人造多晶冰抗压强度实验研究

对实验室制作的平均粒径为４ｍｍ的宏观各向同性粒状多晶冰，在冰温分别为－０．５、－２、－５和－１０℃及应变率分别为４．２×１０－４、５．５×１０－５、５．５×１０－６及３．５×１０－７ｓ－１下进行了单轴抗压强度实验。结果表明，极限抗压强度与负温和应变率的对数均呈正比例关系；在较高应变率下（４．２×１０－４ｓ－１），在－５℃时，出现韧脆性转折点。     

四种陶瓷材料与SUS304不锈钢的高温摩擦学特性研究

为了探索陶瓷与金属组合作为高温润滑材料的可能性，利用端面摩擦磨损试验机测定了４种陶瓷ＳｉＣ、Ｓｉ３Ｎ４、Ａｌ２Ｏ３和ＺｒＯ２与ＳＵＳ３０４不锈钢在室温至５００℃下的摩擦学性能．摩擦试验结果表明，ＳｉＣ、Ｓｉ３Ｎ４和Ａｌ２Ｏ３在低于２００℃时的摩擦系数稳定且都低于０．２，但在２００℃以上时的摩擦性能却都不稳定，摩擦系数在０．２－０．４之间；ＺｒＯ２在２００℃以下时的摩擦性能不稳定，而在２００℃以上时的摩擦系数低于６．２且较稳定。磨损试验结果表明，在４种陶瓷中ＺｒＯ２的磨损率最低［－２．６０×１０－９ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）］，ＳｉＣ和Ｓｉ３Ｎ４的磨损率居中［分别为１．８０×１０－６ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）和４．４０×１０－６ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）］，Ａｌ２Ｏ３的磨损率最高［３．６４×１０－５ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）］；分别与这４种陶瓷对磨的不锈钢的磨损率都高［１．４０×１０－５－４．５２×１０－５ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）］．     

Fe—Ni—P合金镀层与几种材料配副在边界润滑下的摩擦学特性

研究了Ｆｅ－Ｎｉ－Ｐ合金镀层与４５＃钢，ＧＣｒ１５轴承钢，ＱＳｎ６．５－０．４磷锡青铜，１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ不锈钢，Ｃｒ猎层或Ｎｉ－Ｐ镀层分别组成摩擦副时在边界润滑下的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明：在给定的试验条件下，Ｆｅ－Ｎｉ－Ｐ合金镀层与１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ奥氏体不锈钢组成摩擦副对摩 时容易产生粘着，磨损量和摩擦因数都比较高，而且配副材料的抗擦伤临界载荷也很低，以Ｆｅ－Ｎｉ－Ｐ合金镀层分别以其它５种     

喷腾旋风炉冷态两相流场实验研究

用黄豆、大米、小米及８００－２００μｍ粒径玻璃珠代表粒径在５ｍｍ以下散煤，通过两相流场显示，热球风速仪流速测量和单颗粒轨道计算，探讨了底吹风与进煤量、底吹风与一次风的匹配关系，炉内冷态两相流场特征及气动力匹配规律，结果表明改进后的炉体结构更有利于强化燃烧，为热态试验提供了技术依据。     

真空长寿命自润滑电刷—滑环材料的研究

根据人造卫星消旋天线用电刷－滑环系统的技术要求，用粉末冶金法研制出一种具有低摩擦、耐磨损、电性能优异的电刷材料，并以３种币银材料分别与之配副，在真空（７～８ｍＰａ）和室温至２００℃下，通过负荷、速度、电流和时间等对其摩擦磨损和电性能影响的考察，选择出最好的偶件材料是币银－３．试验表明，这２种材料配副时，３年的总磨损高度小于０．１ｍｍ，电噪音低于５ｍΩ，符合长寿命和高可靠性的要求，可以应用于人造卫星的太阳能帆板和消旋天线上．     

柱面会聚冲击界面不稳定性实验研究

使用柱面炸药网络引爆柱面炸药，推动伍德合金－水叠层加速，用高速分幅相机测得了界面初始扰动的不稳定性发展，幅度从原来的－４．３ｍｍ发展到了＋５．２ｍｍ的结果。     

弯曲疲劳短裂纹扩展规律研究

本文对３５ＣｒＭｏ钢和４２ＣｒＭｏ钢带穿透短裂纹（初始裂纹长度ａ＝０．１～０．５ｍｍ）的试件进行了弯曲疲劳试验研究，得到了在弯曲疲劳加载下短裂纹扩展速率的计算表达式以及应力比，试件厚度对短裂纹扩展的影响。     

