物理科技创新基地培养管理模式改革新探简

针对近年来物理科技创新基地发展的特点,结合国家对拔尖创新型人才创新能力的培养目标,提出了网络化时代背景下物理科技创新基地管理和运行模式的改革措施,为我国高校物理科技创新基地的建设和运行提供参考,有助于促进拔尖创新型人才的培养。     

Scientific uses of the MANIAC

This is the story of how Nick Metropolis came to build the MANIAC and about the scientific uses to which it was put in the early days of electronic computing. Among the illustrious scientists attracted to the MANIAC were Fermi, Teller, von Neumann, Bethe, Gamow, and Ulam. Many of the scientific contributions were “firsts” that had a profound influence on subsequent developments over a wide spectrum of scientific activities. These included the pion-proton phase shift analysis, the nonlinear coupled oscillators, the study of the genetic code, importance sampling, two-dimensional hydrodynamics, Monte Carlo calculation of nuclear cascades, universalities of iterative functions and “anticlerical” chess.     

The Early Scientific Contributions of J. Robert Oppenheimer: Why Did the Scientific Community Miss the Black Hole Opportunity?

We assess the scientific value of Oppenheimer’s research on black holes in order to explain its neglect by the scientific community, and even by Oppenheimer himself. Looking closely at the scientific culture and conceptual belief system of the 1930s, the present article seeks to supplement the existing literature by enriching the explanations and complicating the guiding questions. We suggest a rereading of Oppenheimer as a figure both more intriguing for the history of astrophysics and further ahead of his time than is commonly supposed.     

Diffusion of knowledge and globalization in the web of twentieth century science

Scientific communication is an essential part of modern science: whereas Archimedes worked alone, Newton (correspondence with Hooke, 1676) acknowledged that “If I have seen a little further, it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants.” How is scientific communication reflected in the patterns of citations in scientific papers? How have these patterns changed in the 20th century, as both means of communication and individual transportation changed rapidly, compared to the earlier post-Newton 18th and 19th centuries? Here we discuss a diffusive model for scientific communications, based on a unique 2009 scientometric study of 25 million papers and 600 million citations that encapsulates the epistemology of modern science. The diffusive model predicts and explains, using no adjustable parameters, a surprisingly universal internal structure in the development of scientific research, which is essentially constant across the natural sciences, but which because of globalization changed qualitatively around 1960. Globalization corresponds physically to anomalous diffusion, which has been observed near the molecular glass transition, and can enhance molecular diffusion by factors as large as 100.     

Science at the Breakfast Table

The physicist Maria Goeppert Mayer and the chemist Joseph E. Mayer, during some forty years of marriage, exchanged scientific ideas continuously. We can see results of this exchange in the paths their individual intellectual careers took: Maria's from formal, mathematical atomic physics to nuclear physics informed by the phenomenological insights of a chemist, and Joe's from experimental chemistry to highly mathematical statistical mechanics. This is the kind of intellectual interaction that often goes on between scientific colleagues during the course of informal interactions, but which is rarely acknowledged since the results are often subtle shifts in scientific perspective.     

谈基础物理的渗透式教学

构建新型课堂教学模式是提高教学质量、推进素质教育的重要环节和有效途径.文章以万有引力定律的讲解为例,阐明在基础物理教学中,如何结合知识内容,对科学精神、学科前沿、学科交叉、方法思路及学科发展等进行全面渗透,以促进教学质量的全面提高.     

谈基础物理的渗透式教学

构建新型课堂教学模式是提高教学质量、推进素质教育的重要环节和有效途径．文章以万有引力定律的讲解为例，阐明在基础物理教学中，如何结合知识内容，对科学精神、学科前沿、学科交叉、方法思路及学科发展等进行全面渗透，以促进教学质量的全面提高．     

国际直线对撞机研究现状及未来发展

文章介绍了国际直线对撞机(ILC)的科学目标及直线对撞机(LC)与强子对撞机(LHC)的关系.结合对正负电子直线对撞机历史的回顾及国际直线对撞机方案的选择,对国际直线对撞机的发展现状及未来发展趋势进行了介绍.对中国科学家在国际直线对撞机中所做的国际合作研究进行了简要的回顾,并强调了中国抓住国际直线对撞机国际合作机遇对中国科学发展的重要性.     

