稀土对一次性自粘结铁基复合粉末喷涂涂层结合力的影响

采用亚音速氧-乙炔火焰喷涂技术，喷涂一次性自粘结粉末，经测定涂层的结合强度可达到打底层的界面结合强度。在一次自粘结粉末中加入0．9％(质量分数)稀土，涂层的结合强度最高。其原因是各种元素间产生自放热效应，导致微冶金结合，从而提高了涂层与基体的结合强度。适量稀土的加入净化了涂层界面，由链状向球状转变，改变了夹杂物的形貌特征，有利于提高涂层的结合强度。稀土与其它元素可形成稀土化合物，降低粉末的熔点，加大涂层的润湿铺展，利于涂层的致密化，提高涂层的耐磨性。     

稀土对真空熔结Ni基自熔性合金涂层组织结构的影响

采用真空熔结的方法在45^#钢母材上获得了稀土NiCrBSi自熔性合金涂层，借助X射线衍射、SEM及EDX研究了涂层截面的微观组织、相结构及涂层与母材界面附近的组织特征，讨论了稀土的加入对涂层组织的影响。结果表明：真空熔结NiCrBSi合金涂层为Ni基固溶体和分布在固溶体上块状、球状和针状的CrB、Fe3C、Cr7C3等硬化相组成，涂层与母材为良好的冶金结合。添加稀土元素的NiCrBSiRE合金涂层消除了针状组织，析出了新的硼化物Ni3B和碳化物Cr23C6，硬化相得到了进一步的球化；RE还阻碍了Ni、Cr、Si等原子向母材的扩散和Fe原子向涂层的扩散，减轻了Fe原子对涂层的“稀释”作用，保证了涂层的化学组成。     

含镧Fe-B激光熔覆层的摩擦学性能研究

为研究稀土对Fe—B激光熔覆层摩擦学性能的影响，采用自配Fe，B4C，硅铁稀土混合粉末在45^#钢基体上进行激光熔覆实验，并在HQ-1摩擦磨损实验机上对不同稀土含量的熔覆层进行摩擦磨损实验。结果表明：含适量稀土熔覆层的耐磨性得到很大提高，在本实验条件下，硅铁稀土加入量最佳值为4％～5％，此时熔覆层耐磨性提高25．8％，当硅铁稀土加入量过多时，熔覆层耐磨性反而降低，甚至低于不加稀土时的耐磨性。通过对磨斑表面硼元素(1s电子轨道)的XPS图谱分析表明，熔覆层中铁与硼主要以Fe2B相存在。磨损表面部分镧元素被氧化，生成La2O3。     

碳纤维表面改性研究进展

碳纤维因其优异的综合性能常被用作树脂基体的增强材料.然而由于碳纤维与树脂基体之间的界面结合性能较差,其增强的复合材料的力学性能往往与理论值相差甚远,因此必须对碳纤维进行表面改性,以提高其与聚合物基体的界面粘结性能.本文作者综述了国内外关于碳纤维表面改性技术的研究进展,概述了涂层法、氧化法、高能辐射法等改性方法对碳纤维增强复合材料界面强度的改性效果.     

焦磷酸盐电镀铜初始过程研究

应用恒电流法研究了铁基体上焦磷酸盐电镀铜电位时间变化类型与镀层结合强度之间的关系.提出了临界起始电流密度(DKC)概念.当起始工作电流DKI大于DKC时,铁电极首先被极化至铁表面的活化电位,即基体表面被活化,随后极化至铜的析出电位,使铜层沉积在活化的铁基体表面上,形成具有良好结合强度的铜镀层.反之,如DKI小于DKC,则铜层只能在"钝化"的含氧层表面上析出,得到的镀层结合强度很差.由氩离子溅射深度刻蚀和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)检测出结合强度差的镀层和基体间界面含氧层的存在.调整工艺条件,优化了焦磷酸盐直接镀铜工艺,可降低工艺的DKC,得到与铁基体具有良好结合强度的电镀层.     

