Coherent aperture synthesis for incoherent source

We propose a refinement of the method for aperture synthesis for an incoherent source, imparting selectivity and noise immunity to the method. Instead of measuring the phase difference between the signals of the array receivers, we measure the array-averaged phase difference between neighboring receivers by searching for the maximum of the magnitude of the moving array’s response to the source signal during its direction-of-arrival-scanning (phasing). This procedure is carried out after incoherent accumulation. The gain in noise immunity is determined by the gain in the array with the addition of the gain in incoherent accumulation. The size of this gain in the experiment was on the order of 20 dB. The method retains applicability to wideband signals and the possibility of observing other incoherent signals. We demonstrate the possibility of high angular resolution with the synthesized antenna of the source, which does not possess the perfect time coherency of the source and other sources coherent with it. Owing to phase averaging over the array aperture, we obtain an increase in the method’s stability to reverberation. We present results of simulation and applicability of the method in full-scale experiments.     

高精度球面阵聚焦声源定位方法研究

提出了一种高精度高空间分辨率球面阵聚焦声源定位方法——虚拟源法。该方法通过球面阵波束扫描获得实际声源的空间聚焦谱,并假定各扫描点为虚拟声源,将实际声源聚焦谱看作是全体虚拟源共同作用的结果,由此得到各虚拟源对声场的贡献量,从而可实现声源精确定位。仿真研究分析了频率,阵列孔径,声场模态阶数,信噪比等参数对声源定位性能的影响,并与常规算法进行对比。结果显示,该方法不受频率和阵列孔径的限制,避免了空间“混淆”,能够进行高精度高分辨率声源定位,并具有良好的背景噪声抑制能力。      

Efficient tensor decomposition method for noncircular source in colocated coprime MIMO radar

An effective method via tensor decomposition is proposed to deal with the joint direction-of-departure(DOD) and direction-of-arrival(DOA) estimation of noncircular sources in colocated coprime MIMO radar. By decomposing the transmitter and receiver into two sparse subarrays, noncircular property of source can be used to construct new extended received signal model for two sparse subarrays. The new received model can double the virtual array aperture due to the elliptic covariance of imping sources is nonzero. To further exploit the multidimensional structure of the noncircular received model, we stack the subarray output and its conjugation according to mode-1 unfolding and mode-2 unfolding of a third-order tensor, respectively. Thus, the corresponding extended tensor model consisted of noncircular information for DOA and DOD can be obtained. Then, the higher-order singular value decomposition technique is utilized to estimate the accurate signal subspace and angular parameter can be automatically paired via the rotational invariance relationship.Specifically, the ambiguous angle can be eliminated and the true targets can be achieved with the aid of the coprime property.Furthermore, a closed-form expression for the deterministic CRB under the NC sources scenario is also derived. Simulation results verify the superiority of the proposed estimator.     

浅海非均匀水平阵宽带声场信号无源孔径扩展

大孔径水平阵对于浅海低频水声物理实验研究和应用至关重要,然而受实际情况制约,通常使用的水平基阵孔径十分有限,通过孔径扩展处理来扩展基阵孔径是一条重要途径。传统的无源孔径扩展方法是建立在均匀线阵、匀速相对运动和相干窄带连续信号的基础上的,难以适用于非均匀阵以及非连续宽带声源的情况。针对这些问题,提出了非均匀阵宽带声场信号的无源孔径扩展方法。使用静止布设在海底的非均匀水平短阵接收运动声源重复发射的宽带声信号,先开展均匀空间插值,然后在阵元域和波束域进行宽带扩展孔径处理。仿真和实验结果表明,在水深约70 m的浅海波导环境中,纵向间隔27.5 m的2个阵元接收20~200 Hz宽带声场,其空间插值结果与真值的相关系数大于0.99,说明宽带声场插值方法的合理性。在水平非均匀、纵向孔径250 m的短阵接收声场无法分析简正波频散特征的情况下,仿真和实验数据经过宽带无源孔径扩展处理得到孔径大于1 km的均匀线阵的声场,能高分辨区分各阶简正波,证明所提方法是有效的。      

Acoustic imaging based on a mathematical model

A technique for creating an acoustic image based on its mathematical model is proposed. The technique can be used when conventional methods are inapplicable because of the small aperture dimensions relative to the wavelength, the presence of fluctuations, or nonstationary conditions. The essence of the method and its features are illustrated by examples. The method is used to create an image of the angular distribution of scattered signals and of the angular spectrum of signals at the output of an array in a full-scale acoustic experiment.     

