利用布居囚禁态实现高效率布居转移

利用缀饰原子方法研究了激光同位素分离涉及的一个四能级系统的布居转移过程，发现了类似于三能级系统的布居囚禁态，在此基础上分析了光泵浦过程的布居囚禁现象，提出一种能够利用基态布居及亚稳态热布居的高效率光泵浦方法并以分离轴原子为例说明该方法的优越性。     

二能级系统的布居囚禁现象

采用缀饰原子模型,以解析方式研究了二能级系统布居囚禁现象,给出了实现布居囚禁现象的条件,并通过解析公式计算演示了各种条件下布居囚禁的不同行为.所有的解析计算都与数值计算结果相一致. 关键词： 布居囚禁 二能级系统     

一个快速模拟热稠密非平衡等离子体的碰撞辐射模型

在实验室和天体等离子体研究中,原子/离子的激发、退激发以及电离、复合过程对等离子体的电离和能量平衡有着重要的影响.在激光等离子体作用的辐射流体模拟中,需要在线计算等离子体的平均离化度和吸收/发射系数.在现有的计算能力下,通常采用比较简单的平均原子(average atom, AA)模型进行在线计算.随着实验技术和计算能力的发展,急需发展能够在线计算的细致非平衡原子模型.本文报道了最新发展的多离化度平均离子碰撞辐射模型(multi-average ion collisional-radiative model, MAICRM).该模型用一个平均离子模拟等离子体中某一离化度所有离子的平均轨道占据数和布居,即每个平均离子的轨道占据数为该离化度所有离子的轨道占据数的平均;平均离子的布居等于该离化度离子的布居和.平均离子的轨道占据数和布居通过迭代求解速率方法得到.用该模型计算了Fe, Xe和Au非平衡等离子体的离化度分布,计算结果与细致组态和超组态模型以及实验测量符合,而计算量相对于细致组态/超组态大大降低.预期该方法能与辐射流体程序耦合,实现细致非平衡原子模型的在线计算.     

囚陷离子奇偶相干态的产生以及梳形崩塌与复苏现象

首先考虑囚禁在谐振子势中的二能级离子在Ｌａｍｂ－Ｄｉｃｋ级限下与驻波场的相互作用利用态选择测量来产生囚陷离卫的奇偶相干态。然后研究原子反转随时间的演化，发现其在一定条件下表现为梳形崩塌与复苏现象。     

Rb原子磁光阱中囚禁原子数目与实验参数的依赖关系

研究表明，Rb原子磁光阱中所囚禁的原子数目对囚禁光的光强和失谐量，回泵光的强度以及磁场梯度有很大的依赖关系.用二能级系统模型对囚禁原子数目随囚禁光的光强和失谐量的变化关系进行了预估，理论预测的结果与实验结果定性符合.实验结果也展示了囚禁原子数目随回泵光的强度和磁场梯度的变化关系，要定量解释这些实验结果则需要更复杂的理论模型.通过囚禁原子数目对实验参数依赖关系的研究，得到特定的实验参数，来获得最大数目的冷原子. 关键词： 磁光阱 冷原子     

真空中V型三能级原子的布居弛豫及其量子相干自发发射

本文研究了V型三能级原子与真空耦合构成光子-原子束缚态的布居弛豫及其量子相干现象,具体阐述了引起原子相干的必要条件、布居粒子数的交换过程、真空与原子耦合所产生的Lamb移动对自发发射光谱特性带来的影响.     

冷原子的双阱微磁表面囚禁

提出了两种新颖的采用载流导线的双阱微磁表面囚禁方案(即双U形与双Z形导线囚禁)。通过改变囚禁方案中直导线中的电流方向，即可将双U形导线囚禁改变为双Z形导线囚禁；如果逐渐减小直导线中的电流大小，即可将一个双阱微磁囚禁连续地合并为一个单阱微磁囚禁，反之亦然。详细计算和分析了上述两种载流导线囚禁方案的磁场及其梯度的空间分布。研究发现在导线中通以较小的电流，即可在导线表面附近产生很大的磁场梯度及其曲率。例如当电流为O．2A时，其磁场梯度和曲率可分别达到0．2T／cm和10T／cm2以上。由于双U形导线囚禁中存在磁场零点，而双Z形导线囚禁中仅存在磁场最小值，所以双U形导线囚禁仅适用于制备双样品磁光囚禁(MOT)或研究中性原子的冷碰撞，而双Z形导线囚禁除了可用于研究原子的冷碰撞之外，还可以用于制备双样品玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚(BEC)或实验研究双阱玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚的性质等。     