等离子体源离子渗氮1Cr18n19Ti奥氏体不锈钢磨损特性的试验研究

用等离子体源离子渗氮，即低能（１－３ｋｅＶ）、超大剂量（１０＾１９－１０＾２０ｉｏｎｓ／ｃｍ＾２量级）Ｎ＾＋注入－同步扩散改性技术，在２８０℃和３８０℃下处理１ｃＲ９Ｔｉ奥氏全不锈钢，获得了最大深度分别为１．６μｍ和１０．６μｍ，固溶Ｎ的最高原子浓度均约为２５％的Ｎ过饱和面心立方相（γＮ）改性层。销－盘磨损试验表明：在２ｍ／ｓ和较宽负荷范围（等效正应力０．２－２．８ＭＰａ）条件下，高硬主（ＨＫ０．     

统一二阶矩模型用于模拟旋流湍流两相流动

用统一二阶矩模型（ＵＳＭ）模拟了旋流数为０４７和１５的气粒两相流动，并和实验结果以及ｋ ε ｋｐ模型的模拟结果进行了对比．研究结果表明，提高旋流数减小了轴向速度反流区，增大了切向速度似固核区．ＵＳＭ和ｋ ε ｋｐ模型预报旋流数为０４７时的两相速度场差别不大，并都和实验结果接近，但前者预报的旋流数为１５的两相速度场比后者有改进，在两种情况下，前者都能揭示出后者无法预报的两相湍流各向异性规律．     

光弹贴片法在混凝土裂缝扩展过程研究中的应用

采用光弹性贴片法对平面尺寸为３．６×３．０，３．０×２．５，２．４×２．０，１．８×１．５，１．２×１．０，０．６×０．５ｍ＾２的巨型紧凑拉伸试件预制裂缝的起裂，稳定扩展至失稳破坏的全过程进行了系统的研究，实验结果表明，在试件高达１米以上的实验范围内，失稳破坏前裂缝稳定扩展长度几乎是一个稳定的常数值，且与试件初始缝长ａｏ无关。还发现，宏观裂缝的起裂早晚与初始缝长ａ０有关。     

冰在低温下的单轴压缩力学行为和破坏机制

利用带有低温装置的Instron5848材料实验机和分离式Hopkinson压杆装置（SHPB）,在-10℃、-20℃和-30℃温度下,对多晶冰进行了应变率为10-4~102S-1范围内的单轴压缩力学性能实验,分析了实验结果的可靠性和有效性。研究发现：冰的压缩强度具有明显的温度和应变率敏感性,随应变率的增大、温度的降低而提高;压缩强度与应变率对数呈线性关系,应变率的升高会增强降温对压缩强度的强化效应。在研究的应变率和温度范围内,冰主要有径向膨胀、纵向劈裂和整体破碎三种破坏模式,裂尖能量得不到及时释放、冰体内氢键强度和裂纹滑移摩擦阻力增大是导致冰破坏模式不同和压缩强度增大的原因。     

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在海冰试验研究的基础上 建立了一个海冰的数学模型,根据此模型推导出海冰的本构关系,并通过试验验证了此本 构关系的正确性. 根据海冰的本构关系拟合出海冰的最大抗压强度和应变率的关系曲线并推 导出海冰最大抗压强度和应变率关系的公式,并用试验数据验证了此公式的正确性.     

岩盐用作路基填料的力学性质试验

通过试验,研究了察尔汗岩盐用作路基填料的压实特性、抗压强度以及循环荷载下的变形性状。主要探讨了岩盐试样中细粒含量比例对试样压实特性的影响规律;天然岩盐抗压强度的大小分布,以及岩盐抗压强度与粒径、干密度、含水量的关系;交通循环荷载作用下,岩盐的动应变发展情况等。这些结论对盐湖公路建设具有一定的指导意义。     

Annealing and strain rate effects on the mechanical behavior of ultrafine-grained iron produced by SPD

