydrogenation to Mixed Linear a-Alcohols

采用CO加氢反应、X射线衍射、程序升温还原和CO程序升温脱附等技术研究了Li助剂对活性炭负载的Co催化剂(Co/AC)上CO加氢反应性能的影响.结果表明,Li的添加抑制了气态烃的生成,提高了C5+和直链混合伯醇的选择性,但催化剂活性下降.这可能源于Li的加入抑制了Co2+物种的还原,降低了反应速控步骤—强吸附CO的解离能力.另外,Li也促进了Co2C物种的生成,使得产物中混合醇的比例增加.     

Li助剂对Co/AC催化剂上CO加氢制直链混合伯醇反应性能的影响

采用CO加氢反应、X射线衍射、程序升温还原和CO程序升温脱附等技术研究了Li助剂对活性炭负载的Co催化剂(Co/AC)上CO加氢反应性能的影响.结果表明,Li的添加抑制了气态烃的生成,提高了C5+和直链混合伯醇的选择性,但催化剂活性下降.这可能源于Li的加入抑制了Co2+物种的还原,降低了反应速控步骤—强吸附CO的解离...     

Treanor pumping of CO initiated by CO laser excitation

An experiment is discussed in which CO can be excited up to energies of several electronvolts by the absorption of infrared radiation from a relatively low-power CO laser. Furthermore, experimental results are examined through kinetic modelling. In the experiment, the beam of an intracavity-chopped CO laser operating on all lines at 500 mW and containing a few milliwatts of the fundamental ν= 1→0 band component, is focused into an absorption cell containing a mixture of CO and Ar. The absorption of this infrared radiation is monitored by the optoacoustic effect. A second CO laser operating cw and capable of providing 8 W on all lines but not lasing on the ν= 1→0 band component, is then focused into the same volume in the absorption cell. With both lasers simultaneously focused into the absorption cell, strong fluorescence from the irradiated region is detected by a photomultiplier tube. Modulation of the signal intensity with time is observed, and indicates chemical destruction of the CO in the cell. An analysis and kinetic modelling calculation of this experiment shows that it is possible to excite CO up to high vibrational quantum numbers (ν40) at gas temperatures up to 800 K. by means of CO laser irradiation at the fundamental ν= 1→0 band component. One source responsible for the fluorescence signal observed in the experiment is identified as the 4th positive A ¹Π→X ¹Σ⁺ spontaneous emission. Although the present kinetic model does not incorporate the chemical processes that may lead to the production of additional fluorescing species such as C₂, good agreement is obtained with the observed fluorescence signal characteristics.     

Electrosorption of CO and CO2 on Pt-Rh Alloy Electrodes

Abstract

The adsorption of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide on smooth Pt-Rh alloy has been studied by potentiodynamic technique. It is shown that the main products of CO and CO² adsorption on Pt-Rh alloys (15% Rh and below) are similar to products obtained on Pt electrodes.     

Vibration-to-vibration energy transfer in COCO collisions

Vibration-to-vibration energy transfer rates for collision between two CO molecules are calculated. Results obtained are compared with recent experiments and theoretical values. It is pointed out that none of the existing calculations gives a complete account of the available experimental data.     

Oxidising CO to CO2 using ceria nanoparticles

We calculate, using simulated amorphisation and recrystallisation (A&R), that ceria (CeO2) nanoparticles, about 8 nm in diameter, comprise a high concentration of labile surface oxygen species, which we suggest will help promote the oxidation of CO to CO2. In particular, the ceria nanoparticle contains a high proportion of reactive {100} surfaces, surface steps and corner sites. When reduced to CeO1.95, the associated Ce3+ species and oxygen vacancies decorate step, corner and {100} sites in addition to plateau positions on {111}. The energetics of CO oxidation to CO2, catalysed by a ceria nanoparticle, is calculated to be lower compared with CO oxidation associated with the lowest energy surface (i.e. CeO2(111)) of the corresponding 'bulk' material. Our calculated morphologies for the ceria nanoparticles are in accord with experiment.     

等离子法转化CO2为CO研究进展

评述了国内外等离子法转化CO2 为CO的发展状态与趋势 ,重点介绍了非平衡等离子体技术转化CO2 为CO的发展 ,探讨了它的基本反应机理 ,并提出了提高二氧化碳转化率的有效途径是负载型催化剂的研制及研究二氧化碳与有机物的氧化偶联反应 (如CO2 +2CH3 OH·(CH3 O) 2 CO +H2 O)具有重要意义。这为CO2 的化工利用开辟了一条广阔而有效的途径 ,也是控制温室效应 ,促进可持续发展的有效手段     

Efficient homogeneous catalysis in the reduction of CO2 to CO

The well-defined copper(I) boryl complex [(IPr)Cu(Bpin)] [where IPr = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene, and pin = pinacolate: 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediolate] deoxygenates CO2 rapidly and quantitatively, affording CO and the borate complex [(IPr)Cu(OBpin)]. The boryl may be regenerated by treatment with the diboron compound pinB-Bpin, giving the stable byproduct pinB-O-Bpin. The use of a copper(I) alkoxide precatalyst and stoichiometric diboron reagent results in catalytic reduction of CO2, with high turnover numbers (1000 per Cu) and frequencies (100 per Cu in 1 h) depending on supporting ligand and reaction conditions.     