数字信号在原子芯片中的应用

通过分析和计算不同谐波分量与原子相互作用产生不同的势场,发现可以将其叠加在一起形成原子囚禁势,提出了数字信号在原子芯片中的应用方案. 关键词： 原子芯片 数字信号 绝热势     

中性原子的双阱磁囚禁及其应用

本文提出了四种采用载流导线实现冷原子双阱磁囚禁的新颖方案(1)双loffe型磁囚禁，(2)双Z型导线磁囚禁，(3)双U-Z型导线磁囚禁和(4)双U-U型导线磁囚禁，详细计算了上述磁阱的磁场及其梯度与曲率的空间分布，并分析了实现冷原子双阱磁囚禁的实验可行性。理论研究表明上述方案中某一导线中的电流大小改变时，每个双磁阱可连续转变为一个单磁阱。双loffe型磁阱和双Z型导线磁阱中心的磁场强度都是非零最小值，不存在Majonara跃迁，相应的磁场梯度和曲率的典型值分别为2.0×103G/cm和1.0×105G/cm2，这远远高于BEC实验中宏观磁阱中心的磁场梯度及其曲率，为双样品原子的微阱玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚(BEC)的实现提供了理论依据与新的实验方案；而双U-Z型导线磁囚禁和双U-U型导线磁囚禁的中心磁场强度都为零，存在着严重的Majonara跃迁，限制了磁阱中原子密度的提高，因而它们仅能用于实现双样品的磁光囚禁(MOT)或用于研究不同原子之间的冷碰撞性质。双MOT中所能俘获的原子数约为106量级(弱光近似下)，相应的MOT温度约为266μK，这与标准MOT中(弱光近似下)的囚禁原子数及其原子冷却温度差不多。进一步的研究表明当在双Z型载流导线方案中插入更多的等间隔载流直导线时，即可构成1D微磁囚禁列阵，从而用于制备1D磁晶格，甚至实现1D BEC列阵。     

一维CO2光学晶格中的光子带隙

本文研究了囚禁^85Rb原子的一维CO2光学晶格的光子带隙。由于大失谐CO2聚焦光束（λ=10．6μm）远离Rb原子的共振频率，原子与晶格光场的自恰作用可忽略，Rb原子被囚禁在周期为d=λ／2=5．3μm的周期性格点上，且单个格点上囚禁的原子数目可以达到10^3，整个晶格形成具有空间周期性调制的介电多层膜系。类似于光子晶体，其光学响应将在晶格频率与共振频率之间产生光子带隙。另一方面，     

三能级原子与少周期脉冲串作用中的相干布居捕获

研究了少周期脉冲串作用下三能级原子中的布居转移和相干布居捕获现象.在非旋波近似的情况下求解了密度矩阵方程.研究结果表明在等时间间隔的锁相脉冲作用下,系统能级的布居逐步转移并积累,系统基态相干也逐步积累.在满足脉冲重复频率为基态能级频差的整数分之一倍时,三能级系统和频率梳中两梳齿频率成分作用形成相干布居捕获现象,原子暗态布居值达到最大,介质对脉冲透明.在适当选取少周期脉冲参量的情况下,在0.5个ns的时间内三能级系统相干性演化到最大后到达稳态,相干布居捕获发生.与脉宽为100个fs的多周期脉冲相比,少周期脉冲串在介质中建立相干布居捕获的时间缩短两个数量级.由于频率梳中与三能级系统发生作用的梳频成份有相同的频移,相干布居捕获的条件双光子共振仍然满足.因而,当两基态能级频率差较大时,如果选取少周期脉冲载波频率为系统能级1至2和1至3的传输频率之和的一半ω=(ω₁+ω₂)/2,室温下原子热运动的引起的多普勒频移并不会破坏相干布居捕获.     

若干参数对多能级系统粒子数陷俘的影响

运用缀饰态理论研究在外场、真空模耦合作用下多能级系统基于量子干涉效应的粒子数陷俘现象,得到了在干涉条件下系统陷俘粒子数的解析表达式,揭示出系统寝布居、驱动场拉比频率以及能级间隔等诸因素对粒子数陷俘效应的影响。研究结果表明,在特定的寝布居条件下,系统总陷俘粒子数对驱动场拉比频率和上能级间隔的依赖关系不总是简单的单调递增（递减）下,系统总陷俘粒子地驱动场拉比频率和上能级间隔的依赖关系不总是简单的单调递     

Stable 85Rb micro vapour cells: fabrication based on anodic bonding and application in chip-scale atomic clocks

We describe the microfabrication of 85 Rb vapour cells using a glass-silicon anodic bonding technique and in situ chemical reaction between rubidium chloride and barium azide to produce Rb.Under controlled conditions,the pure metallic Rb drops and buffer gases were obtained in the cells with a few mm 3 internal volumes during the cell sealing process.At an ambient temperature of 90 C the optical absorption resonance of 85 Rb D1 transition with proper broadening and the corresponding coherent population trapping (CPT) resonance,with a signal contrast of 1.5% and linewidth of about 1.7 kHz,have been detected.The sealing quality and the stability of the cells have also been demonstrated experimentally by using the helium leaking detection and the after-9-month optoelectronics measurement which shows a similar CPT signal as its original status.In addition,the physics package of chip-scale atomic clock (CSAC) based on the cell was realized.The measured frequency stability of the physics package can reach to 2.1×10 10 at one second when the cell was heated to 100 C which proved that the cell has the quality to be used in portable and battery-operated devices.     