聚酰胺／粘土纳米复合材料的掉备,结构表征及性能研究

聚酰胺／粘土纳米复合材料，由于粘土以纳米悄度均匀地分散在聚酰胺基体中以及粘土与基体间强的化学结合，较常规填充增强聚酰胺复合材料具有更高强度，模量，耐热，气体阻隔等性能，是一种性能优异的聚酰胺材料，本文重点综述了混杂材料的制备，结构表征，特殊的界面相互作用，力学性能，结晶行为及结晶动力学等方面的研究，并展望了该材料的应用前景。     

界面粘结对聚氯乙烯/丁腈橡胶共混物脆韧转变的影响

应用丙烯腈（ＡＮ）含量不同的丁腈橡胶（ＮＢＲ）与聚氯乙烯（ＰＶＣ）共混，研究了界面粘结对ＰＶＣ／ＮＢＲ共混物脆韧转变的影响．结果表明：当基体层度Ｔ相等时，过强的界面粘结，使ＰＶＣ／ＮＢＲ共混物的冲击强度降低，并且其产生脆韧转变的临界基体层厚度Ｔｃ减小．界面粘结对于聚合物共混物的增韧行为具有直接的影响．损伤区分析给出：随着界面粘结强度增大，空洞化过程受阻，减弱能量的耗散，并且不利于诱导剪切屈服损伤的产生，因而不利于增韧；但是界面粘强度过小，意味着共混物的相容性太差，致使分散相粒径过大，也不利于增韧．所以对增韧来讲，共混物的界面粘结强度存在一个最佳范围．     

Y_2O_3/Ag复合材料界面微观结构与性能研究

采用透射电子显微镜对粉末冶金法制备的Y_2O_3/Ag复合材料的界面微观结构进行了深入研究。结果表明:复合材料界面结合紧密且无任何反应物。Ag基体的(111)面与Y_2O_3颗粒的(440)晶面保持半共格关系:Y_2O_3(222)//Ag(111),Y_2O_3(440)//Ag(111),界面处基体中可以看到由于晶格错配而产生的刃位错,说明基体与增强颗粒晶面间距接近时,基体可以依靠增强颗粒表面结晶并长大,即增强颗粒作为基体异质形核的质点,并从晶体学角度对界面的形成原因进行了解释。由力学和电学性能测试得到复合材料的强度和电阻率随Y_2O_3含量的增加而升高。     

SiCp/ Al复合材料与化学镀镍层结合机理研究

根据结构化学理论，用SEM, EDAX和XPS等测试手段研究了镀层和碳化硅颗粒增强铝基复合材料(SiC_p/ Al)的表面、断面形貌及界面的结合状态，分析了镀层和基体之间的结合机理。结果表明，Ni镀层与复合材料界面有良好的结合，在复合材料表面的SiC-Al界面，初期沉积物Ni按Al的晶格外延生长出现微晶层，然后吸附原子扩散迁移、碰撞结合并与界面上的SiC晶格匹配生长，在镍层中诱发了拉伸应力。镍晶格和基体粒子之间产生了键合作用，形成的键显示出共价键和离子键的混合性质。     

热致型液晶共聚与聚烯烃的原位复合

用热致型液晶共聚酯作为成纤材料、聚烯烃为基体进行复合，在复合中引入界面改性剂。对共混体的熔体流动性、基体聚合物的结晶性能进行了研究，对两相界面结合原位复合材料的力学性能进行了分析测试。     

Ultrafine grain formation and coating mechanism arising from a blast coating process: A transmission electron microscopy analysis

This article examines the substrate/coating interface of a coating deposited onto mild steel and stainless steel substrates using an ambient temperature blast coating technique known as CoBlast. The process uses a coincident stream of an abrasive blast medium and coating medium particles to modify the substrate surface. The hypothesis for the high bond strength is that the abrasive medium roughens the surface while simultaneously disrupting the passivating oxide layer of the substrate, thereby exposing the reactive metal that then reacts with the coating medium. The aim of this study is to provide greater insight into the coating/substrate bonding mechanism by analysing the interface between a hydroxyapatite coating on both mild and stainless steel substrates. The coating adhesion was measured via a tensile test, and bond strengths of approximately 45 MPa were measured. The substrate/coating interface was examined using transmission electron microscopy and selected area diffraction. The analysis of the substrate/coating interface revealed the presence of ultrafine grains in both the coating and substrate at interface associated with deformation at the interface caused by particle impaction during deposition. The chemical reactivity resulting from the creation of these ultrafine grains is proposed to explain the high adhesive strength of CoBlast coatings.     

