Gravimetric determination of thorium and cerium with n-benzoylphenylhydroxylamine

Benzoylphenylhydroxylamine has been used for the precipitation of thorium and trivalent cerium; the precipitates are ignited to the corresponding metal dioxide and weighed. Ceric ions are reduced before precipitation. The gravimetric separation of thorium and cerium is effected by precipitation at different pH values.     

Gravimetric determination of barium in zirconium metal and in certain zirconium salts

Barium may be determined gravimetrically in quantities ranging from 0.2 to 2.0 mg (± o.1 mg) in hydrated zirconyl chloride and in zirconium metal after complete separation of the zirconium. As much as 10 g of zirconium may be removed by a double precipitation in a (3 to 1) hydrochloric acid medium followed by a cupferron precipitation-chloroform extraction of the residual zirconium. The barium is then determined gravimetrically as barium sulfate in the iron-free, zirconium-free filtrate by precipitation with an excess of ammonium sulfate. As much as 0.015% barium has been found in impure zirconyl chloride, 0.004% in commercial “purified” zirconyl chloride, 0.000% barium in crystal bar zirconium metal and 0.003% barium in zirconium metal sheet. Reproducibility is 0.001%.     

Gravimetric determination of zirconium with a new azopyrazolone derivative

3-Methyl-5-oxo-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-4-ylazo-2'-(6',8'-naphthalenedisulfonic acid) (disodium salt) is proposed as a new reagent for the gravimetric determination of zirconium. The precipitate formed at pH 1–1.5 can be weighed directly and there are few interferences.     

Gravimetric estimation of thorium with N-phenylanthranilic acid

Summary From nitric or hydrochloric acid medium thorium is quantitatively precipitated by N-phenylanthranilic acid in the range of pH 1.5–3.4 as a light yellow compound, which can be dried to a definite composition, Th(C₁₃H₁₀NO₂)₄, at 110° C. This has been utilized for the direct gravimetric estimation of thorium and its separation from uranium(VI), cerium(III), aluminium and iron at a pH of ca. 2.0–2.5.This method is superior to most of the existing methods for the estimation of thorium since quantitative precipitation occurs at a relatively low pH and the thorium compound, which has a high molecular weight, can be weighed directly, thus making possible the determination of rather small quantities (ca. 5 mg) of thorium with fair accuracy (error less than 1%).

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Zusammenfassung Thorium kann aus salpeter-oder salzsaurer Lösung im pH-Bereich 1,5–3,4 mit Hilfe von N-Phenylanthranilsäure als hellgelber Niederschlag quantitativ ausgefällt werden. Der Mederschlag kann bei 110°C zu definierter Zusammensetzung getrocknet werden [Th(C₁₃H₁₀NO₂)₄]. Diese Fällung wurde zur direkten gravimetrischen Bestimmung von Thorium und seiner Trennung von Uran(VI), Cer(III), Aluminium und Eisen bei pH 2,0–2,5 benutzt. Das Verfahren ist den meisten bekannten Methoden überlegen, das die Fällung bei relativ niedrigem pH durchgeführt und die Thoriumverbindung (die ein hohes Molekulargewicht hat) direkt gewogen werden kann. Kleine Mengen Thorium (etwa 5 mg) können mit recht guter Genauigkeit bestimmt werden (Fehler kleiner als 1%).

     

Gravimetric estimation of zirconium by m-Ethyl phenoxyacetic acid

Summary m-Ethyl phenoxyacetic acid is found to be a selective reagent for the estimation of zirconium. Even 2.2 mg of zirconia can be easily estimated. The composition of the precipitate is somewhat variable and so direct weighing is not possible. The difficulty is overcome by igniting the precipitate and weighing it as oxide. Zn, Ca, Ba, Be, Mg, UO₂, Th, Mn, Co, Ni, Al, Ce, Ti, Fe, and Sn ions do not interfere in the precipitation of zirconium. Cr and V₂O₂ are coprecipitated with zirconium but they can be easily removed by double precipitation. Quantitative results are also obtained even in the presence of SO₄.     

The determination of trace amounts of zirconium,hafnium, thorium and cerium in silicate rocks

A method is described for the determination of traces of zirconium, hafnium, cerium and thorium in rocks. After the sample has been opened up, these elements are separated from the major component elements by extraction from 10 N nitric acid with a 40% solution of tri-n-butyl phosphate, cerium being oxidised with bro-mate. After back-extraction the elements are separated from each other and from other extracted elements by cation exchange. Zirconium is determined photometrically with quinalizarin sulphonic acid which gives about twice the sensitivity of alizarin red S. Thorium is determined photometrically with thorin, and cerium by utilizing its bleaching action on iron(II) phenanthroline. Hf is determined spectro-graphically.     

Potentiometric determination of stepwise stability constants of zirconium, thorium and uranium chelates of asparagine and glutamine

The metal chelates of Zr(IV), Th(IV) and U(VI) with asparagine and glutamine have been studied potentiometrically. Stepwise stability constants in 0.1 M sodium perchlorate at 25 degrees are as follows. Asparaginate chelates-log K(1) 8.80, log K(2) 6.25 for Zr, log K(1) 6.79, log K(2) 6.16 for U, log K(1) 8.28, log K(2) 7.77 and log K(3) 7.72 for Th. Glutaminate chelates-log K(1) 8.75, log K(2) 6.10 for Zr, log K(1) 6.63, log K(2) 6.22 for U, log K(1) 8.30, log K(2) 7.61 and log K(3) 7.55 for Th.     