Thermal stability and strain rate sensitivity of ultrafine-grained (UFG) Fe produced by severe plastic deformation (SPD) were investigated. The UFG Fe was processed by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) via route Bc. After 6 passes, the grain size of UFG Fe reaches 600 nm, as confirmed by means of electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD). Examination of micro-hardness and grain size of UFG Fe as a function of post-ECAP annealing temperature shows a transition from recovery to recrystallization. The critical transition temperature is approximately 500 °C, and the material has a bimodal structure after annealing at this temperature. Deformation behaviors of ECAP Fe and ECAP + annealing Fe were studied under both quasi-static and dynamic compressive loadings. The UFG iron shows increased strength and reduced strain rate sensitivity compared with its coarse-grained counterparts. The appropriate post-ECAP annealing can increase strain hardening ability and cancel out thermal softening effect with only a small loss of strength under dynamic loading.     

粗骨料粒径对混凝土动态压缩行为的影响研究

粗骨料作为混凝土材料组成最主要的部分,对混凝土力学性能和破坏模式有着很重要的影响。为了研究粗骨料平均粒径对混凝土动态力学性能的影响规律,针对不同平均粗骨料平均粒径（6、12、24 mm）的混凝土和砂浆材料进行了一系列SHPB试验,得到了不同应变率下各试件的应力-应变曲线,并对每种材料的动态增长因子（dynamic increase factor,DIF）与应变率的对数进行了线性拟合。结果表明:砂浆和混凝土材料的抗压强度具有明显的应变率效应,其动态抗压强度随着应变率的增加而逐渐增大,应力-应变曲线呈现相似的变化趋势;在相同的动态应变率条件下,平均粗骨料粒径为12 mm的混凝土的动态抗压强度最大,这与准静态条件下砂浆抗压强度最大截然不同;不同粗骨料粒径混凝土材料的应变率强化系数均大于砂浆材料,且随着粗骨料无量纲尺寸的增大,混凝土材料的应变率强化因子呈现先增大后减小的趋势。     

高应变率下ZrB2-SiC陶瓷复合材料压缩力学性能实验研究

采用分离式霍普金森压杆装置,测试了高应变率下ZrB2-20%SiC陶瓷复合材料的动态压缩力学性能,应变率范围为900s^-1~3000s^-1。结果表明:ZrB2-20%SiC陶瓷复合材料的动态压缩强度与临界应变均随应变率的增大而增加,2950s^-1时压缩强度与临界应变比981s^-1时分别增大了88.72%和148.85%;应变率对ZrB2-20%SiC陶瓷复合材料的动态压缩应力-应变曲线与破坏机理影响显著,应变率为1134s^-1时,ZrB2-20%SiC陶瓷复合材料破坏模式以裂纹扩展为主,应变率为2861s^-1时,多裂纹扩展为该材料的主要破坏机理;应变率越高,试件的损伤程度越大,压缩试件碎片尺寸越小,压缩应力-应变曲线的非线性越明显。     

准脆性材料抗压强度能量平衡尺寸效应模型

针对现有尺寸效应模型难以体现准脆性材料完整的抗压强度尺寸效应变化规律及其内在机理, 本文通过分析准脆性材料单轴压缩破坏过程中能量输入、储存、整体和局部能量耗散, 建立体现整体和局部损伤的力学模型及描述上述能量演化过程的双线性名义和真实应力应变曲线, 在此基础上确定了名义应力最大时输入能量、储存弹性能、整体和局部能量耗散的表达式, 最后基于能量平衡原理建立抗压强度尺寸效应模型. 抗压强度能量平衡尺寸效应模型能完整体现名义抗压强度尺寸效应, 即随试样尺寸增大, 名义抗压强度在试样尺寸小于等于局部损伤区尺寸时为真实强度, 然后逐渐减小, 最终当试样尺寸趋于无穷大时趋于弹性极限强度; 抗压强度能量平衡尺寸效应模型也能同时体现高径比和试样直径对名义强度的影响, 其包含的参数具有明确的物理意义, 可以反映真实强度、弹性极限强度、名义损伤模量非线性、局部损伤区大小和方向对准脆性材料名义抗压强度尺寸效应的影响; 通过把抗压强度能量平衡尺寸效应模型和现有尺寸效应模型应用于预测各种材料尺寸效应试验和数值模拟数据, 结果表明: 抗压强度能量平衡尺寸效应模型能很好描述试验和数值模拟尺寸效应的非线性变化规律及内在机理, 和现有尺寸效应模型相比, 其总体平均误差最小, 且小于5%.      