Depth-profiling study of a thermal barrier coated superalloy using femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Depth-profiling of a thermal barrier coating (TBC) system was carried out using femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (fs-LIBS). The TBC system consisted of an outer 7% yttria stabilized zirconia (7YSZ) ceramic coating and an inner Pt-modified bond coat on a Ni-based superalloy single crystal substrate. In the absence of the ceramic layer, it was possible to qualitatively differentiate between the bond coat and the substrate, and also between the two layers of the bond coat. The spatial location of the interface between the two bond coat layers could also be obtained accurately from the spectral profile of W. In presence of the ceramic coating, it was also possible to easily and accurately determine the ceramic/bond coat interface from the spectral profile of Al. Potential use of fs-LIBS in combination with fs laser machining to produce superior quality cooling holes on thermal barrier coated superalloy components is discussed.     

Bonding Strengths of Titania Sol-Gel Derived Coatings on Titanium

Bioactive ceramic coatings have had poor adhesion to substrate. In this study, the bond strength (tensile strength) of titania gel coating to titanium substrate was studied. In the experiments three different pretreatments were used, namely sodium hydroxide corroding, plasma cleaning and titanium nitride coating. Also the effects of heating temperature, heating in vacuum and titanium surface roughness were studied. The sol properties were altered with valeric acid addition. Samples were analysed by SEM-EDX, AES, AFM and tested by bond strength gauge. Those samples in which the titanium surface was precorroded one hour in sodium hydroxide, predeposited by titanium nitride or ground improved the bonding strengths of titania coatings to over 24 MPa. In these samples a fracture occurred at the glue-coating interface.     

Effect of micro-arc oxidation treatment on laser joint microstructures of Ti-6Al-4V alloy/CFRP

Resin-based carbon fibre reinforced composite (CFRP) with excellent properties has been widely applied in aerospace industry. In this study, polyether ether ketone enforced composite (PEEK-CFRP) and Ti-6V-4V titanium alloy had been joined by laser welding process. Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) process was conducted on the surface of titanium alloy to improve the joint property. Fractures and mechanical properties of joints were analysed. Interfacial microstructures of the joints had been investigated, and the formation mechanism of joint had been figured out. The results showed that after MAO treatment, the joint strength had been greatly improved and the shear strength reached to 42.3 MPa compared with pretreated sample. The wettability of CFRP on titanium alloy was rising with the contact angle of 68.8°. Fracture showed that cohesive failure contributed to the main fracture mode. As joints were formed by both mechanical bonding and chemical bonding, ‘anchor-shaped’ structures were found in the joint to enhance the mechanical bonding effects due to the flowing of the melted resin. (−OH) bonds were identified at the surface of MAO-treated titanium alloy that provided conditions for hydrogen bond interaction. TiO₂, TiO and Ti–V–C phase were found at interface, whereas Ti–F and Ti–O–F bonds were generated during the welding process, which made great contribution to the chemical bonds between titanium alloy and CFRP.     

Atomic configuration,electronic structure,and work of adhesion of TiN(111)//B2-NiTi(110) and TiN(111)//B19′-NiTi(010) interfaces: Insights from first-principles simulations

In this paper, the atomic configuration, electronic structure, and work of adhesion for TiN(111)//B2-NiTi(110) and TiN(111)//B19′-NiTi(010) interfaces were investigated by first-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT), which aim to provide a theoretical guidance for analyzing the service reliability of TiN films modified NiTi alloy devices. The results of this paper indicated that a hollow-site stacking structure was formed on the interface when Ti and N were the terminal atoms on two sides. Such interfaces demonstrated a stronger bonding performance and a more stable structure than that with Ni and Ti as the terminal atoms. The work of adhesion of the TiN(111)//B19′-NiTi(010) interface was 17.47 J/m², which is greater than the work of fracture of TiN(111) (6.73 J/m²), whereas the work of adhesion of the TiN(111)//B2-NiTi(110) interface was found to reach 5.49 J/m², which is lower than the work of fracture of TiN(111). The models of the work of adhesion between the two interfaces indicate that there are significant bond strength changes in the TiN/NiTi interface, when the NiTi substrate undergoes martensitic transformation. The results of this paper contribute significantly to the service reliability analysis of TiN films coated on NiTi alloy devices.     

Interfacial interactions and the polymer/polyurethane bond

Lap shear measurements of adhesion in joints of polymers bonded with polyurethane adhesives varied significantly with time at elevated temperature. The effect has been linked with the ability of polyurethane molecules to restructure in response to the orienting strength of substrate surfaces, as defined by their non-dispersive surface energy component. Acid/base interactions at the polymer/adhesive interface further affect the bond strength, increasing this important property when acid/base pairs are located at the interface, and diminishing the variable when acid/base interactions are absent.     