Chemisorption of CO and mechanism of CO oxidation on supported platinum nanoclusters

Kinetic, isotopic, and infrared studies on well-defined dispersed Pt clusters are combined here with first-principle theoretical methods on model cluster surfaces to probe the mechanism and structural requirements for CO oxidation catalysis at conditions typical of its industrial practice. CO oxidation turnover rates and the dynamics and thermodynamics of adsorption-desorption processes on cluster surfaces saturated with chemisorbed CO were measured on 1-20 nm Pt clusters under conditions of strict kinetic control. Turnover rates are proportional to O(2) pressure and inversely proportional to CO pressure, consistent with kinetically relevant irreversible O(2) activation steps on vacant sites present within saturated CO monolayers. These conclusions are consistent with the lack of isotopic scrambling in C(16)O-(18)O(2)-(16)O(2) reactions, and with infrared bands for chemisorbed CO that did not change within a CO pressure range that strongly influenced CO oxidation turnover rates. Density functional theory estimates of rate and equilibrium constants show that the kinetically relevant O(2) activation steps involve direct O(2)* (or O(2)) reactions with CO* to form reactive O*-O-C*=O intermediates that decompose to form CO(2) and chemisorbed O*, instead of unassisted activation steps involving molecular adsorption and subsequent dissociation of O(2). These CO-assisted O(2) dissociation pathways avoid the higher barriers imposed by the spin-forbidden transitions required for unassisted O(2) dissociation on surfaces saturated with chemisorbed CO. Measured rate parameters for CO oxidation were independent of Pt cluster size; these parameters depend on the ratio of rate constants for O(2) reactions with CO* and CO adsorption equilibrium constants, which reflect the respective activation barriers and reaction enthalpies for these two steps. Infrared spectra during isotopic displacement and thermal desorption with (12)CO-(13)CO mixtures showed that the binding, dynamics, and thermodynamics of CO chemisorbed at saturation coverages do not depend on Pt cluster size in a range that strongly affects the coordination of Pt atoms exposed at cluster surfaces. These data and their theoretical and mechanistic interpretations indicate that the remarkable structure insensitivity observed for CO oxidation reactions reflects average CO binding properties that are essentially independent of cluster size. Theoretical estimates of rate and equilibrium constants for surface reactions and CO adsorption show that both parameters increase as the coordination of exposed Pt atoms decreases in Pt(201) cluster surfaces; such compensation dampens but does not eliminate coordination and cluster size effects on measured rate constants. The structural features and intrinsic non-uniformity of cluster surfaces weaken when CO forms saturated monolayers on such surfaces, apparently because surfaces and adsorbates restructure to balance CO surface binding and CO-CO interaction energies.     

Electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO by polypyridyl ruthenium complexes

Electrocatalytic reduction of CO(2) by [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(solvent)](2+) (tpy = 2,2':6',2'-terpyridine, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) and its structural analogs is initiated by sequential 1e(-) reductions at the tpy and bpy ligands followed by rate limiting CO(2) addition to give a metallocarboxylate intermediate. It undergoes further reduction and loss of CO.     

CH4+CO2H2+CO

将廉价的碳源(CO2)转化为化石燃料可缓解由于温室气体引起的气候问题.CH4/CO2重整(CRM)是CO2转化利用的有效途径之一,要实现这个过程的关键是研制高效的光响应催化剂.本文采用WO3负载的第VIII族金属催化剂、引入光照能量来活化CO2,利用光热协同催化CRM.研究结果表明,光学材料WO3负载的第VIII族金属催化剂在可见光辅助下的催化活性是热驱动条件下的1.4～2.4倍,与等离子体金催化剂的活性增强率(1.7倍)相当.进一步以不同波段的可见光为光源,对WO3负载的第VIII族金属催化剂上催化活性提高的原因进行了研究.结果表明,活性增强率与WO3在可见光区域的吸光趋势并不吻合,说明并非WO3提高了其负载的第VIII族金属催化剂上CRM活性.除WO3外, WO3-x亦可作为光催化剂吸收可见光,因此,本文通过X射线光电子能谱、X射线衍射及紫外-可见分光光度法等进行表征.结果表明,在还原型CRM反应气氛下, WO3部分原位还原为WO3-x,并且活性增强率与WO3-x在可见光区域的吸光趋势相吻合,说明导致可见光辅助下活性增强的是WO3-x而不是WO3.热力学分析及原位电子顺磁共振波谱法结果表明, CO2的活化是CRM的速控步,该步骤吸热,在500 oC时不能自发进行.在可见光的辅助下, CO2可以被WO3-x通过Mars-vanKrevelen机理进行活化,提高速控步的反应速率,进而提高了催化活性.综上,本文为提高光催化活性提供了一条有效途径.