High strain-rate behavior of ice under uniaxial compression

In the present study, a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) is employed to investigate the dynamic response of ice under uniaxial compression in the range of strain rates from 60 to 1400 s^?1 and at initial test temperatures of ?10 and ?30 °C. The compressive strength of ice shows positive strain-rate sensitivity over the range of strain rates employed; a slight influence of ice microstructure is observed, but it is much less than that reported previously for ice deformation under quasi-static loading conditions [Schulson, E.M., IIiescu, D., Frott, A., 2005. Characterization of ice for return-to-flight of the space shuttle. Part 1 – Hard ice. NASA CR-2005-213643-Part 1]. Specimen thickness, within the range studied, was found to have little or no effect on the peak (failure) strength of ice, while lowering the test temperature from ?10 to ?30 °C had a considerable effect, with ice behaving stronger at the lower test temperature. Moreover, unlike in the case of uniaxial quasi-static compression of ice, the effect of specimen end-constraint during the high rate compression was found to be negligible. One important result of these experiments, which may have important implications in modeling ice impacts, involves the post “peak-stress” behavior of the ice in that the ice samples do not catastrophically lose their load carrying capacity even after the attainment of peak stress during dynamic compression. This residual (tail) strength of the damaged/fragmented ice is sizable, and in some cases is larger than the quasi-static compression strength reported for ice. Moreover, this residual strength is observed to be dependent on sample thickness and the strain rate, being higher for thinner samples and at higher strain-rates during dynamic compression.     

MAGNETOMECHANICAL BEHAVIORS OF GIANT MAGNETOSTRICTIVE MATERIALS

The Laves phase alloy Tb-Dy-Fe, commercially known as Terfenol-D, exhibits the giant room-temperature magnetostriction at moderate field strength of a few kOe due to its combination of high magnetostriction and low magnetocrystalline anisotropic energy. Thus, this pseudobinary rare earth iron compound has found quite a number of applications such as in magnetomechanical transducers, actuators and adaptive vibration control systems. The simultaneous measurements of magnetostriction and magnetization at various fixed compressive pre-stresses applied in the axial direction for Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.95 samples are presented. The results show that the magnetostriction increases with increasing compressive stress until it reaches 1742 ×10^6 under 25 MPa, so does the coercive magnetic field. And the hysteresis loop area for magnetization and magnetostriction also increases with the increment of applied compressive stresses. But the maximum magnetic susceptibility χ（dM/dH） is obtained under zero stress field and the strain derivative dλ/dH increases to the highest amplitude of 0.039×10^-6 A^-1m at a stress level of 5 MPa. In the strain versus magnetization intensity curve, the initial fiat stage mainly consisting of a 180° domain wall motion becomes shorter with increasing stress. It means more initial domains are driven to the transversal direction under the compressive stress before magnetization, which is consistent with the improvement of the magnetostriction.     

Combined grain size, strain rate and loading condition effects on mechanical behavior of nanocrystalline Cu under high strain rates

Molecular dynamics simulations of nanocrys-talline Cu with average grain sizes of 3.1 nm, 6.2 nm, 12.4 nm and 18.6 nm under uniaxial strain and stress tension at strain rates of 10 8 s 1 , 10 9 s 1 and 10 10 s 1 are performed to study the combined grain size, strain rate and loading condition effects on mechanical properties. It is found that the strength of nanocrystalline Cu increases as grain size increases regardless of loading condition. Both the strength and ductility of nanocrystalline Cu increase with strain rate except that there is no monotonic relation between the strength and strain rate for specimens under uniaxial strain loading. Moreover, the strength and ductility of specimens under uniaxial strain loading are lower than those under uniaxial stress loading. The nucleation of voids at grain boundaries and their subsequent growth characterize the failure of specimens under uniaxial strain loading, while grain boundary sliding and necking dominate the failure of specimens under uniaxial stress loading. The rate dependent strength is mainly caused by the dynamic wave effect that limits dislocation motion, while combined twinning and slipping mechanism makes the material more ductile at higher strain rates.