A wavelet method for solving singular integral equation of MHD

This paper presents Haar wavelet approximation to solve a singular integral equation which has singularities on a diagonal of the domain R=[-1,1]×[-1,1]. The singularities arise basically due to modified Bessel function K₀ which appears as a part of the kernel. Thus the integral equation is weakly (logarithmically) singular only. The problem is solved considering all the singularities of the kernel and results are examined for approximations of different orders. Our interest to solve the problem using Haar wavelet basis is due to its simplicity and efficiency in numerical approximation. The results show convergence trend as mesh is refined. Comparison is made with some available results obtained earlier by partial consideration of the singularities.     

A main theorem of spectral relationships for Volterra–Fredholm integral equation of the first kind and its applications

This paper is concerned to derive the main theorem of spectral relationships of Volterra–Fredholm integral equation (V‐FIE) of the first kind in the space L₂[?1,1]×C[0,T], ?1?x?1, 0?t?T<1. The Fredholm integral (FI) term is considered in position and its kernel takes a logarithmic form multiplying by a continuous function. While Volterra integral (VI) term in time with a positive continuous kernel. Many important special and new cases can be established from the main theorem. Moreover, we use it to solve V‐FIE of the second kind in the same space. The numerical results are computed and the error is calculated using Maple 12. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modified Euler’s method with a graded mesh for a class of Volterra integral equations with weakly singular kernel

A modified Euler’s method applied on a graded mesh is considered for numerical solution of a class of Volterra integral equations with weakly singular kernel which depends on a parameter μ > 0. It is shown that the convergence rate of the considered method is higher than those of earlier ones for the case when μ ≤ 1. The convergence rate is also obtained in the case μ > 1. Using some numerical examples, we illustrate the theoretical results.     

A numerical method for solving the Fredholm integral equation of the second kind

The numerical method is used to solve the Fredholm integral equation of the second kind with weak singular kernels using the Toeplitz matrices. The solution has a computing time requirement ofO(N ²), where 2N + 1 is the number of discretization points used. Also, the error estimate is computed. Some numerical examples are computed using the MathCad package.     

On a symptotic methods for Fredholm–Volterra integral equation of the second kind in contact problems

A method is used to obtain the general solution of Fredholm–Volterra integral equation of the second kind in the space $\text{L}{}_2\text{(Ω)×C(0,T),}\text{0⩽t⩽T<∞;Ω}$ is the domain of integrations.The kernel of the Fredholm integral term belong to $\text{C([Ω]×[Ω])}$ and has a singular term and a smooth term. The kernel of Volterra integral term is a positive continuous in the class C(0,T), while $\text{Ω}$ is the domain of integration with respect to the Fredholm integral term.Besides the separation method, the method of orthogonal polynomials has been used to obtain the solution of the Fredholm integral equation. The principal (singular) part of the kernel which corresponds to the selected domain of parameter variation is isolated. The unknown and known functions are expanded in a Chebyshev polynomial and an infinite algebraic system is obtained.     

An automatic augmented galerkin method for singular integral equations with Hilbert kernel

In [1, 2], described a Chebyshev series method for the numerical solution of integral equations with three automatic algorithms for computing two regularization parameters,C _f andr. Here we describe a Fourier series expansion method for a class of singular integral equations with Hilbert kernel and constant coefficients with using a new automatic algorithm.     

Generalized Dirichlet‐to‐Neumann Map in Time‐Dependent Domains

We study the heat, linear Schrödinger (LS), and linear KdV equations in the domain l(t) < x < ∞ , 0 < t < T , with prescribed initial and boundary conditions and with l(t) a given differentiable function. For the first two equations, we show that the unknown Neumann or Dirichlet boundary value can be computed as the solution of a linear Volterra integral equation with an explicit weakly singular kernel. This integral equation can be derived from the formal Fourier integral representation of the solution. For the linear KdV equation we show that the two unknown boundary values can be computed as the solution of a system of linear Volterra integral equations with explicit weakly singular kernels. The derivation in this case makes crucial use of analyticity and certain invariance properties in the complex spectral plane. The above Volterra equations are shown to admit a unique solution.     

Numerical evaluation of various levels of singular integrals, arising in BEM and its application in hydrofoil analysis

The sound implementation of the boundary element method (BEM) is highly dependent on an accurate numerical integration of singular integrals. In this paper, a set of various types of singular domain integrals with three-dimensional boundary element discretization is evaluated based on a transformation integration technique. In the BEM, the integration domain (body surface) needs to be discretized into small elements. For each element, the integral I(x^p, x) is calculated on the domain dS. Several types of integrals IB_α and IC_α are numerically and analytically computed and compared with the relative error. The method is extended to evaluate singular integrals which arise in the solution of the three-dimensional Laplace’s equation. An example of the elliptic hydrofoil is performed to study the physical accuracy. The results obtained using both numerical and analytical methods are shown in good agreement with the experimental data.     

