H-Point Standard Addition Method (HPSAM) in Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Binary Mixtures: An Overview

Abstract

The H-point standard addition method (HPSAM) is a modification of the standard addition method that transforms the incorrigible error resulting from the presence of a direct interferent in the determination of an analyte into a constant systematic error. This error can then be evaluated and eliminated. The method was established for resolving strongly overlapping spectra of two analytes and permits both proportional and constant errors produced by the matrix of the sample to be corrected directly. The technique is based on the principle of dual-wavelength spectrophotometry and the standard addition method. The application of the method requires only two wavelengths, and the analytical signal caused by one of the species should be constant and that of the other should differ as much as possible. This overview discusses both the theoretical and practical aspects of HPSAM applications.     

系数倍率双波长标准加入法同时测定钨、钼、钛的研究

本文提出了一种分光光度同时测定钨、钼、钛的新方法。在酸性介质中有非离子表面活性剂吐温－８０存在下,以苯基荧光酮为显色剂,选择５０３,５３０和５６５ｎｍ为测定波长,按系数倍率双波长标准加入法测量及处理数据。直接应用于合金钢中钨、钼、钛的同时测定,结果满意     

标准加入法ICP-AES同时测定废旧电池中的6种元素

对测定废旧电池中铁、镉、铬、铅、锡和铜的样品预处理方法和检测条件进行了研究.在预处理过程中采用盐酸溶解,大大减少了金属元素的损失.运用标准加入法,ICP-AES同时测定铁、镉、铬、铅、锡和铜,线性范围为1-50mg/L,加标回收率在84.2％-102.3％,精密度为2.62％-4.92％.     

同步荧光光谱法测定尿液中依诺沙星含量

文章研究了金属离子对依诺沙星荧光光谱的影响。实验结果表明在pH 6.3的NaH₂PO₄-Na₂B₄O₇缓冲溶液介质中铝离子对依诺沙星荧光具有增敏作用,在此基础上用同步荧光技术建立了测定人体尿液中依诺沙星含量的同步荧光光谱法,方法简便快捷,线性范围为0.04～1.0 mg·L-1。相关系数为0.999 2。检出限为0.018 μg·mL-1。在实际样品的测定当中, 回收率在95%～105%之间。     

同步荧光法测定食品中维生素B1

本文研究了食品中维生素Ｂ１的同步荧光法测定条件，采用氯化钾－乙醇作柱层析洗脱液，碱性介质中氧化后立即调为中性，并加入表面活性剂ＯＰ对体系增稳增敏，取代丁醇萃取，经济方便，用于几种粮食样品的测定，结果满意。     

二阶导数荧光分光光度法同时测定色氨酸和酪氨酸

本文描述了用二阶导数荧光光度法同时测定色氨酸和酪氨酸.在pH 7.4的条件下,用221 nm作为激发波长,记录色氨酸和酪氨酸的发射光谱,并进行二阶导数处理.色氨酸在318 nm处,酪氨酸在283 nm处,二阶导数峰高与浓度成线性关系.色氨酸工作曲线的线性回归方程为c＝0.000 7H-0.004,r＝0.996 4,线性范围为0.004到0.200 μg.mL-1.酪氨酸工作曲线的线性回归方程为c＝0.001 2H-0.004 0,r＝0.997 1.线性范围为0.002到0.250 μg.mL-1.实验了pH、温度和干扰离子对测定的影响,测定了苹果中的色氨酸和酪氨酸的含量,回收率分别为(92.0～104.0)%和(98.70～102.0)%,相对标准偏差分别为3.5%和2.8%.     

导数同步荧光光谱法同时测定食品中的合成色素

建立了测定食品中胭脂红和日落黄的一阶导数同步荧光光谱法。研究了胭脂红和日落黄在不同pH值溶液中的同步荧光光谱特征,确定了同步荧光光谱的最佳波长差。当Δλ=130 nm时,胭脂红和日落黄导数同步荧光光谱的零交点位于313.6和302.8 nm,可分别测定日落黄和胭脂红的含量。胭脂红在0.1~4.0 mg·L-1、日落黄在0.1~2.0 mg·L-1范围内浓度与导数同步荧光值呈线性,相关系数(R2)为0.999 2和0.996 6;检出限为0.041和0.019 mg·L-1;相对标准偏差(RSD)为4.8%和4.6%。 回收率在91.0%~110%之间。 测定结果与导数-分光光度法的结果相一致,具有简便、 快捷等特点,能够同时测定食品中胭脂红和日落黄的含量。     

