微波法合成锂离子材料LiCoO2的研究

以氧化钴和氢氧化锂为原料,采用微波技术合成锂离子电池正极材料LiCoO2.主要考查的微波合成条件有反应时间、输出功率与反应温度.采用XRD、SEM方法和电化学测试手段研究了产物的结构与性能.研究结果表明微波合成法可以制备层状结构、电化学性能稳定的LiCoO2材料.在充放电实验中,电池的首次放电容量达到140 mAh·g-1.与传统的合成方法相比,微波合成技术具有节省能源、提高效率和环境友好的特点.     

锂空气电池空气电极LiCoO2电催化性能研究

自设计建立锂空气电池实验装置,研究以掺入LiCoO2作为电催化剂的空气正极的电化学性能及其放电前后催化剂结构的变化.循环伏安、XRD及充放电测试等表明,LiCoO2能够很大程度地改善空气电极的放电性能.尤其是在放电前,将掺有LiCoO2的空气正极充电至4.1 V,此时LiCoO2的Co元素呈现较高的价态（Co3＋/Co...     

LiCoO2掺杂对锰酸锂结构和性能的影响

用固相反应合成了LiCoO2掺杂改性的LiMn2O4锂离子电池正极材料,优化了LiMn2O4的改性路径及制备条件.利用SEM、XRD对产物的结构进行了表征,并测试了产物的电化学性能.结果表明:所得产物均具有尖晶石型LiMn2O4结构.LiCoO2的掺入增加了尖晶石结构的稳定性,改善了尖晶石型LiMn2O4的充放电循环性能.     

有序介孔磷酸钛锂离子电池正极材料制备及电化学性能

选用合适模板剂由溶胶凝胶法合成高度有序介孔结构的磷酸钛正极材料.研究煅烧温度对材料孔结构及材料的电化学性能的影响,合成样品的结构形貌和比表面分别用XRD、BET、TEM及元素分析仪表征.充放电测试结果表明,该介孔结构正极材料表现出优越的电化学性能,以150 mA/g充放电,首次放电容量高达94 mAh/g,而不含模板剂无孔结构的材料放电容量仅37 mAh/g.     

锂离子电池正极材料LiCoO2的微波合成及结构表征

改变原料的Li,Co摩尔配比，利用微波法制备出锂离子电池正极材料LiCoO2，同时考察了微波辐照时间对反应体系温度的影响，并采用电子显微镜、红外光谱和X射线衍射技术对产品的晶体结构进行分析。结果表明，Li,Co的摩尔比的1.05:1时，所合成的LiCoO2晶体纯度高，具有良好的层状结构。与传统合成法相比，微波合成法具有反应时间短，能耗低，合成效率高，颗粒均匀性良好等特点。     

烧结温度对锂离子电池正极材料LiCoO2结构与电化学性能的影响

锂钴氧化物;烧结温度对锂离子电池正极材料LiCoO2结构与电化学性能的影响     

简化的溶胶凝胶法合成LiMn2-xLaxO4及电性能研究

采用以水溶液作为反应介质的简化的溶胶凝胶法制备了LiMn2O4和稀土La掺杂的LiMn1.98La0.02O4粉体材料, 此方法工艺简单, 容易控制, 制备周期短. 利用XRD, SEM对材料粉体进行结构形态表征, 并以合成的材料为正极活性材料测试其充放电性能、循环伏安性能、 电化学阻抗谱性能. 实验结果表明: 材料LiMn2O4和LiMn1.98La0.02O4具有较好的尖晶石结构, 且颗粒分布均匀, 掺杂La的材料循环性能有较大改善. 以LiMn2O4为正极活性物质的扣式电池首次放电比容量129.38 mAh · g-1, 循环20次后容量保持在94%, 以LiMn1.98La0.02O4为正极活性物质的扣式电池首次放电比容量106.77 mAh · g-1, 循环20此后容量保持在96.2%.     

