Synthesis and properties of chiral ammonium-based ionic liquids

New chiral ammonium-based ionic liquids containing the (1R,2S,5R)-(-)-menthyl group can be easily and efficiently prepared under ambient conditions. The preparation and characterization of trialkyl[(1R,2S,5R)-(-)-menthoxymethyl]ammonium salts is reported. The salts have been demonstrated to be air- and moisture-stable under ambient conditions and can be readily used in a variety of standard experimental procedures. The single-crystal X-ray structure of butyldimethyl[(1R,2S,5R)-(-)-menthoxymethyl]ammonium chloride has been determined. The chiral, room-temperature ionic liquids have been characterized by physical properties such as specific rotation, density, viscosity, thermal degradation, and glass transition temperature. Trialkyl[(1R,2S,5R)-(-)-menthoxymethyl]ammonium chloride prototype ionic liquids have also been found to exhibit strong antimicrobial and high antielectrostatic activities.     

新型饱和砷钨杂多酸修饰电极的电化学性能研究

将有序多孔阳极氧化铝(PAA)模板修饰到涂有饱和Dawson型K6[As2W18O62]·14H2O(As2W18)杂多酸的溶胶(Sol)玻碳电极(GCE)上,制备了新型的PAA/As2W18-Sol/GC修饰电极.采用SEM、XRD和循环伏安等测试技术对多孔PAA形貌、结构和修饰电极性能进行表征,考察了PAA对修饰电极电化学性质的影响,并用循环伏安法(CV)和电流-时间(i-t)曲线法探讨了修饰电极电化学行为.研究结果表明,有序多孔PAA模板不仅改善了As2W18-Sol/GCE的可逆性,使峰形变得更加尖锐,而且还提高了修饰电极的稳定性和灵敏度;该纳米多孔材料修饰电极对邻苯二酚有明显的催化还原作用,在1.0×10-6~0.01mol/L浓度范围内邻苯二酚浓度与催化电流呈线性关系,检测限达到1.0×10-8 mol/L,可用于实际样品测定.     

Influence of acidic ionic liquids as an electrolyte additive on the electrochemical and corrosion behaviors of lead-acid battery

The aim of this study is to introduce the application of some acidic ionic liquids (ILs) as an electrolyte additive in lead-acid batteries. A family of alkylammonium hydrogen sulfate ILs, which are different in the number of alkyl chain, is investigated with the aim to compare their effects on the electrochemical behavior of Pb–Sb–Sn alloy in sulfuric acid solution. The hydrogen and oxygen gas evolution potential and anodic layer characteristics were investigated employing cyclic and linear sweep voltammetric methods. The morphological changes of the PbSO₄ layer that formed on the electrode surface were confirmed using scanning electron microscopy. Also, potentiodynamic polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and an equivalent circuit analysis were used to evaluate the corrosion behaviors of the Pb–Sb–Sn alloy in the presence of ILs. The obtained results indicate that hydrogen and oxygen evolution overpotential of lead–antimony–tin alloy increases in the solution containing IL and mainly depends on the number of alkyl chain in alkylammonium cation. It is clearly observed that the morphology of PbSO₄ layer changes under the influence of ILs. The corrosion studies show an increase in corrosion resistance of lead alloy in the presence of some ILs. Also, the electrochemical effects of ILs in conversion of PbSO₄ to PbO₂ and vice versa were investigated by carbon-PbO paste electrode. Cyclic voltammogram of carbon-PbO electrode shows that in the presence of ILs, oxidation and reduction peak currents increase, while reversibility decreases.     

Electrochemical and photophysical properties of a chemically modified electrode

A surface extinction coefficient for an inorganic complex, bis(2,3′-bipyridine)(2,2′-bipyridine-4,4′-dicarboxylato) ruthenium(II), immobilised on a transparent electrode has been determined for the first time, and demonstrated to be significnatly larger than that of its analogue in homogeneous solution. The first observation of a formal redox potential, for an immobilised complex, which is sharply dependent upon the extent of surface coverage is also reported.     