二阶导数荧光分光光度法同时测定色氨酸和酷氨酸

本文描述了用二阶导数荧光光度法同时测定色氨酸和酪氨酸。在 p H 7.4的条件下 ,用 2 2 1nm作为激发波长 ,记录色氨酸和酪氨酸的发射光谱 ,并进行二阶导数处理。色氨酸在 318nm处 ,酪氨酸在 2 83nm处 ,二阶导数峰高与浓度成线性关系。色氨酸工作曲线的线性回归方程为 c =0 .0 0 0 7H - 0 .0 0 4,r =0 .996 4,线性范围为 0 .0 0 4到 0 .2 0 0μg . m L- 1 。酪氨酸工作曲线的线性回归方程为 c =0 .0 0 12 H -0 .0 0 40 ,r=0 .9971。线性范围为 0 .0 0 2到 0 .2 5 0 μg· m L- 1 。实验了 p H、温度和干扰离子对测定的影响 ,测定了苹果中的色氨酸和酪氨酸的含量 ,回收率分别为 (92 .0～ 10 4.0 ) %和 (98.70～ 10 2 .0 ) % ,相对标准偏差分别为 3.5 %和 2 .8%。     

系数倍率双波长标准加入法同时测定铜和铁的研究

本文报道了一种同时测定铁和铜的新方法。在含有乳化剂ＯＰ的弱酸性介质中,显色剂１－（２－吡啶偶氮）－２－萘酚与铜,铁形成红色配合物,其最大吸收波长为５６０ｎｍ。本法选择５６０ｎｍ为测定波长,６００ｎｍ为参比波长,按系数倍率双波长标准加入法原理处理数据,实现了铜和铁的同时测定,并应用该法直接测定了铝合金中铜和铁的含量,结果满意。     

Novel Method for Determination of Anthracene by Coupling Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Extraction to First-Derivative Synchronous Spectrofluorimetry

A novel method could be adopted successfully for determination of anthracene in environmental samples, utilizing dispersive liquid-liquid extraction followed by first-derivative synchronous fluorimetry at a constant wavelength difference Δλ?=?165 nm, where a linear calibration curve was obtained in a concentration range of 0.5–100 ng mL^?1 at 244 nm. The detection limit was 0.1 ng mL^?1. The method can be easily adopted for determination of anthracene in aqueous media including tap water and river water. The recoveries obtained were 85.40–108.02 %. The proposed method was validated according to International Conference of Harmonization (ICH) guide lines and successfully applied to determine anthracene in pure form and in water samples including real life water samples from different sources. All the results obtained were compared with those of published method, where no a significant difference was observed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Labetalol and Furosemide by First-Derivative Synchronous Spectrofluorimetry

A rapid, simple and highly sensitive first derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetric method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of a binary mixture of labetalol HCl (LBT) and furosemide (FUR) without prior separation. The method was based upon measuring the first derivative of synchronous fluorescence spectra of the two drugs at Δλ =130 nm in aqueous ethanol (55% V/V). The different experimental parameters affecting the synchronous fluorescence of the studied drugs were carefully studied and optimized. The first derivative amplitude-concentration plots were rectilinear over the range of 0.10 to 1.00 μg/mL and 0.05–0.50 μg/mL with lower detection limits of 0.0149 and 7×10⁻³ μg/mL and quantification limits of 0.045 and 0.021 μg/mL for LBT and FUR, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of the studied drugs in synthetic mixtures. The results obtained were in good agreement with those obtained by the reference methods.     

Simultaneous Determination of Naproxen and Diflunisal using Synchronous Luminescence Spectrometry

Binary mixtures of naproxen and diflunisal can be resolved by using zero-crossing first derivative emission spectrofluorimetry, first derivative constant wavelength synchronous luminescence spectrometry and first derivative constant energy synchronous luminescence spectrometry. These methods do not require any previous separation steps. The lowest quantitation limits for both drugs were obtained with first derivative constant wavelength synchronous luminescence spectrometry (0.002 and 0.015 μg ml⁻¹ for naproxen and diflunisal, respectively). The measurements were performed in 40% methanolic aqueous medium at pH 8.0 provided by adding 0.02 M phosphate buffer solution. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of naproxen and diflunisal in pharmaceuticals and human serum samples with high precision and accuracy. Linearity, accuracy, precision, limits of detection, limits of quantitation, and other aspects of analytical validation are included in the text.     