LiCoO2对LiMn2-xMxO4正极材料的混合改性研究

采用机械混合层状LiCoO2和经过多元掺杂改性后尖晶石型LiMn2-xMxO4(M=Co Cr La,x=nCo nCr nLa,且0相似文献   

FTIR研究LiFePO4的充放电过程

随着便携式电子设备的日益普及,人们对支撑这些设备运行的后备电源提出了越来越高的要求.锂离子电池与传统的铅酸和镍镉电池相比具有更大的电动势、更大的比能量(120～150 Wh/kg,是常用的Ni-Cd电池的2～3倍)以及较好的充放循环性能,因此成为目前使用较多的高性能便携能源设备.作为锂离子电池的重要组成部分,正极材料一直是人们重点研究的一个内容,目前应用较广的是LiCoO2,它具有放电电压高、放电平稳、高倍率放电性能好、比能量高、循环性好和生产工艺简单等优点,但由于Co的毒性大、储量低导致这种材料不环保、价格高,并且由于Co4+的高氧化性使LiCoO2只能获得理论值一半的容量,并存在一定的过充电安全隐患,因此人们一直在寻找更好的正极材料.1997年Padhi等人[1]首次报道了具有橄榄石结构的LiFePO4可以作为锂离子电池正极材料,这种材料具有较平坦的3.4 V电压平台、较高的比容量(大于160 mAh/g)、所含元素储量丰富、绿色环保、易于制备和安全性好等优点,被认为是有望替代LiCoO2的正极材料,成为近年来这一研究领域的热点.为了了解LiFePO4的电化学反应机理,Padhi[1]和Takahashi[2]等人用XRD研究了LiFePO4化学脱锂和电化学脱锂后的结构变化,表明Li+的脱嵌过程中LiFePO4和PO4两相共存.Burba等人[3]也使用FTIR和Raman光谱研究了LiFePO4化学脱锂后的结构变化,表明分子光谱是研究LiFePO4结构变化的很好手段,为了更深入理解LiFePO4电化学反应过程中的变化, 本文使用FTIR对LiFePO4在充放电过程中不同充放电阶段的结构变化进行了研究.     

柠檬酸溶胶凝胶法制备LiCoO_2电极材料及其表征

目前研究较多的锂离子电池正极材料主要有LiCoO2、LiNiO2和LiMn2O4犤1犦,虽然LiCoO2的成本相对较高,但LiCoO2具有最为优良的电化学性能,如高且平稳的充放电平台、高比容量以及良好的循环性能犤2犦,是目前应用最广泛的商品化电极材料。LiCoO2材料主要采用高温固相法犤3～5犦制备,该方法工艺简单,容易实现大规模生产,但缺点是需要较高的焙烧温度和较长的焙烧时间,且反应原料混合均匀程度有限,易导致非化学计量、非均相以及不规则的颗粒形貌等,因此材料的比容量、循环寿命等电化学性能以及反应的可控性还不甚理想。研究表明犤6犦电极材…     

Enantiomer separation by CEC——Enantiomer separation by packed-capillary electrochromatography

Three chiral compounds were successfully separated in a short time with two enantiomer separation models on packed-capillary electrochromatography (CEC). (i) 75 μm I.D. capillaries were packed with 5 μm β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) chiral stationary phase (CSP). Effects of voltage, pH and concentration of organic modifier on electroosmotic flow (EOF) and chiral separations were investigated systematically. Enantiomers of a neutral compound (benzoin) and a neutral drug (mephenytoin) were separated within a short time with high efficiency. Efficiency of 32 000 theoretical plates per meter and resolution (R_s) of 1.42 were achieved for enantiomers of benzoin using a βCD packed column with 6.2 cm packed length. Efficiency of 45 000 theoretical plates per meter and R_s of 3.40 were obtained for enantiomers of mephenytoin. Especially, the enantiomer separation of mephenytion was performed in just 3.4 min with R_s of 2.60. (ⅱ) 75 μm I.D. capillary was packed with octadecylsilica particles (ODS). Chiral separat     

Regioselectivity of olefin oxidation by iodosobenzene catalyzed by metalloporphyrins : control by the catalyst

The regioselectivity of the oxidation of three monosubstituted olefins, 6-phenoxyhex-1-ene, hex-1-ene and styrene, by iodosobenzene in the presence of various Fe-, Mn- or Cr-tetraaryl-porphyrins, was studied. It was found that, besides epoxides, known products from such systems, allylic alcohols and aldehydes were formed, the latter not being derived from the corresponding epoxides. The relative importance of these reactions greatly depends upon both the metal and porphyrin constituents of the catalyst. More particularly, the competition between epoxidation and allylic hydroxylation can be efficiently controlled by non-bonded interactions between the olefin and porphyrin substituents. No hydroxylation of the aromatic rings and no oxidative dealkylation of the ether function was detected.     