Coherent aperture synthesis by an incoherent signal

The procedure of aperture synthesis by an incoherent source during displacement of the receiving system in space is considered. The advantages of the method are the possibility of aperture synthesis with the help of antenna arrays consisting of two receivers and its applicability to both the source of a quasimonochromatic signal and that possessing a continuous spectrum. The method is applicable with the same limitations as the known methods using the procedures of signal phasing. The results of mathematical simulation of the synthesis upon location of two sources with close frequencies at different distances and in the presence of noise, as well as the results of the in situ experiment with a reverberation interference, are given. The algorithm for decreasing the time of aperture synthesis without resolution deterioration is proposed and tested in situ.     

基于多个小孔径基阵的水下目标宽带波达方位估计方法

本文将多小孔径基阵应用于声纳浮标阵对可疑海区进行快速搜索的研究中,提出了一种基于多个小孔径子阵的宽带目标方位估计方法.该方法采用一种新颖的降秩估计器的信号模型,对多个小孔径子阵的输出信息进行综合处理,然后使用近似意义上的降秩估计器对目标源进行方位估计.所建立的阵列模型中不需要包含有关小孔径子阵之间的任何位置信息,因此,有效地减小了因阵形估计带来的烦杂工作和估计误差对方位估计性能的影响.仿真结果表明,此方法提高了定向精度,给出了稳定的目标方位估计.     

Direction-of-arrival estimation using matrix spatial prefiltering approach

An approach to direction-of-arrival （DOA） estimation for multiple narrowband farfield signals is proposed. The technique uses a novel matrix spatial prefiltering approach. Specifically, a matrix filter is designed to spatially filter the incoming data snapshots. The un-wanted components arriving from the stopband angular sectors are attenuated and the desired components from the angular sector of interest pass with minimal distortion. The matrix filter spatially filters the element-space data and the output reserves the element-space data property, which makes it very useful by passing sensor data through a spatial prefilter prior to applying many other array processors to attenuate interferences and improve system performance. Several examples of DOA estimation problem are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed spatial prefiltering approach. Results of simulation and real data show that the pre-filter can efficiently attenuate the spatial interferences and significantly improve the estimation and resolution capability of DOA estimators at low signal-to-noise ratios for the sources located inside the passband sector. In addition, the use of spatial prefilter makes it possible to estimate DOAs for multiple sources more than the number of the elements of an array.     

基于时延估计的分裂阵时域波束形成技术

大孔径拖曳线列阵受舰艇横向机动、洋流影响和水动力影响时会产生一定的阵形畸变,阵形畸变使得波束形成时阵列流型失配,进而降低了目标方位分辨率和阵处理的增益。在无法进行阵形估计时,基于时延估计的分裂阵时域波束形成技术将大孔径拖曳线阵分为左右两个子阵分别做波束形成,通过加权广义相关时延估计算法估算对应波束的时延差,再依据估算时延差对左右两个波束进行延时求和得到最终的波束信号。仿真和海试数据证明,相对于全阵直接做波束形成的方法,基于时延估计的分裂阵的时域波束形成技术有效提高了目标方位分辨率和阵处理的增益。     

Single-exposure two-dimensional superresolution in digital holography using a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser source array

We present a new implementation capable of producing two-dimensional (2D) superresolution (SR) imaging in a single exposure by aperture synthesis in digital lensless Fourier holography when using angular multiplexing provided by a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser source array. The system performs the recording in a single CCD snapshot of a multiplexed hologram coming from the incoherent addition of multiple subholograms, where each contains information about a different 2D spatial frequency band of the object's spectrum. Thus, a set of nonoverlapping bandpass images of the input object can be recovered by Fourier transformation (FT) of the multiplexed hologram. The SR is obtained by coherent addition of the information contained in each bandpass image while generating an enlarged synthetic aperture. Experimental results demonstrate improvement in resolution and image quality.     

