Measurement of temperature and refractive index based on surface long-period gratings deposited onto a D-shaped photonic crystal fiber

We propose a surface long-period grating (LPG) based on a D-shaped photonic crystal fiber (PCF). The D-shaped PCF is fabricated by a side-polishing technique. The surface LPG based on periodic patterns of photoresist (PR) is formed by using the spin-coating and the standard contact lithography methods. Resonant coupling is created by the surface PR-LPG in the D-shaped PCF. The resonant peak shifts to longer wavelength as the ambient index is increased and shifts to shorter wavelength as the temperature is increased. The total wavelength shift is measured to be 122 nm in the refractive index range from 1 to 1.45 and the temperature sensitivity is measured to be −0.3 nm/°C in the temperature range from 30 to 100°C.     

Optical fiber Bragg grating hydrogen sensor based on evanescent-field interaction with palladium thin-film transducer

Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors in single-mode optical fibers are widely applied for measurement of temperature and strain. If exposing FBG sensors to an external analyte by planar side-polishing technique of the fiber, evanescent-field interaction yields a Bragg wavelength shift also by changing the refractive index of the analyte. Deposition of sensor-specific transducer layers on the side-polished fiber can specify this spectrally encoding and network-capable optochemical fiber Bragg grating refractometry to the monitoring of specific substances, absorbed gases and vapors. In this paper, the sensor principle is demonstrated for the example of a hydrogen gas sensor based on a palladium thin-film transducer. Hydrogen in 0.1–4% volume concentration range can be monitored by the spectral shift of the Bragg wavelength, which is caused by the decreasing complex refractive index of Pd with increasing absorption of hydrogen.     

Numerical analysis of plasmon polarition refractive index fiber sensors with hollow core and a long period grating

The main principle of this design is based on the efficient energy transfer between the waveguide mode (WM) and the co-directional SPP provided by a properly designed fiber long period grating (LPG). This LPG is imprinted into a waveguide fiber layer of a specially designed hollow core optical fiber. The simulations are based on the finite element method (FEM) algorithm in electromagnetics and coupled mode theory for gratings. Compared to the previous proposed structure using a fiber Bragg grating (FBG), this novel kind of sensor can greatly enhance the refractive index sensitivity, e.g., from 5.93 nm/RIU (with FBG) to 817 nm/RIU (with LPG) at the sensing refractive index of 1.40. The other advantage is that the working conditions can be performed for the well-developed telecom wavelength windows 1500-1600 nm.     

基于光纤布拉格光栅与长周期光栅并联的集成光学传感器

为了提高光纤传感器的性能和进一步缩小传感器的尺寸,通过实验制备出一种基于光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)与长周期光栅(LPG)并联的新型集成光学传感器。该传感器中的FBG和LPG是利用飞秒激光直写技术直接在普通单模光纤中刻写的。FBG和LPG是并联关系,因此很大程度地缩小了传感器的长度。外界的温度和折射率的变化会引起FBG和LPG的谐振峰波长位置发生变化,据此对该集成传感器进行温度和折射率测量。实验结果表明:FBG谐振峰对折射率和温度的灵敏度分别为0 nm/RIU和12.98 pm/℃,而LPG在1 555 nm附近谐振峰对折射率和温度的灵敏度为196.46 nm/RIU和10.93 pm/℃。因此,根据双参数传感矩阵,该传感器可以对温度和外界折射率进行同时传感。     

振幅掩膜紫外写入的长周期光纤光栅特性研究

振幅掩膜紫外写入的长周期光纤光栅的纤芯折射率分布函数为矩形波。以三层阶跃折射率光波导结构基础，用弱导标量近似和标量耦合模理论分析折射率调制类型为矩形波的长周期光纤光栅的特性。详细地给出耦合模方程近似处理的方法，并说明了其合理性。用数学软件Matlab进行了数值模拟计算，发现折射率调制类为矩形波的光栅传输谱不是由它的各次余弦光栅谱的线性叠加而成的。还研究了外部环境折射率、包层半径、栅占空比等光栅结构参量对矩形折射率调制的光栅传输谱的影响。同时指出了每阶包层模的双谐振峰位置随栅参量的变化规律。刊■刊『_型，刿j1     

Long period grating cascaded to photonic crystal fiber modal interferometer for simultaneous measurement of temperature and refractive index