Chemical and microstructural characterization of remelted Zircaloy by X-ray fluorescence techniques and metallographic analysis

Brazilian nuclear power reactor (PWR type) use, as nuclear fuel, sintered UO₂ pellets with Zircaloy cladding. The cladding material has to present high mechanical strength and corrosion resistance, which are related to the material chemical composition and microstructural characteristics. Zircaloy machining scraps were remelted using VAR process, resulting in a billet, and its elemental composition was determined. The major elements Zr, Sn, Fe, Cr and Ni were determined by EDXRFS; Hf and contaminants were determined by WDXRFS. The chemical analysis did not show changes in the alloy elemental composition, except for Fe and Cr, which their out-off content can be attributed to contamination from steel scraps. The found Cu contamination may be related to the contact of the melted Zircaloy droplets with copper crucible. The billet microstructure was evaluated using optical and scanning electron microscopy and showed the typical zirconium alloy microstructures (needle and plates) resulting from the high cooling rate and thermal gradients, present during the solidification.     

Deposition of Ethylene-Hexafluoropropene Gradient Plasma-Copolymer Using Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor at Atmospheric Pressure: Application to Release Coatings on Pressure-Sensitive Tape

Plasma-polymerized hexafluoropropene (PPHFP) film deposited using a dielectric barrier discharge reactor at atmospheric pressure had low enough adhesive strength, 22.2 Nm^–1, for use as a release coating of pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes, but the bond strength between PPHFP film and a poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) substrate film was slightly weak: some part of the PPHFP deposits could be peeled from the PET substrate. Since the XPS results indicated that the bond strength between plasma-polymerized ethylene (PPE) film and PET substrate was strong enough, we tried to deposit PPE and plasma-polymerized ethylene - hexafluoropropene gradient plasma-copolymer between the PET substrate and the PPHFP film. This multi-layer film (MLF) had low enough adhesive strength, 36.6 Nm^–1, for use as the release coating; this value was near that of a control sample, Teflon sheet, 21.6 Nm^–1. Moreover, the bond strength between MLF and PET substrate became stronger than that between PPHFP and PET films.     

金刚石颗粒表面Cr金属化及薄膜间界面扩散反应的研究

运用直流磁控溅射法可在金刚石颗粒表面沉积150nm的金属Cr层.在超高真空条件下,经300-600℃的热退火处理,可促进Cr膜与金刚石基底间的界面扩散和反应.利用俄歇电子能谱研究了Cr/金刚石颗粒界面的结合状态,发现Cr与金刚石薄膜发生了强烈的界面扩散,Cr元素渗入金刚石层达90nm,并在界面上发生化学反应形成Cr的碳化物层.对界面扩散反应动力学的研究表明,Cr/金刚石界面扩散反应的表观活化能为38.4kJ/mol,界面扩散反应主要由碳的扩散过程控制.热处理温度越高,界面扩散及反应越显著,但不利于碳化物层生成的氧化反应速度也会有所增加,界面反应产物从Cr₂C₃转变为Cr₂C物种.延长热处理时间有利于金属碳化物的生成,同样导致界面反应产物从Cr₂C₃转变为Cr₂C物种.     

Effect of Y2O3 on microstructural characteristics and wear resistance of cobalt‐based composite coatings produced on TA15 titanium alloy surface by laser cladding

The effects of Y₂O₃ on the microstructure, phase composition of the coatings, microhardness and wear resistance of cobalt‐based composite coatings prepared by laser cladding were investigated. The TA15 titanium alloy was selected as substrate which the cobalt‐based composite powder with different content of Y₂O₃ was cladded on. The microstructure of the coatings was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and metallurgical microscope. The phase structure of the coatings was determined by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and the microhardness and wear resistance of the coatings were measured by hardness tester and wear testing machine. The results show that the rare earth oxide Y₂O₃ can refine and purify the microstructure of the coatings, reduce the porosities and cracks and improve compactness of the coatings. Moreover the addition of Y₂O₃ improves the microhardness of the coatings and reduces the friction coefficient, thus improving the wear property of the coatings. And the wear resistance of the coating with Y₂O₃ has improved about 50 times; the highest value of microhardness in the coating is HV1181.1. And 0.8 wt% content of Y₂O₃ in the coating is the best choice for improving the microhardness and wear resistance of the coating. It is feasible to improve the microstructure and tribological properties of laser cladding coatings by adding of Y₂O₃. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.