The development of scientific investigations in solid-state physics in the universities of the USSR

Conclusions Scientific research work in solid-state physics along the lines laid down by the Joint Section of the Scientific and Technical Council of the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Specialized Education USSR is being carried out in more than 60 colleges in the Soviet Union; 25 of these are leading executive and co-executive organs for the most important topics of the Five Year Plan (1966–70). However, these figures do not fully represent the contribution made by the higher educational establishments to the development of science in our country. The higher schools participate indirectly, through the training of personnel, in scientific work in the academic and industrial institutes, and many promising scientific ideas, first conceived in the higher schools, are adopted by the Academy of Sciences and are further developed within its walls.This review of the scientific work of the colleges does not pretend to embrace all the problems of solid-state physics; the authors may have overlooked particular works or allowed some inaccuracy in formulation to remain; the completeness of the review, however, also depended on the material available to the Joint Committee. The reader can find additional material in reports by Academicians G. V. Kurdyumov, S. T. Konobeevskii, S. V. Vonsovskii, and L. F. Vereshchagin, the Corresponding Members AS USSR I. M. Lifshits and B. K. Vainshtein, Doctors A. A. Smirnov, E. I. Kondorskii, and others, to the Jubilee Session of the Council of the USSR Academy of Sciences on solid-state physics (April 1967).An objective estimate of Soviet scientific work, including that of the higher schools, is given in the proceedings of numerous international congresses, conferences, and meetings which take place with the active and effective participation of Soviet scientists. A broad view of the achievements in the field of solid-state physics can be obtained from the Seventh International Crystallographic Congress held in Moscow in July 1966. One-third of the 960 papers read at the Congress were the work of Soviet scientists; the contribution of the colleges amounted to 40% of all Soviet work. These statistics, which are also confirmed by an analysis of the scientific papers in physics journals, appear to reflect correctly the quantitative contribution of the higher schools to the working out of scientific problems of solid-state physics in the USSR.At the same time the scientific standard of the best college works is not inferior to that of the academic institutes in the Soviet Union or in the West, despite the fact that they are carried out under more restricted conditions. Soviet scientists can confidently hold their own in many fields of solid-state physics including those of the theory of symmetry, the theory of electron structure, and the theory of the physical properties of crystals. Soviet experimental investigations in the fields of magnetism and ferroelectricity and the strength, plasticity, and dislocation structure of crystals are not inferior to the best examples abroad, although all branches of study are not equally represented in their entirety in the USSR.A serious misgiving arises, however, on account of the lag in the theoretical and applied work on the growth of single crystals, which is holding back the development of solid-state physics as a whole. One would think that capital investments in this field would completely justify themselves and make it possible to achieve new scientific advances in solid-state physics in the USSR.     

Performance of the MPD Detector in the Study of the Strangeness to Entropy Ratio in Heavy-Ion Collisions at the NICA Accelerator Complex

Physics of Particles and Nuclei Letters - Strangeness production in heavy-ion collisions is one of the main goals of the scientific program at the NICA accelerator complex. The MPD detector is...     

The place of metaphysics in the historiography of science

Legitimating the use of metaphysics in scientific research constituted a farreaching methodological revolution, invalidating the inductivist demands that science be guided by empirical information alone. Thus, science became tentative. The revolution was established when pioneering historians of science, Max Jammer among them, exhibited the working of metaphysics in scientific research. This raises many problems, since most metaphysical ideas are poor as compared with scientific ones. Yet taking science to be the effort to explain facts in a comprehensive manner, makes some metaphysics unavoidable, and presents the better metaphysics as the possible frameworks within which older scientific theories may be reinterpreted and improved and newer ones may be developed.     

Public understanding of science and the perception of nanotechnology: the roles of interest in science,methodological knowledge,epistemological beliefs,and beliefs about science

In this article, we report data from an online questionnaire study with 587 respondents, representative for the adult U.S. population in terms of age, gender, and level of education. The aim of this study was to assess how interest in science and knowledge as well as beliefs about science are associated with risk and benefit perceptions of nanotechnology. The findings suggest that the U.S. public is still rather unfamiliar with nanotechnology. Those who have some knowledge mainly have gotten it from TV and the Internet. The content of current media reports is perceived as fairly positive. Knowledge of scientific methods is unrelated to benefit and risk perceptions, at least when other predictors are controlled. In contrast, positive beliefs about science (e.g., its impact on economy or health) and more sophisticated epistemological beliefs about the nature of scientific knowledge are moderately linked to more positive perceptions of nanotechnology. The only exception is the perception of scientific uncertainty: This is associated with less positive evaluations. Finally, higher engagement with science is associated with higher risk perceptions. These findings show that laypersons who are engaged with science and who are aware of the inherent uncertainty of scientific evidence might perceive nanotechnology in a somewhat more differentiated way, contrary to how it is portrayed in the media today.     