Imaging contrast under aperture tip–nanoantenna array interaction

Periodic arrays of paired and single gold nanorods were imaged in the near field using reflection and transmission modes of a near-field scanning optical microscope at various wavelengths and polarizations of light in the visible range. The paired nanorods act like nanoantenna, and an array of them was initially designed as a negative-index material for the near infrared. Reverse contrast in reflection and transmission images is observed under illumination from the small aperture of a metal-coated fiber probe. By changing the relative orientation of the rods to the polarization, the reverse contrast switches to the normal contrast of near-field imaging. Coupling between the aperture and the nanorod array makes the contrast higher. Transmission through the aperture is enhanced if the aperture probe is positioned between the nanorods. The average near-field transmission exhibits an opposite sign of anisotropy relative to the far-field case. Aperture probes with larger diameters always show normal imaging contrast. The results demonstrate that the broad angular spectra of small-aperture sources play a crucial role in near-field interactions with nanorod arrays. The results also show that angular redistributions of these spectra after transmission or reflection from the nanorod array are likely due to excitation of localized and propagating plasmons.     

An algorithm for the superresolution of the sources of narrow-band signals on the basis of a solution of a system of observation equations

An algorithm for the superresolution of the sources of narrow-band signals on the basis of the solution of a system of observation equations is proposed. In accordance with this algorithm, the angular coordinates of sources are the roots of a single equation. To reliably estimate the coordinates, the number of time samples of observed signals must exceed the number of sources by at least one. In the case of a linear equidistant antenna array, a stable estimate of the angular coordinates requires that the number of time samples exceed the half-number of sources by at least one. A partial solution that provides minimization of the variance of the estimate errors is selected from the general solution. When the number of time samples that are used to estimate angular coordinates increases, the mathematical expectations of their errors tend to zero and the variances are larger than the minimally possible ones (determined from the Rao-Kramer inequality) by a factor of 1–1.2.     

Inverse aperture synthesis in an acoustic dark field

A method is proposed for extracting the signal scattered by a moving acoustic screen and for reconstructing the image of the scatterer. The results of the preliminary numerical calculations performed for a free space agree well with the results of the full-scale experiment in a lake. A good agreement between theory and experiment is achieved with an aperture synthesis by the signal magnitude. The characteristic feature of the proposed method of aperture synthesis is the use of an extended acoustic array in the target tracking mode of operation. This provides an additional condition for the determination of the parameters of the experiment, thus allowing one to determine two such parameters.     

A future project at tibet: the large high altitude air shower observatory (LHAASO)

Gamma ray source detection above 30 TeV is an encouraging approach for finding galactic cosmic ray sources. All sky survey for gamma ray sources using wide field of view detector is essential for population accumulation for various types of sources above 100 GeV. In order to target those goals, a large air shower particle detector array of 1 km~2 (the LHAASO project) at 4300 m a.s.l, is proposed. By adding two MagicII-type telescopes in the array as proposed, LHAASO will be enhanced in source morphologic investigation power. The proposed array will be utilized also for energy spectrum measurement for individual cosmic ray species above 30 TeV. By re-configuring the wide field of view telescopes into fluorescence light detector array, the aperture of the detector array can be enlarged to cover an energy region above 100 PeV where the second knee is located. Cosmic ray spectrum and composition will be measured in order to transfer an energy scale to ultra high energy cosmic ray experiments.     