The exact solution of a linear integral equation with weakly singular kernel

A space , which is proved to be a reproducing kernel space with simple reproducing kernel, is defined. The expression of its reproducing kernel function is given. Subsequently, a class of linear Volterra integral equation (VIE) with weakly singular kernel is discussed in the new reproducing kernel space. The reproducing kernel method of linear operator equation Au=f, which request the image space of operator A is and operator A is bounded, is improved. Namely, the request for the image space is weakened to be L²[a,b], and the boundedness of operator A is also not required. As a result, the exact solution of the equation is obtained. The numerical experiments show the efficiency of our method.     

On systems of linear functional equations of the second kind in <Emphasis Type="Italic">L</Emphasis><Subscript>2</Subscript>

We consider a general system of functional equations of the second kind in L ₂ with a continuous linear operator T satisfying the condition that zero lies in the limit spectrum of the adjoint operator T*. We show that this condition holds for the operators of a wide class containing, in particular, all integral operators. The system under study is reduced by means of a unitary transformation to an equivalent system of linear integral equations of the second kind in L ₂ with Carleman matrix kernel of a special kind. By a linear continuous invertible change, this system is reduced to an equivalent integral equation of the second kind in L ₂ with quasidegenerate Carleman kernel. It is possible to apply various approximate methods of solution for such an equation.     

Semismall perturbations, semi-intrinsic ultracontractivity, and integral representations of nonnegative solutions for parabolic equations

We consider nonnegative solutions of a parabolic equation in a cylinder D×I, where D is a noncompact domain of a Riemannian manifold and I=(0,T) with 0<T?∞ or I=(−∞,0). Under the assumption [SSP] (i.e., the constant function 1 is a semismall perturbation of the associated elliptic operator on D), we establish an integral representation theorem of nonnegative solutions: In the case I=(0,T), any nonnegative solution is represented uniquely by an integral on (D×{0})∪(M_∂D×[0,T)), where M_∂D is the Martin boundary of D for the elliptic operator; and in the case I=(−∞,0), any nonnegative solution is represented uniquely by the sum of an integral on M_∂D×(−∞,0) and a constant multiple of a particular solution. We also show that [SSP] implies the condition [SIU] (i.e., the associated heat kernel is semi-intrinsically ultracontractive).     

Integral representations of nonnegative solutions for parabolic equations and elliptic Martin boundaries

We consider nonnegative solutions of a parabolic equation in a cylinder D×(0,T), where D is a noncompact domain of a Riemannian manifold. Under the assumption [IU] (i.e., the associated heat kernel is intrinsically ultracontractive), we establish an integral representation theorem: any nonnegative solution is represented uniquely by an integral on (D×{0})∪(M_∂D×[0,T)), where M_∂D is the Martin boundary of D for the associated elliptic operator. We apply it in a unified way to several concrete examples to explicitly represent nonnegative solutions. We also show that [IU] implies the condition [SP] (i.e., the constant function 1 is a small perturbation of the elliptic operator on D).     

A new numerical approach for solving a class of singular two-point boundary value problems

In this paper, we consider the following class of singular two-point boundary value problem posed on the interval x ?? (0, 1]

$$\begin{array}{@{}rcl@{}} (g(x)y^{\prime})^{\prime}=g(x)f(x,y),\\ y^{\prime}(0)=0,\mu y(1)+\sigma y^{\prime}(1)=B. \end{array} $$

A recursive scheme is developed, and its convergence properties are studied. Further, the error estimation of the method is discussed. The proposed scheme is based on the integral equation formalism and optimal homotopy analysis method in which a recursive scheme is established without any undetermined coefficients. The original differential equation is transformed into an equivalent integral equation to remove the singularity. The integral equation is then made free of undetermined coefficients by imposing the boundary conditions on it. Finally, the integral equation without any undetermined coefficients is efficiently treated by using optimal homotopy analysis method for finding the numerical solution. The optimal control-convergence parameter involved in the components of the series solution is obtained by minimizing the squared residual error equation. The present method is applied to obtain numerical solution of singular boundary value problems arising in various physical models, and numerical results show the advantages of our method over the existing methods.     