Multicolored coherent population trapping in a system using phase modulated fields

We demonstrate the simultaneous occurrence of coherent population trapping at a series of frequencies separated by modulation frequency of phase-modulated fields. The two arms of the system are coupled to two phase-modulated fields and the response of the atomic system to such fields is calculated nonperturbatively. A judicious choice of modulation characteristics allows one to selectively switch on or off the occurrence of coherent population trapping at specific frequencies. A new technique is developed to compute two-dimensional tridiagonal matrix equations. This generalized technique provides the vital methodology needed to calculate the response of such systems in the strong modulation regime and for arbitrary field strengths.     

Two-color coherent population trapping in a single Cs hyperfine transition,with application in magnetometry

We investigate the coherent population trapping effect occurring between the Zeeman sublevels of a given hyperfine state of Cs when excited by a single-mode diode laser, which is frequency modulated in the kHz–MHz range. In the presence of a dc magnetic field, simultaneous excitation of pairs of ground-state magnetic sublevels to common excited magnetic sublevels is performed. As a result, coherent population trapping resonance is detected at only a given modulation frequency, whose value gives a measure of the magnetic field. The parameters of the resonances are measured in order to determine the ultimate accuracy of the magnetic field measurement. Received: 6 December 2002 / Revised version: 24 February 2003 / Published online: 2 June 2003 RID="*" ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +39-0577/23-4689, E-mail: biancalana@unisi.it     

Optical frequency standard based on coherent population trapping resonance

We propose a new optical frequency standard, based on a coherent population trapping resonance. Such standard is a self-mode locking laser, pulse repetition frequency of which is directly locked to microwave clock-transition—the transition between the hyperfine ground state components of alkali atom. The unique properties of this standard result in reduction of the light shift which is the main reason limiting frequency stability of this standard.     

High-performance coherent population trapping clock based on laser-cooled atoms

We present a coherent population trapping clock system based on laser-cooled $^{87}$Rb atoms. The clock consists of a frequency-stabilized CPT interrogation laser and a cooling laser as well as a compact magneto-optical trap, a high-performance microwave synthesizer, and a signal detection system. The resonance signal in the continuous wave regime exhibits an absorption contrast of $\sim 50$%. In the Ramsey interrogation method, the linewidth of the central fringe is 31.25 Hz. The system achieves fractional frequency stability of ${2.4\times }{{10}}^{{-11}}/\sqrt \tau $, which goes down to ${1.8\times }{{10}}^{{-13}}$ at 20000 s. The results validate that cold atom interrogation can improve the long-term frequency stability of coherent population trapping clocks and holds the potential for developing compact/miniature cold atoms clocks.     

Minimization of the temperature coefficient of resonance frequency shift in the coherent population trapping clock

We studied the relationship between the frequency shift of coherent population trapping resonance and the cell temperature of (85)Rb. Results show that the temperature coefficient of the frequency shift can be reduced by buffer gas pressure adjustment and light shift optimization. When the contribution of buffer gas collision to temperature coefficient of frequency shift is less than 0.3 Hz/K, the contribution of light shift to the temperature coefficient of frequency shift becomes obvious. Under this cancelling effect, we can reduce the rate of total frequency shift to near zero.     

Spontaneous-emission suppression on arbitrary atomic transitions

We propose a very simple scheme to slow down the usual exponential decay of upper state population in an atomic two-level system considerably. The scheme uses an additional possibly intense field with frequency lower than the total decay width of the atomic transition. This allows for additional decay channels with the exchange of one or more low-frequency photons during an atomic transition. These channels may then interfere with each other. The intensity and frequency of the low-frequency field are shown to act as two control parameters modifying duration and amount of the population trapping. An extension of the scheme to include transitions to more than one lower state is straightforward.     

Ac-Stark shifts in the nonlinear Faraday effect

The frequency of the dark resonance in coherent population trapping experiments has been measured as a function of the degree of ellipticity and the intensity of the probe light. The results have been used to find the quantum limit of sensitivity of an optical magnetometer based on the nonlinear Faraday effect.