2-氨基酚在离子液体-壳聚糖复合修饰电极上的电化学行为及其测定

本文采用离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐(BMIMPF6)和壳聚糖(Chi)作为修饰剂,制备了新型修饰电极BMIMPF6-Chi/GCE,采用该修饰电极研究了2-氨基酚(OAP)的电化学行为,并对其进行了分析检测。实验结果表明,在pH=6.5的PBS缓冲液中,OAP于0.197V处出现一个明显的氧化峰,逆向扫描无还原峰,说明OAP在该电极上的电化学行为是不可逆的。OAP氧化峰电流与扫速的1/2次方在40～280 mV.s-1的范围内呈良好的线性关系,表明该电极过程受扩散控制。在最佳实验条件下,OAP峰电流与其浓度在4.0×10-7～2.0×10-4mol.L-1范围内呈良好的线性关系,Ipa(μA)=-0.534-18.424c(10-4mol.L-1),R=0.999,检出限1.4×10-7mol.L-1(S/N=3),回收率为96.8～103.7%。     

Synthesis and application of ammonium-based poly(ionic liquids) as novel cationic flocculants

The efficient and environmentally friendly method for preparation of novel flocculants using ILs with non-toxic anions are presented. Poly(ionic liquids) (PILs) were prepared by the photopolymerization of polymerizable ILs. All monomers were obtained via anion exchange reaction. Additionally, the polymers were fully characterized by ¹H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy, thermal analysis and gel permeation chromatography. Furthermore, these cationic polymers containing harmless anions were used as flocculants. The efficiency was tested using the yeast suspension as a model system of negatively charged particles. The synthesized water-soluble PILs exhibited high molecular weight and significant flocculation efficiency in the wide range of concentrations. Furthermore, the results of experiments show that flocculation of yeast occurs by charge neutralization and bridging mechanism.     

离子液体修饰电极上氧氟沙星的电化学行为及测定

制备了1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐(BM IMPF6)室温离子液体修饰电极,用循环伏安法研究氧氟沙星在该修饰电极上的电化学行为,结果表明该电极过程受吸附控制。计算了电极过程的部分动力学参数:转移电子数n=2,电极有效面积A=0.0502 cm2。用方波溶出伏安法优化了测定参数,测定了浓度与峰电流ipa的线性关系,发现ipa与氧氟沙星浓度在5.0×10-7～6.0×10-5mol/L范围内呈线性关系,检出限为2.8×10-7mol/L,样品回收率为93.2%～108.2%,可直接用于实际样品中氧氟沙星含量的测定。     

离子液体中2,4,6-三溴苯酚的电化学还原脱卤

<正>室温离子液体的许多独特的性质为其在化学分离、电化学传感器、电池等领域展示了广阔的应用前景[1-3]。室温离子液体作为有机反应介质,可以克服水溶液电化学窗口较窄的缺点,还可避免或减少造成二次污染的大量有机溶剂[4]。利用离子液体的导电性,可将电化学反应中的     

抗坏血酸在离子液体修饰玻碳电极上的电化学行为

利用离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐(BMIMBF4)对玻碳电极(GCE)进行修饰,制备了BMI-MBF4/GCE电极.在0.1mol/L的磷酸盐缓冲溶液中,采用循环伏安法研究了抗坏血酸在BMIMBF4/GCE电极和裸玻碳电极(GCE)上的电化学行为.结果表明,pH=5.7的磷酸盐缓冲溶液为最佳测定底液,最佳富集时间为120s;BMIMBF4/GCE对抗坏血酸的氧化反应有很好的电化学催化作用.抗坏血酸的氧化峰电流与其浓度在2.0×10-4～1.0×10-2 mol/L的范围内呈良好的线性关系,相对标准偏差为4.53%(n=5).     

Electrochemical properties of niosomes modified Au electrode and DNA recognition

Non-ionic surfactant vesicles (NSVs), also referred to as niosomes, have been studied as an alternative to conventional liposomes. In this paper, electrochemical inspection of the interaction between Herring sperm DNA and niosomes has been investigated after a simple and novel method for the formation of niosomes on Au electrode. Each step of electrode modification has been confirmed with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The assembly of octadecanethiol (ODT) layer on the electrode surface generates a packed film that introduces a barrier to the interfacial electron transfer (R_et), and the subsequent immobilization of niosomes onto the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) layer results in a further increase of R_et, due to the formed bilayer almost blocked the redox probe to the electrode surface. When Herring sperm DNA was added, the R_et value decreased, indicating that the barrier of the redox probe to the surface was disrupted. The addition of DNA caused the formation of some transmembrane channels for the redox probe across the niosomes. A good linear relationship between R_et value and DNA concentration was found over the 0–0.05 mg mL⁻¹ concentration range.     