Simultaneous Determination of Acetylsalicylic Acid and Caffeine in Pharmaceutical Formulation by First Derivative Synchronous Fluorimetric Method

A sensitive, rapid, and specific assay has been developed for the simultaneous determination of acetylsalicylic acid and caffeine in commercial tablets based on their natural fluorescence. The mixture of these drugs was resolved by first derivative synchronous fluorimetric technique using two scans. At Δλ=106 nm, using first derivative synchronous scanning, only acetylsalicylic acid yields a detectable signal at 316 nm (peak to zero method) which is unaffected by caffeine. At Δλ=30 nm, the signal of caffeine at 288 nm (peak to zero method) is not affected by acetylsalicylic acid. The range of application is between 0.021 and 41.62 μg ml⁻¹ (correlation coefficient, R=0.9995) for acetylsalicylic acid and between 0.4486 and 44.86 μg ml⁻¹ (correlation coefficient, R=0.99786) for caffeine. The recovery range of 98.40–102% for acetylsalicylic acid and 90–100.5% for caffeine from their synthetic mixture was reported. Overall recovery of both compounds about 97–99% for acetylsalicylic acid and 97–98% for caffeine was obtained from real sample analysis. The detection limits are 0.0013 μg ml⁻¹ and 0.0306 μg ml⁻¹ for acetylsalicylic acid and caffeine, respectively. The relative standard deviation (n=10) for 20 μg ml⁻¹ of acetylsalicylic acid is 2.75% and for 2.2 μg ml⁻¹of caffeine is 1.7%.     

同步扫描荧光光谱法同时测定阿司匹林和水杨酸

建立了同步扫描荧光光谱法单次扫描同时测定阿司匹林和水杨酸双组分的方法。荧光光度计同步扫描时,得到两组分互不干扰的荧光峰,借此分别测定两组分的含量。阿司匹林和水杨酸浓度分别在4.0×10-6～1.0×10-4 mol·L-1, 8.0×10-7～1.0×10-4 mol·L-1范围内与荧光强度呈线性关系,相关系数分别为0.994 9和0.997 5,水杨酸的检测限为4.0×10-7 mol·L-1。该法简单、快速准确、易操作,可用于药物制剂中阿司匹林和水杨酸的同时测定。     

恒能量同步荧光法快速同时测定蒽和9, 10-二甲基蒽

建立了蒽和9,10-二甲基蒽的同时恒能量同步荧光分析法。它们的恒能量同步荧光光谱和常规荧光光谱相比,分辨力明显提高。蒽和9,10-二甲基蒽的线性范围分别为0～2 μg·mL-1和0～5 μg·mL-1,检出下限分别为2.2 ng·mL-1和1.7 ng·mL-1, 相对标准偏差不大于2%。水样中蒽和9,10-二甲基蒽的回收率为85%～103％。该方法简便快速,无需预分离。     

Synchronous Fluorescence as a Green and Selective Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Cetirizine and Azelastine in Aqueous Humor

A green, simple, quick and economical method is implemented for the first time for the simultaneous estimation of cetirizine (CTZ) and azelastine (AZE) as co-administered eye drops. The method relies on synchronous spectrofluorimetry with ?λ?=?60 nm. Cetirizine can be estimated at 231 nm and AZE can be measured at 294 nm, each at the other’s zero crossing point. All factors affecting the method were studied and properly optimized. Good correlation was obtained in the range of 0.1–2 µg mL^?1 for both drugs. The limits of detection were 0.014 and 0.010 µg mL^?1 and limits of quantitation were 0.043 and 0.029 µg mL^?1 for CTZ and AZE, respectively. Moreover, ICH guidelines were carried out to validate the adopted method. The method was suitable for the analysis of CTZ and AZE in synthetic mixtures, eye drops and aqueous humor. The mean percentage of recoveries of CTZ and AZE in spiked aqueous humor were 99.83 and 99.37, respectively. Furthermore, Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and analytical Eco-scale approaches were used to evaluate the greenness of the suggested method.