We propose and demonstrate a novel and simple dual-parameter measurement scheme based on a cascaded optical fiber device of long-period grating (LPG) and photonic crystal fiber (PCF) modal interferometer. The temperature and refractive index (RI) can be measured simultaneously by monitoring the spectral characteristics of the device. The implemented sensor shows distinctive spectral sensitivities of -30.82 nm/RIU (refractive index unit) and 47.4 pm/°C by the LPG, and 171.96 nm/RIU and 10.4 pm/°C by the PCF modal interferometer. The simultaneous measurement of the temperature and external RI is experimentally demonstrated by the sensor. The temperature shift and RI shift calculated by the sensor matrix agree well with the actual temperature and RI change in the experiment.     

Fiber-optic humidity sensor based on an air-gap long period fiber grating

In this paper, we propose a novel high-sensitivity fiber-optic humidity sensor based on a calcium chloride thin film to be coated on an air-gap long-period grating fabricated (AG-LPG) by combining the fiber side-polishing and fiber etching methods. When the surrounding refractive index of the air-gap long-period grating is changed by a change in humidity, the grating resonant wavelength is considered varied. Experimental results indicate that humidity can be detected by this sensing mechanism and has a high sensitivity of about 1.36 nm/1%RH.     

Highly efficient lens couplers for laser-diodes based on long period grating in special graded-index fiber

A theoretical scheme of a new device consisting of a lensed fiber and a long period grating (LPG) imprinted in a special single mode gradient-index fiber (SSMGIF) is presented. The SSMGIF consists of the single mode uniform core and the graded-index cladding. The performance of the proposed device is based on specific properties of SSMGIF. For high efficiency coupling between number of cladding modes and co-propagating core mode in this special type of the fiber we can use a number of weak LPGs with the same amplitudes of the refractive index modulation and with almost the same lengths. This scheme provides higher coupling efficiency, relaxed longitudinal alignment tolerance, and smaller device size, than an identical scheme with the LPG imprinted in a step-index (SI) fiber. Two different types of fiber lenses (hemispherical and hyperbolic) are presented for comparison.     

Wavelength-selective all-fiber filter based on a single long-period fiber grating and a misaligned splicing point

A novel wavelength-selective all-fiber filter using a single long-period fiber grating (LPG) interacting with a misaligned fusion splicing point has been demonstrated. The misaligned splicing point couples a part of the core mode power into the cladding modes, which is then recoupled into the core mode by the following LPG. As an optical path difference is introduced by the differential refractive index of the fiber, an in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer is therefore formed, which may function as a cost-efficient WDM filter with good isolation and low insertion loss.     

Theoretical model of a planar waveguide refractive index sensor assisted by a corrugated long period metal grating

A theoretical model of a novel planar integrated refractive index sensor based on surface plasmon-polariton (SPP) excitation with a corrugated metal long period grating (LPG) is presented and comprehensively investigated. The main principle of the operation this device is based on co-directional energy transfer by means of a corrugated metal LPG between a p-polarized guided mode propagating in a waveguide layer and the SPP propagating a metal layer separated from the waveguide layer by a buffer. The corrugated LPG is engraved in the metal layer in contact with the sensed medium. The power transmitted through the LPG in the guided mode serves as an input signal for an interrogation unit. This device is free from any moving parts and can be simply integrated into any planar waveguide system. Our sensor simulations are based on the local-normal-mode transfer matrix method and performed in telecom wavelength range.     