On p dependent boundedness of singular integral operators

We study the classical Calderón Zygmund singular integral operator with homogeneous kernel. Suppose that Ω is an integrable function with mean value 0 on S ¹. We study the singular integral operator $$T_\Omega f= {\rm p.v.} \, f * \frac {\Omega (x/|x|)}{|x|^2}.$$ We show that for α > 0 the condition $$\Bigg| \int \limits _{I} \Omega (\theta) \, d\theta \Bigg| \leq C |\log|I||^{-1-\alpha} \quad\quad\quad\quad (0.1)$$ for all intervals |I| < 1 in S ¹ gives L ^p boundedness of T _Ω in the range ${|1/2-1/p| < \frac \alpha {2(\alpha+1)}}$ . This condition is weaker than the conditions from Grafakos and Stefanov (Indiana Univ Math J 47:455–469, 1998) and Fan et al. (Math Inequal Appl 2:73–81, 1999). We also construct an example of an integrable Ω which satisfies (0.1) such that T _Ω is not L ^p bounded for ${|1/2-1/p| > \frac {3\alpha +1}{6(\alpha +1)}}$ .     

Singular Volterra integral equations

Existence results are presented for the singular Volterra integral equation y(t) = h(t) + ∫₀^t k(t, s) f(s, y(s)) ds, for t ∈ [0,T]. Here f may be singular at y = 0. As a consequence new results are presented for the n^th order singular initial value problem.     

Hayman directions of meromorphic functions

In this paper, we shall prove the existence of the singular directions related to Hayman's problems^[1]. The results are as follows.

1. Suppose that f(z) is a transcendental integral function in the finite plane, then there exists a direction H: argz= θ₀ (0≤θ₀>2π) such that for every positive ε, every integer p(≠0, ?1) and every finite complex number b(≠0), we have $$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{r \to \infty } \left\{ {n(r,\theta _0 ,\varepsilon ,f' \cdot \{ f\} ^p = b)} \right\} = + \infty $$
2. Suppose that f(z) is a transcendental integral function in the finite plane, then there exists a direction H:z= θ₀ (0≤θ₀>2π) such that for every positive ε, every integrer p(≥3) and any finite complex numbers a(≠0) and b, we have $$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{r \to \infty } \left\{ {n(r,\theta _0 ,\varepsilon ,f' - a\{ f\} ^p = b)} \right\} = + \infty $$
3. Suppose that f(z) is a meromorphic function in the finite plane and satisfies the following condition $$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{r \to \infty } \frac{{T(r,f)}}{{(\log r)^3 }} = + \infty $$ then there exists a direction H:z= θ₀ (0≤θ₀>2π) such that for every positive ε, every integer p(≥5) and every two finite complex numbers a(≠0) and b, we have $$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{r \to \infty } \left\{ {n(r,\theta _0 ,\varepsilon ,f' - a\{ f\} ^p = b)} \right\} = + \infty $$

The singular directions in Theorems I–III are called Hayman directions.     

THE COMPOSITE FORMULAS ON A CONVEX DOMAIN IN Cn

Using the Plemelj formulas for a function and a (n, n − 1)-form on a convex domain in Cⁿ, the author obtains their composite formulas and inverse formulas. As an application, the author proves that the singular integral equation with Aizenberg kernel is equivalent to a Fredholm equation.     

A multiscale Galerkin method for the hypersingular integral equation reduced by the harmonic equation

The aim of this paper is to investigate the numerical solution of the hypersingular integral equation reduced by the harmonic equation. First, we transform the hypersingular integral equation into 2π-periodic hypersingular integral equation with the map x=cot(θ/2). Second, we initiate the study of the multiscale Galerkin method for the 2π-periodic hypersingular integral equation. The trigonometric wavelets are used as trial functions. Consequently, the 2j+1 × 2j+1 stiffness matrix Kj can be partitioned j×j block matrices. Furthermore, these block matrices are zeros except main diagonal block matrices. These main diagonal block matrices are symmetrical and circulant matrices, and hence the solution of the associated linear algebraic system can be solved with the fast Fourier transform and the inverse fast Fourier transform instead of the inverse matrix. Finally, we provide several numerical examples to demonstrate our method has good accuracy even though the exact solutions are multi-peak and almost singular.     

Numerical solutions with a priori error bounds for coupled self-adjoint time dependent partial differential systems

This paper is concerned with the construction of accurate continuous numerical solutions for partial self-adjoint differential systems of the type (P(t) u_t)_t = Q(t)u_xx, u(0, t) = u(d, t) = 0, u(x, 0) = f(x), u_t(x, 0) = g(x), 0 ≤ x ≤ d, t >- 0, where P(t), Q(t) are positive definite oR^r×r-valued functions such that P′(t) and Q′(t) are simultaneously semidefinite (positive or negative) for all t ≥ 0. First, an exact theoretical series solution of the problem is obtained using a separation of variables technique. After appropriate truncation strategy and the numerical solution of certain matrix differential initial value problems the following question is addressed. Given T > 0 and an admissible error ϵ > 0 how to construct a continuous numerical solution whose error with respect to the exact series solution is smaller than ϵ, uniformly in D(T) = {(x, t); 0 ≤ x ≤ d, 0 ≤ t ≤ T}. Uniqueness of solutions is also studied.