Glycosidase inhibition by macrolide antibiotics elucidated by STD-NMR spectroscopy

A glycosynthase approach was attempted to glycodiversify macrolide antibiotics, using DesR, a family-3 retaining beta-glucosidase involved in the self-resistance mechanism of methymycin production. STD-NMR was used to probe enzyme-substrate interactions. Analysis of competitive STD-NMR experiments between erythromycin A and a chromogenic substrate (pNP-beta-d-glucose) with the hydrolytically inactive nucleophile mutants led us to discover a family of unprecedented glycosidase inhibitors. Analysis of kinetic data with wild-type DesR determined that erythromycin is a competitive inhibitor of the glucosidase (IC50 = 2.8 +/- 0.3 microM and Ki = 2 +/- 0.2 microM) with respect to the hydrolysis of pNP-beta-d-glucose. Comparable inhibitory data was obtained for clarithromycin; however, the inhibitory effect of azithromycin was weak and no significant inhibition was observed with methymycin or d-desosamine. This report documents significant inhibition of glycosidases by macrolide antibiotics and provides insight into the design of novel glycosidase inhibitors based on the macrolactone ring of macrolide antibiotics.     

Membrane solubilization by detergent: resistance conferred by thickness

The commonly held model for membrane dissolution by detergents/surfactants requires lipid transport from the inner to the outer bilayer leaflet ('flip-flop'). Although applicable to many systems, it fails in cases where cross-bilayer transport of membrane components is suppressed. In this paper we investigate the mechanism for surfactant-induced solubilization of polymeric bilayers. To that end, we examine the dissolution of a series of increasingly thick, polymer-based vesicles (polymersomes) by a nonionic surfactant, Triton X-100, using dynamic light scattering. We find that increasing the bilayer thickness imparts better resistance to dissolution, so that the concentration required for solubilization, after a fixed amount of time, increases nearly linearly with membrane thickness. Combining our experimental data with a theoretical model, we show that the dominant mechanism for the surfactant-induced dissolution of polymeric vesicles, where polymer flip-flop across the membrane is suppressed, is the surfactant transport through the bilayer. This mechanism is different both qualitatively and quantitatively from the mechanisms by which surfactants dissolve pure lipid vesicles.     

Antibiotic recognition by binuclear metallo-beta-lactamases revealed by X-ray crystallography

Metallo-beta-lactamases are zinc-dependent enzymes responsible for resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in a variety of host bacteria, usually Gram-negative species that act as opportunist pathogens. They hydrolyze all classes of beta-lactam antibiotics, including carbapenems, and escape the action of available beta-lactamase inhibitors. Efforts to develop effective inhibitors have been hampered by the lack of structural information regarding how these enzymes recognize and turn over beta-lactam substrates. We report here the crystal structure of the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia L1 enzyme in complex with the hydrolysis product of the 7alpha-methoxyoxacephem, moxalactam. The on-enzyme complex is a 3'-exo-methylene species generated by elimination of the 1-methyltetrazolyl-5-thiolate anion from the 3'-methyl group. Moxalactam binding to L1 involves direct interaction of the two active site zinc ions with the beta-lactam amide and C4 carboxylate, groups that are common to all beta-lactam substrates. The 7beta-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)malonyl]-amino substituent makes limited hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding contacts with the active site groove. The mode of binding provides strong evidence that a water molecule situated between the two metal ions is the most likely nucleophile in the hydrolytic reaction. These data suggest a reaction mechanism for metallo-beta-lactamases in which both metal ions contribute to catalysis by activating the bridging water/hydroxide nucleophile, polarizing the substrate amide bond for attack and stabilizing anionic nitrogen intermediates. The structure illustrates how a binuclear zinc site confers upon metallo-beta-lactamases the ability both to recognize and efficiently hydrolyze a wide variety of beta-lactam substrates.