基于SM-NCF反射光谱辨识的液体折射率监测方法

针对分子生物学与环境监测领域高灵敏度特异性检测需求,提出一种基于反射光谱特征辨识的单端反射式光纤折射率传感器模型,并给出了这种基于多模干涉原理的单模光纤-无芯光纤(Single mode fiber-No core fiber, SM-NCF)串接结构传感机理及其理论模型。无芯光纤实质上是一种结构特殊的多模光纤,在实际应用中无芯光纤结构本身作为纤芯,外界环境介质当作包层,构成光波导结构。这与普通多模光纤相比,不需要采用氢氟酸对多模光纤的包层进行化学腐蚀,不会降低光纤的机械性能,也不会破坏芯模传输条件,可以更好的实现对周围环境折射率的传感监测。当无芯光纤所处外界环境折射率发生改变时,其波导结构和包层有效折射率均会发生改变,从而引起传输光信号的纵向传播常数和模场分布也会随之发生改变,最终导致不同波长对应传输光功率的变化。上述效应反映在反射光谱上,即干涉波谷对应的谐振波长、波谷峰值强度以及半波宽度发生相应变化,通过辨识该反射光谱特征就可实现对外界环境折射率的测量。借助光束传播法(BPM),数值模拟得到无芯光纤长度分别为自映像距离和非自映像距离时的SM-NCF内部光场能量分布规律,并制作了无芯光纤长度分别为自映像距离和非自映像距离的SM-NCF光纤折射率传感探头,将作为传感区域的无芯光纤一端与标准单模光纤熔接,采用磁控溅射技术在无芯光纤另一端面镀上金膜,用以提升反射光谱强度。在此基础上,搭建了基于SM-NCF终端反射型的光纤折射率试验系统,并开展了相关实验研究。研究结果表明,当无芯光纤长度是15 mm(自映像距离)时,随着液体折射率从1.331 5依次增大至1.390 2,SM-NCF反射光谱逐渐向长波方向偏移,其反射峰谐振波长对应的折射率灵敏度约为197.57 nm·RIU-1,相关系数为0.93;反射峰值强度也呈现逐渐降低趋势,其折射率灵敏度约为-62.80 dB·RIU-1。当无芯光纤长度是20 mm(非自映像距离)时,随着液体折射率依次增大,SM-NCF反射光谱呈现明显双峰现象,且均逐渐向长波方向偏移,dip2谐振峰波长折射率灵敏度约为133 nm·RIU-1,相关系数为0.96;反射峰值强度也呈现逐渐降低趋势,其折射率灵敏度约为-31.66 dB·RIU-1。对比分析可知,不论是从反射峰谐振波长偏移的角度,还是从反射峰值强度的角度,自映像距离长度对应的 SM-NCF终端反射型光纤传感器均具有较高灵敏度。对于相同折射率液体环境,非自映像距离长度对应的SM-NCF反射光谱半波宽度与自映像距离长度相比,呈现显著变窄趋势。相对于SMS透射型传感结构,当传感区域长度相同时,SM-NCF反射型结构能够实现对光波信号的往返两次调节。这种终端反射型SM-NCF传感器改进了传统透射型折射率传感器不便与待测液体相接触的缺点,具有结构简单、易于制作、抗电磁干扰能力强以及便于远程遥测等优点,能够为后续生化与环保监测领域研究应用提供有益支持。     

基于包层模的光纤布拉格光栅折射率传感特性

提出了基于光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)包层模式的折射率传感方案。实验中,利用不同浓度的丙三醇水溶液作为外界折射率传感溶液,采用氢氟酸溶液化学腐蚀的方法来减小光纤包层的直径以增大包层模式对外界折射率的敏感度,研究了腐蚀后光纤布拉格光栅包层模式的耦合波长对外部折射率的变化关系。实验结果表明在1.3300~1.4584的折射率范围内,包层模式耦合波长随外界折射率增大而增大,在接近光纤包层折射率处具有很高的折射率灵敏度,最大达到了172 nm/riu(refractive index unit)。而且,包层模谐振的光谱半峰全宽(约0.07 nm)仅为布拉格纤芯模谐振光谱半峰全宽的1/4,能够获得更好的传感精度。     

基于长周期光纤光栅嵌入型Sagnac环光谱的折射率测量

将长周期光纤光栅(LPG)和光纤Sagnac环相结合,实现了折射率和温度的同时测量.首先利用二氧化碳激光器在保偏光纤上制作了长周期光纤光栅(PM-LPG),然后把该PM-LPG和普通单模光纤耦合器组成Sagnac环,作为传感单元.实验选择其某一透射峰作为测试对象,其波长随温度变化,强度随折射率变化,因此可实现两个参量的...     