基于超指向性多极子矢量阵的水下低频声源方位估计方法研究

针对水下低频声源的方位估计问题,基于基元紧密排列的二维矢量阵,建立了一种超指向性波束形成方法.根据矢量基元差分运算构建各阶多极子模型,获得了几乎与频率无关的模态函数,并经加权计算可在低频条件下实现超指向性波束,以解决阵列孔径对波束性能的限制.同时,结合输出信噪比最大准则所得波束,分析了超指向性波束形成算法的稳定性与波导的影响程度,探索模态阶数与阵列参数的选取原则.通过阵列性能的仿真计算与实际阵列的测量数据表明,该算法可在小尺寸阵列孔径下获得良好的阵列波束,兼具了水下线型超指向性阵和环形超指向性阵的优点,可有效实现水下低频声源的水平方位估计;且波束性能可通过调节模态阶数与基元间距以达到最佳,并受水下声波导多途与频散效应影响有限.     

Special features of local spatial spectrum of Bessel light beams

In this paper we consider the angular spectrum of an apertured Bessel beam when the aperture is circular and shifted laterally with respect to the optical axis. Since the perturbation of the resulting angular spectrum is due to a spatially localized Bessel field, we refer to such an angular spectrum as the local spatial spectrum. We show that the local spatial spectrum of the Bessel beam may differ considerably from the angular spectrum of an unapertured Bessel beam, and find that the ring-shaped angular spectrum is converted into two arcs whose width in the azimuthal direction monotonically decreases as the shift of the circular aperture increases. This phenomenon is predicted theoretically and confirmed experimentally.     

运动小孔径水平基阵估计目标深度

针对浅海动态声场,基于简正波模型提出了一种利用运动小孔径水平基阵估计目标深度的方法.通过合成孔径算法将运动小孔径水平基阵扩展成虚拟的大孔径水平基阵,利用稀疏近似最小方差准则可以在相对较小的合成孔径上估计各阶简正波模态能量,不同深度的模态匹配度由Camberra距离的负指数度量,目标深度估计结果是模态匹配度最大值对应深度...     

Diffraction of pulsed laser radiation from an acoustic wave with frequency- and phase-shift keying

Bragg acoustooptic diffraction of nanosecond pulsed laser radiation from a frequency- and/or phase-keyed acoustic wave is studied experimentally and theoretically for exact synchronization of laser pulses and signal keying. It is shown that the diffraction field for short pulses is practically stationary and is determined by the positions of acoustic signal keying over signal aperture. The application of this type of signals for the formation of a multibeam diffraction pulsed radiation field is considered. A method is proposed for transforming the angular spectrum of laser radiation intensity from the initial Gaussian to a nearly rectangular spectrum. This may considerably increase the efficiency of high-power technological lasers used in material processing (laser cutting, welding, engraving, etc.), in which the action of radiation is of the thresh-old type in light intensity. The possibility of correcting the angular intensity distribution for a pulsed fiber laser, which increases the thermal efficiency of radiation from such a laser, is established experimentally.     

基于水平合成阵列的简正波波数估计

针对浅水声波导中简正波模数估计的孔径约束问题,提出了一种基于运动合成孔径高分辨谱分解的简正波波数估计方法。该方法先利用短水平阵运动合成大孔径虚拟阵列,再通过合成阵列进行高分辨谱分解来进行简正波波数估计。数值仿真结果和海试数据测试表明,孔径运动合成技术的应用,解决了水平阵进行简正波模数估计时孔径不足的问题;拖曳阵在远离目标水平运动的过程中,做垂直向机动可以提高简正波模数估计精度。      

电光调制在被动综合孔径成像探测中的应用

介绍了一种新型被动综合孔径成像探测方法:视场辐射信号被接收和放大后,通过电光幅度调制将其幅度和相位信息加载到光波上,经光纤传输在末端形成阵列,通过光学系统直接成像,将视场实时恢复出来.该方法可实现工作在微波、毫米波和太赫兹波段的高分辨力实时成像探测的目的.深入分析了电光调制器在综合孔径成像探测中的应用,建立电光调制模型,讨论了在小信号调制下的电光幅度调制近似理论.通过数值计算与仿真分析,得到综合孔径成像探测中电光调制器的调制信号强度限制的有关结论.结果表明,利用上变频电光调制技术和光信息处理,所得到的成像仿真图的半峰全宽和信噪比性能都优于传统的基于下变频技术的成像仿真结果.