国际直线对撞机研究现状及未来发展

文章介绍了国际直线对撞机(ILC)的科学目标及直线对撞机(LC)与强子对撞机（LHC）的关系.结合对正负电子直线对撞机历史的回顾及国际直线对撞机方案的选择,对国际直线对撞机的发展现状及未来发展趋势进行了介绍.对中国科学家在国际直线对撞机中所做的国际合作研究进行了简要的回顾,并强调了中国抓住国际直线对撞机国际合作机遇对中国科学发展的重要性.     

Current Status and Objectives of Modernizing the Engineering,Physical, and Energy Infrastructure of the SFT Facility for the Implementation of the Ignitor Project

Physics of Atomic Nuclei - The Ignitor tokamak nuclear fusion research project is one of the most ambitious initiatives undertaken under the long-term scientific cooperation program between the...     

Delimiting the Unconceived

It has been argued in Dawid (String theory and the scientific method, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, [4]) that physicists at times generate substantial trust in an empirically unconfirmed theory based on observations that lie beyond the theory’s intended domain. A crucial role in the reconstruction of this argument of “non-empirical confirmation” is played by limitations to scientific underdetermination. The present paper discusses the question as to how generic the role of limitations to scientific underdetermination really is. It is argued that assessing such limitations is essential for generating trust in any theory’s predictions, be it empirically confirmed or not. The emerging view suggests that empirical and non-empirical confirmation are more closely related to each other than one may expect at first glance.     

Evaluation of the scientific impact,productivity and biological age based upon the h‐index in three Latin American countries: the materials science case

We discuss the scientific impact of Latin American scientists in the field of materials science. The analysis is based on the h‐index as the scientometric index used to quantify the scientific productivity of an individual. In particular, we focus our analysis in México, Chile and Colombia. We compare the level of productivity between all these countries. We also analyzed the h‐index as function of the biological age, by using the first year of publication of a given scientists as a reference and discussed the general distribution of its quantification. We do not find a clear relationship between these two quantities. Based in our results we propose some political measures that these countries could implement to improve productivity as well as scientific development in this field.     

基于2D开源视频分析和建模软件Tracker研究抛体运动实验

以抛体运动实验的视频分析为例,具体介绍如何使用开源视频分析和建模软件Tracker对抛体运动实验进行分析.期望能在国内物理教学中,推广使用这类低成本的开源软件,激发学生探索隐藏在物理实验背后的物理规律的兴趣,扩展分析物理实验的手段.     

经济研究中的物理学

当前的金融危机再次表明,传统经济学作为一门学科缺乏解释力和预测力.造成这个令人失望的状况的根本原因是由于经济学家没有按照科学的范式来发展这个学科.经济学的现状吸引了一群物理学家进入这个学科并形成了一个新的交叉学科——经济物理学,人们期望它在促进经济学科学化的进程中起决定性作用.文章首先简要介绍了经济学的主要内容,说明经济学理论是建立在理性和均衡假定基础之上的;接着论述了为什么经济学还不是一门科学,指出经济学研究不是基于逻辑实证主义原则来开展的;文章还分析了物理学家是如何研究经济问题的,介绍了经济物理学的主要研究内容和研究方法;文章最后提出经济学范式的转变必须从观察和实验出发,经济学理论必须建立在一个合理设计的量纲体系和对实际经济运行过程的正确理解基础之上.     

Nuclear Winter: Scientists in the Political Arena

The nuclear winter phenomenon is used to illustrate the many paths by which scientific advice reaches decision makers in the United States government. Because the Reagan administration was hostile to the strategic policy that the scientific discovery seemed to demand, the leading proponent of nuclear winter, Carl Sagan, used his formidable talent for popularization to reach a larger audience.     

The scientific revolution of the seventeenth century and its consequences

The purpose of this paper is to consider some examples of what happens in major turning-points in scientific thinking. It is also aimed to show how the critical study of the history of science can throw light both on how science works as an intellectual discipline and on how scientists think and what they do. In critical history the analysis of history involves at the same time an analysis of science. The critical history of the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century raises the larger question of why and how the West became a scientific civilization at all. This is suggested as an ideal topic for the treatment of science as a general subject in the fifth form. It leads to several different kinds of question concerning the internal content and structure of science, the influence of general ideas, and the influence of social and economic conditions, which can be discussed from different backgrounds in the arts and sciences. But the central problem of the scientific revolution is what happened in science. There seems to have been a fundamental mutation in ideas and in the questions asked in science. These led to new techniques for answering the questions, especially by means of experiment and mathematics. These changes are illustrated by means of Galileo's contribution to the invention of the concept of inertia, Descartes' model of the animal automaton, and Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. In every case the turning-point appears as a result of active speculation and the manipulation and dissection of nature and critical re-assessment of basic theoretical assumptions. Of special importance is the explicit use of designed analysis by the manipulation of mathematical concepts, designed experiments, and hypothetical models.