Potentiometric determination of stepwise stability constants of zirconium and thorium chelates formed with aspartic and glutamic acids

The metal chelates of Zr(IV) and Th(IV) with aspartic and glutamic acids have been studied potentiometrically. Stepwise stability constants in 0.1 M sodium perchlorate at 25 degrees are reported as: aspartate chelates-log K(1) 9.70, log K(2) 6.85, and log K(3) 3.50 for Zr, and log k(1) 9.23, log K(2) 8.57, log K(3) 4.55 and log K(4) 3.87 for Th; glutamate chelates-log K(1) 9.60, log K(2) 6.40 and log K(3) 3.32 for Zr and log K(1) 9.11, log K(2) 8.52, log K(3) 4.18 and log K(4) 3.62 for Th.     

Paper chromatographic separation of thorium, zirconium and uranium

Summary The possibility of paper chromatographic separation of a number of elements (Th, U, Zr, Fe, Mg, Ni, Co, Ce, La, Y, Sm, Gd) has been studied, employing solvent mixtures containing tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) as principal constituent. Various factors that influence the R_f values have been investigated. It has been made possible to separate only thorium and uranium from the other elements including the rare earths and also from one another. Only thorium and uranium move under the conditions studied, the others remain stationary on the starting line. The solvent mixture methylisobutyl ketone-isobutyl alcohol-TBP (503812) shaken with 4 M HNO₃ proved to be a good mobile solvent for the separation of thorium and uranium. Thorium has also been separated from monazite extract. A single chromatogenic spray (-SNADNS-6) has been used for the detection of all the elements. Thorium, uranium and zirconium have also been quantitatively estimated after chromatographic separation by EDTA titration using the same dye.

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Zusammenfassung Die Möglichkeit der papierchromatographischen Trennung verschiedener Elemente (Th, U, Zr, Fe, Mg, Ni, Co, Ce, La, Y, Sm, Gd) mit tributylphosphathaltigen Laufmitteln ist untersucht worden. Hierbei wurde die Beeinflussung der R_f-Werte durch verschiedene Faktoren geprüft und eine Möglichkeit zur Trennung von Thorium und Uran voneinander sowie von anderen Metallen gefunden. Als Laufmittel hat sich am besten das Gemisch Methylisobutylketon-Isobutanol-Tributylphosphat (503812), äquilibriert mit 4 n Salpetersäure, bewährt. Nur U und Th wandern, alle anderen Elemente bleiben auf der Startlinie. Thorium konnte auch aus Monazitextrakt abgetrennt werden. -SNADNS-6 dient als einziges Nachweisreagens für alle genannten Metalle und wird auch als Indicator benutzt bei der komplexometrischen Titration von Zr, Th und U im Anschluß an die papierchromatographische Abtrennung.

     

Gravimetric separation of titanium and zirconium from Niobium with Phenylacetylhydroxamic acid

Phenylacetylhydroxamic acid is used to separate titanium and zirconium from niobium in an oxalate medium at pH 6.5–7.5 in presence of ammonium chloride at room temperature. The method is accurate when the ratio of (TiO₂ + ZrO₂) : Nb₂O₅ is 10 : 1 to 1 : 1 ; when the niobium concentration is higher, reprecipitation is necessary. Tantalum, citrate, tartrate, lactic acid, EDTA, and a large excess of oxalate interfere.     

Chemistry of thorium : Volumetric determination of thorium

Thorium has been determined volumetrically. It has been precipitated with m-nitrobenzoic acid according to the method of Neish. Thorium m-nitrobenzoate has been then dissolved in sulphuric acid and titrated with titanous chloride to determine the NO₂-group which gives the amount of thorium directly.     

Neutron activation analysis of impurities in thorium and zirconium matrices

A neutron activation method is described for the analysis of small concentrations of Cu, Cd, Mn, Co, Cr and Zn contaminants in thorium and zirconium compounds used for telecommunication and reactor techniques. The thorium matrix is separated from the contaminants by pre-irradiation paper chromatography and the²³³Pa is isolated after irradiation by extraction into methyl isobutyl ketone and precipitation with cupferron. For the analysis of the contaminant in zirconium compounds only precipitation with cupferron is used after irradiation. The individual impurities are determined by γ-spectrometry following separation.     

Determination of thorium in magnesium alloys that contain zirconium

Summary An indirect polarographic method for the determination of thorium in magnesium alloys that contain zirconium, zinc, and rare-earth elements is described. The method depends on the precipitation of thorium as the tetra (m-nitrobenzoate) and the polarographic determination of the m-nitrobenzoic acid that is equivalent to the amount of thorium that was so precipitated. The only interference, that of zirconium, is forestalled by the prior removal of the zirconium on an anion-exchange resin. The zirconium can easily be eluted quantitatively from the resin, for subsequent determination.The method avoids tedious separational procedures, and yields accurate and precise values for thorium in the alloys for which it was devised. It is also applicable to simpler substances.The authors gratefully acknowledge the grant from the Defence Research Board of Canada that made possible this investigation (Project D44-75-10-04).     

Haematein as a reagent for thorium, zirconium and uranium

Summary Haematein gives violet colored complexes with thorium and uranium and an orange colored complex with zirconium of the stoichiometric ratios 16, 13, and 11 respectively of the metal and the reagent (Job's method). The reagent and the complexes of thorium, uranium and zirconium show absorption maxima at 520–540 m, 520–540 m 500–520 m respectively. In observations at 540 m in 60 percent aqueous acetone 0.05 mg of thoria (a 12 fold excess of cerite earths has no influence), 0.029 mg U₃O₈ and 0.025 mg of zirconia may be determined. The spectral characteristics of the complexes indicate a similarity in character in spite of differences in stoichiometric composition.