肾上腺素在咖啡酸修饰电极上的电化学研究

研究了咖啡酸(CFA)修饰电极的性质,测定了电极反应的动力学常数.结果表明在pH 7.0的的磷酸盐缓冲溶液中,肾上腺素(Ep)在该修饰电极上产生一灵敏的氧化峰,峰电流与Ep浓度在5.0×10-6～1.0×10-4 mol/L范围内线性关系良好,检出限为7.0×10-7 mol/L.修饰电极制备简单,稳定性好.     

Electrochemical properties of niosomes modified Au electrode and DNA recognition

Non-ionic surfactant vesicles (NSVs), also referred to as niosomes, have been studied as an alternative to conventional liposomes. In this paper, electrochemical inspection of the interaction between Herring sperm DNA and niosomes has been investigated after a simple and novel method for the formation of niosomes on Au electrode. Each step of electrode modification has been confirmed with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The assembly of octadecanethiol (ODT) layer on the electrode surface generates a packed film that introduces a barrier to the interfacial electron transfer (R(et)), and the subsequent immobilization of niosomes onto the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) layer results in a further increase of R(et), due to the formed bilayer almost blocked the redox probe to the electrode surface. When Herring sperm DNA was added, the R(et) value decreased, indicating that the barrier of the redox probe to the surface was disrupted. The addition of DNA caused the formation of some transmembrane channels for the redox probe across the niosomes. A good linear relationship between R(et) value and DNA concentration was found over the 0-0.05 mg mL(-1) concentration range.     

The electrochemical properties of a platinum electrode in functionalized room temperature imidazolium ionic liquids

The electrochemical behavior of a platinum electrode in a set of 1-alkyl ether (and 1-alkyl)-3-methylimidazolium room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) 1–3 ([C_xO_yMim]⁺[Anion]⁻ or [C_xMim]⁺[Anion]⁻, where Mim = 3-methylimidazolium; C_xO_y = 1-alkyl ether; C₇O₃ = -(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂OCH₃; C₃O₁ = -(CH₂)₂OCH₃; C_x = 1-alkyl; C₁₀ = C₁₀H₂₁; C₄ = C₄H₉; and ) was studied by cyclic voltammetry and electrical conductivity. This complementary set of imidazolium RTILs allowed us to explore the effect of the imidazolium cation and the counter-ion, both of which affected the electrochemical window of these RTILs. Various electrochemical events with low current values were observed, which diminished the electrochemical windows. Interestingly, RTILs 2b [1-(2-methoxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate] and 2d [1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate] showed quasireversible charge transfer processes. The length of the functional group attached to the imidazolium cation was shown to be of great influence as larger electrochemical windows, as well as lower electrical conductivities, were obtained with the longer C₇O₃ and C₁₀ functional groups. The largest electrochemical window of 2.0 V was achieved with RTIL 2c, 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. Dedicated to the memory of Prof. Francisco Nart.     

Thermal and mechanical properties of chitosan nanocomposites with cellulose modified in ionic liquids

In this paper, ionic liquid treatment was applied to produce nanometric cellulose particles of two polymorphic forms. A complex characterization of nanofillers including wide-angle X-ray scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and particle size determination was performed. The evaluated ionic liquid treatment was effective in terms of nanocrystalline cellulose production, leaving chemical and supermolecular structure of the materials intact. However, nanocrystalline cellulose II was found to be more prone to ionic liquid hydrolysis leading to formation larger amount of small particles. Each nanocrystalline cellulose was subsequently mixed with a solution of chitosan, so that composite films containing 1, 3, and 5% mass/mass of nanometric filler were obtained. Reference samples of chitosan and chitosan with micrometric celluloses were also solvent casted. Thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties of films were tested and correlated with properties of filler used. The results of both, tensile tests and thermogravimetric analysis showed a significant discrepancy between composites filled with nanocrystalline cellulose I and nanocrystalline cellulose II.     