镀高折射率纳米膜的长周期光纤光栅特性研究

针对镀高折射率纳米膜的长周期光栅,建立了传感理论模型,研究了长周期光栅的谐振波长与纳米膜厚度及外界折射率的关系,给出不同纳米膜厚度下长周期光栅不同包层模式重组特性.研究发现,当长周期光栅外面镀上一层沿角向均匀分布的纳米膜时,随着膜厚变化会出现包层模分布的明显调制;适当选择镀膜参数和外界介质折射率,最低次包层模式HE1,2会成为镀膜层中的导模,其他的包层模式将会发生模式转换现象;对于较低次包层模式(如HE1.6),在模式转换的时候存在两步转换,而高次的包层模只有一步转换(如HE1.14).同时给出了包层模式转换对外界折射率响应的关系:当膜层厚度增加时,长周期光栅模式转换现象移至低折射率区域.     

Photonic crystal fiber tip interferometer for refractive index sensing

In this paper we present an interferometer based on photonic crystal fiber (PCF) tip ended with a solid silica-sphere for refractive index sensing. The sensor is fabricated by splicing one end of the holey PCF to a single mode fiber (SMF) and applying arc at the other end to form a solid sphere. The sensor has been experimentally tested for refractive index and temperature sensing by monitoring its wavelength shift. Measurement results show that the sensor has the resolution of the order of 8.7×10(-4) over the refractive index range of 1.33-1.40, and temperature sensitivity of the order of 10 pm/°C in the range of 20-100 °C.     

Detection and analysis of paraffin oil adulteration in coconut oil using fiber optic long period grating sensor

A fiber optic sensing system for the detection of adulteration of coconut oil by paraffin oil is experimentally demonstrated. The sensing mechanism is based on the sensitive dependence of the resonance peaks of a long period grating (LPG) on the changes of the refractive index of the environmental medium surrounding the cladding surface of the grating. The wavelength shift of the attenuation bands of the LPG was measured with the sensor immersed in a mixture of paraffin oil and pure coconut oil in different proportions. Detection limit of adulteration was found to be 3% for coconut oil-paraffin oil binary mixture.     

Comparative study of fiber optic liquid level sensors based on long-period fiber gratings with dif ferent doping concentrations

The performances of two liquid level sensors based on long-period fiber gratings are studied.The longperiod gratings(LPGs) have similar characteristics(length and period),but are fabricated with two photosensitive B-Ge co-doped fibers with different dopant concentrations.We investigate the temperature sensitivities of LPGs and exploit their refractive index sensitivity to implement liquid level measurement.By controlling fiber parameters,such as the dopant concentrations,the measurement sensitivity of a LPGbased fiber optic liquid level sensor can be improved.     

光纤纤芯及包层模有效折射率计算及仿真

光纤结构设计、模间色散求解、光纤光栅模式耦合等问题的研究, 都需要对光纤纤芯及包层模的有效折射率进行精确计算. 本文以光纤三层结构模型为基础, 结合该模型下的模式本征方程, 使用截弦法求解了纤芯模有效折射率, 并将计算结果与COMSOL软件模拟的对应纤芯模的传输光场进行对比, 验证了计算结果正确.使用区间遍历算法对包层模有效折射率进行了求解, 与已有的传统方法相比, 该方法可以有效防止求解过程中根的遗漏、避免特征方程产生的奇点, 并能保证模式的正规性.本文采用Mathematica软件对求解过程进行仿真, 获得了纤芯模和包层模有效折射率与波长关系曲线. 关键词： 光纤传输模式 有效折射率 截弦法 区间遍历算法     

Highly sensitive miniature photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor based on mode field excitation

A highly sensitive miniature photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor based on field mode excitation is presented. The sensor is fabricated by melting one end of a photonic crystal fiber into a rounded tip and splicing and collapsing the other end with a single-mode fiber. The rounded tip is able to induce cladding mode excitation, which resulted in an additional phase delay. Linear response of 262.28 nm/refractive index unit in the refractive index range of 1.337 to 1.395 is obtained for the physical length of a 953 μm sensor. The sensor is also shown to be insensitive to environmental temperature.     

Numerical and experimental analysis of long period gratings in wavelength scale elliptical microfibers

We report the fabrication of long-period gratings(LPGs) in elliptical microfibers with femtosecond laser. Based on the numerical analysis of the modes and the mode coupling condition of elliptical microfibers, an LPG is fabricated with a very short pitch of 10 μm by periodically modifying the fiber surface, which demonstrates very strong polarization-dependent resonances, a very low temperature sensitivity of a few picometers in air, and high temperature sensitivity of-1.62 nm/?C in refractive index oil.