     

偏振同步光散射和同步光散射光谱区分与同时测定奎宁和奎尼丁对映异构体

在酸性缓冲溶液中,阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠SDBS能与金鸡纳类生物碱药物体系中一对对映异构体QN和QD作用产生增强的同步光散射(synchronous light scattering,SLS)信号,本文首先利用偏振同步光散射(polarized synchronous light scattering)信号,建立了同步光散射偏振度(P)区分QN和QD这对对映异构体,同时利用同步散射光谱和双标准曲线计量分析法对2种金鸡纳类生物碱药物进行同时测定,并将该方法应用于尿样中QN和QD的同时测定,结果令人满意。     

激光诱导击穿光谱结合标准加入法定量分析未知样品中铅含量

利用激光诱导击穿光谱结合标准加入法定量分析了铅蓄电池厂含铅污泥中重金属铅元素含量, 标准加入法有效避免了外标法与内标法制作标准曲线时基质不同对LIBS检测结果的影响, 且样品处理过程简单。实验采用中心波长为1 064 nm的Nd∶YAG脉冲激光器作为激发光源, 以高分辨率、宽光谱段的中阶梯光栅光谱仪和增强型电荷耦合器件为谱线分离与探测器件, 选取铅的PbⅠ: 405.78 nm特征谱线作为分析线, 以FeⅠ: 404.58 nm特征谱线作为内标线进行结果计算。预实验确定较佳的实验条件后(激光脉冲能量: 128.5 mJ, 延时: 2.5 μs, 门宽: 3 μs), 对铅蓄电池厂的未知铅泥样品中铅元素进行定量分析, 结果表明加入铅在0~25 000 mg·kg-1范围内谱线不会产生自吸收, PbⅠ: 405.78 nm信号强度与铅加入量呈很好的线性关系, 由此确定合适的铅加入量为0~25 000 mg·kg-1。在此基础上配制四个样品, 基质均为铅蓄电池厂含铅污泥, 加入铅浓度分别为5 000, 10 000, 15 000, 20 000 mg·kg-1, 每个样品设置三个平行样, 验证实验重复性及可靠性, 并与ICP-MS检测结果对比, 结果直线外推误差为-14.8%。12个样品单次计算结果误差介于为-24.6%~17.6%之间, 含铅量平均值为43 069 mg·kg-1, 相对误差为-2.44%。     

激光诱导击穿光谱结合标准加入法定量分析未知样品中铅含量

利用激光诱导击穿光谱结合标准加入法定量分析了铅蓄电池厂含铅污泥中重金属铅元素含量,标准加入法有效避免了外标法与内标法制作标准曲线时基质不同对LIBS检测结果的影响,且样品处理过程简单。实验采用中心波长为1 064 nm的Nd∶YAG脉冲激光器作为激发光源,以高分辨率、宽光谱段的中阶梯光栅光谱仪和增强型电荷耦合器件为谱线分离与探测器件,选取铅的PbⅠ：405.78 nm特征谱线作为分析线,以FeⅠ：404.58 nm特征谱线作为内标线进行结果计算。预实验确定较佳的实验条件后(激光脉冲能量：128.5 mJ,延时：2.5 μs,门宽：3 μs),对铅蓄电池厂的未知铅泥样品中铅元素进行定量分析,结果表明加入铅在0~25 000 mg·kg-1范围内谱线不会产生自吸收,PbⅠ：405.78 nm信号强度与铅加入量呈很好的线性关系,由此确定合适的铅加入量为0~25 000 mg·kg-1。在此基础上配制四个样品,基质均为铅蓄电池厂含铅污泥,加入铅浓度分别为5 000,10 000,15 000,20 000 mg·kg-1,每个样品设置三个平行样,验证实验重复性及可靠性,并与ICP-MS检测结果对比,结果直线外推误差为-14.8%。12个样品单次计算结果误差介于为-24.6%~17.6%之间,含铅量平均值为43 069 mg·kg-1,相对误差为-2.44%。     

同步荧光光谱法测定水中痕量萘和菲

同步荧光法具有选择性好、灵敏度高、干扰少等特点,可用于多组分多环芳烃混合物的同时测定,本文建立了恒定波长同步荧光光谱法同时测定水中萘和菲的新方法。研究了萘和菲在不同溶剂中的荧光光谱特性,确定了同步荧光的最优波长差。当Δλ=100 nm,萘和菲激发波长(λ_ex)分别为220.2和248.8 nm时,在0.5～25.0 μg·L-1浓度范围内,荧光强度与浓度呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数分别为0.999 5和0.999 7;萘和菲检出限均低于0.03 μg·L-1,回收率在98.0%～101.5%。该方法方便快捷,预处理简单,可用于水中萘、菲的快速测定。