Electrochemical synthesis of aromatic sulfur compounds in ionic liquids

Electrochemical properties of ionic liquids (pyridinium and imidazolium salts) and the effect of additives of organic solvents on the electrochemical determination of organic compounds in ionic liquids have been studied. Transformations of aromatic and aliphatic sulfur compounds in ionic liquids in the presence of aromatic substrates are discussed. A new method has been proposed for identification of organic sulfur compounds–gas chromatography on columns with ionic liquid as the active phase.     

不同离子液体中三氯化铁的电化学行为

本文采用循环伏安法研究了FeCl3在五种不同的离子液体(包括疏水性和亲水性的离子液体)中的电化学行为,计算了不同离子液体中FeCl4的扩散系数.实验结果表明:Fe3+在离子液体中的氧化还原过程是一个具有较高可逆性的扩散控制过程.离子液体的阴、阳离子的结构及大小对Fe3+的电化学响应有影响,且离子液体的阴离子的影响较阳离子更大一些.     

Electrochemical oxidation behavior of hydroxypivalaldehyde in the ionic liquids

The similar electrochemical oxidation behaviors of hydroxypivalaldehyde in ionic liquids （ILs） medium, C4MIMPF6, C4MIMBF4 and CsMIMPF6, are investigated using classic electrochemical methods, respectively. Only the product, hydroxypivalic acid is detected by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. It can be conferred that the electrochemical oxidation of hydroxypivalaldehyde consists of two successive one-electron irreversible reactions at glass carbon （GC） electrode and the possible reaction mechanism in the ILs is proposed firstly. The diffusion coefficients of hydroxypivalaldehyde are obtained according to the electrochemical characteristics of hydroxypivalaldehyde in C4MIMPF6, C4MIMBF4 and CsMIMPF6.     

离子液体BMIMPF6修饰碳糊电极电化学测定维生素E

用疏水性离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸([BMIM]PF6)作粘合剂制备了离子液体修饰碳糊电极(IL/CPE)。采用循环伏安法(CV)研究了维生素E(vitamin E,VE)的氧化产物生育酚红在IL/CPE和未修饰碳糊电极(CPE)上的电化学行为,结果表明生育酚红在IL/CPE上氧化过程更易于进行,峰电流响应ip也明显增加,表明IL/CPE对生育酚红的氧化还原反应具有良好的电催化作用。同时测定了电极过程的动力学参数:电荷转移系数α=0.8746,扩散系数D=1.65×10-3cm2/s,电极反应速率常数kf=6.64×10-2cm/s。采用方波伏安法(SWV)发现生育酚红氧化峰电流与其浓度在1.53×10-4mol/L～8.39×10-7mol/L范围内呈线性关系,检出限为1.58×10-8mol/L。该法可用于VE实际样品的分析测定。     

Electrochemical properties of a gold electrode modified with a mixed monolayer

The electrochemical properties of a gold electrode modified with a mixed thiol monolayer containing both a polar and a non-polar head group have been investigated in aqueous Fe(CN)₆⁴⁻, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and ubiquinone-0 (2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone, UQ₀) solutions. The cyclic voltammetric current-potential (i-E) response of Fe(CN)₆⁴⁻ was found to be affected considerably by the polarity of the head group contained in the mixed monolayer assembly, as compared with those of FAD and UQ₀. It was also found that in the cases of UQ₀ and FAD the i-E responses for the modified electrode were affected by their own molecular size rather than the polarity of the mixed monolayer head group. Furthermore, compared with Fe(CN)₆⁴⁻ ion, these biologically related molecules are able to permeate readily into the well-organized and hydrophobic alkyl chains of the monolayer assembly. The voltammetric profile of UQ₀ was improved by the modification of aminoethanethiol, as compared with those of bare gold and the electrode modified with other polar thiols. Further, two different permeation paths of the electrode species into the mixed monolayer are suggested from the variation of the i-E response with the cycle of the potential scan.     

Fabrication of PbSO4 negative electrode of lead-acid battery with high performance

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - This paper reports the preparation and electrochemical properties of the PbSO4 negative electrode with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sodium polystyrene...