收、发分置混响平均强度理论预报

建立双基地混响几何模型,推导出收、发分置混响的平均强度估算公式。考察双基地远程界面混响,对于漫散射界面,散射区为一椭圆环带,分别给出柱面波声场和球面波声场情况下,无指向性收、发分置混响的平均强度估算公式。给出窄波束接收阵时,双基地声呐的混响级和信混比的估算公式。仿真表明,椭圆模型可以方便准确的预报双基地混响强度及研究其特征规律,便于双基地声呐系统集成,适合工程应用。      

双基地冰-水界面混响强度的理论预报

针对北极冰层冰水界面具有小尺度粗糙界面的情况,给出由冰层造成的混响平均强度的理论预报公式。首先将北极冰层等效为具有粗糙界面的弹性介质,并且采用小粗糙度微扰理论在精细拟合粗糙度谱的基础上,建立粗糙冰层的三维散射强度模型,然后建立三维双基地声呐几何模型确定有效散射区域,最后给出双基地冰下混响平均强度的估算公式,并在所拟合的粗糙度谱的情况下,利用该预报公式计算双基地声呐配置参数和海冰物理及声学特性对冰下混响强度的影响算例。数值仿真表明该公式能够估算出北极冰下双基地声呐产生的混响平均强度,并且分析出了时延、基线长度等声呐配置参数和冰层声速比、密度比等海冰物理参数会对混响强度造成的影响。声呐的配置参数主要影响散射的有效面积,海冰的物理参数则影响着冰层的散射强度。其中,冰层声速比不仅影响混响强度的大小,还会影响混响强度随时间的衰减速度。      

Azimuthal dependence of reverberation from a harmonic signal propagating in shallow water

The problem of scattering from a rough sea surface is considered for a harmonic low-frequency (200–400 Hz) acoustic signal propagating in a shallow water area. An experimental study of the azimuthal reverberation dependence is carried out on the basis of the bistatic location scheme with the use of linear phased arrays. By comparison with calculations, the formation of the frequency-angular characteristics of reverberation is investigated for various wind directions with respect to the path of acoustic signal propagation.     

Determination of the target strength of a scatterer with the use of surface reverberation

Results of measuring the target strength of a scatterer by using the data on the sound propagation and surface reverberation in the basin are presented. The proposed technique implies the use of a receiving antenna array with a narrow directivity pattern and a bistatic scheme of location.     

浅海负跃层条件下的双基地有源探测实验及定位声速修正

为了研究浅海条件下海底固定水平阵和机动声源的双基地有源探测性能,建立了浅海双基地有源探测仿真模型,分析了实验海区负跃层条件下的传播损失和多途能量扩展损失,实现了双基地有源探测的性能预估。以模型仿真为基础,在南海北部海域开展了一次浅海双基地有源探测实验.针对定位中的声速与实验中目标回波的脉冲传播速度的偏差导致定位精度下降的问题,提出了一种目标回波脉冲传播速度近似估计方法。实验结果表明,双基地有源探测可在浅海负跃层条件下实现对水中目标的有效探测,多个实验站位的回波信噪比实测值与仿真预测值符合较好,定位声速近似估计方法可进一步提高定位精度。      

有黏条件气泡声散射特性和衰减谱数值研究*

通过研究有黏条件下的气泡散射模型,数值分析水中单气泡声散射特性,进一步结合Beer-Lambert定律将其扩展到多气泡体系的声衰减预测。数值结果表明,随着谐波阶数递增,散射强度分布数值结果趋于稳定且前向散射增强。同时发现,无因次尺寸参量ka=0.1为过渡区与纯散射区的分界线,且在共振区间具有明显的吸收效应。对多气泡体系的声衰减预测也表明,ka 0.1时,该文气泡散射模型声衰减计算与经典ECAH模型结果吻合,在低浓度条件下声衰减谱随着剪切黏度的增加呈增宽趋势,且与体积浓度成正比例递增。模型预测的声衰减随粒径、声波频率、体积浓度分布数值特征能够为颗粒两相体系粒径及浓度表征提供理论依据。     

Scattering of low-frequency pulsed sound signals from elastic cylindrical shells

A method and experimental setup intended for measuring the amplitude and phase of acoustic field in the near zone of a scatterer are described. The results of measuring the scattering characteristics of low-frequency sound signals scattered by elastic cylindrical shells are analyzed.     

Two-Color Dual-Polarization Pulsed Bistatic Lidar for Measuring Water Cloud Droplet Size

The concept of a pulsed bistatic lidar for measuring water cloud particle size is presented. The method uses a two-color laser and a receiver with a polarization analyzer located at a suitable scattering angle. The dependence of Mie scattering on scattering angle, wavelength, and polarization is used to derive water cloud droplet size. The measurement was simulated for the C₁ and C₂ clouds, and the technique for determining mode radius was studied. The result shows the lidar system with a two-wavelength laser (1064 nm and 532 nm) and a dual-polarization receiver fixed at a scattering angle of around 178 deg can be used to measure a cloud particle size (mode radius) of 4 to 12 μm. Evaluation of the effect of multiple scattering showed that the method can be applied not only for the measurement at the cloud base but also in the cloud where multiple scattering is not negligible.     

Measurement of water cloud particle size with a dual-polarization pulsed bistatic lidar

A new bistatic lidar was developed for measuring water cloud particle size at the base of lower clouds. The lidar uses a pulsed Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm and a receiver having a polarization analyzer located at a suitable scattering angle. Cloud particle size (mode radius of the assumed size distribution) was derived from the ratio of the polarization components of the scattered light based on the single scattering Mie theory. The experiment was performed on board the research vessel Mirai in the northwestern Pacific. Particle size at the bottom of maritime cumulus and stratus was measured, and the difference between the internal structures of cumulus and stratus was observed. The effect of multiple scattering was studied by changing the observing scattering angle. The effect was not significant when the penetration depth was less than 50 m.     

双基地混响平均强度理论及仿真预报

考察远程双基地界面混响,可以仅考察二维问题,其散射区域为一椭圆环带;对于近程双基地界面混响,必须讨论三维模型,其散射元分布在一椭球面上.对二维和三维双基地混响进行理论建模分析,该模型优点是无需使用无线电通信,借助GPS时钟即可同步工作,实现双基地声呐系统的测距及测向,便于双基地声呐系统的集成.推导出二维和三维模型的双基地声压混响理论预报公式.对三维矢量混响作仿真研究,并讨论矢量传感器组合指向性抗混响. 关键词： 双基地混响 声压混响 矢量混响     

Sound scattering from partially water-filled elastic spherical shell with an internal elastic plate

According to the equation of motion in the elastic medium and integral equation of target scattering, the sound scattering from the partially water-filled elastic spherical shells with and without an inner plate is studied using the finite element and boundary element method, and the scattering normalized form functions of the shell filled with different volume of water are computed and the mechanism of resonance scattering is analyzed. The results show that the resonance of the shell with partially water-filled and without the plate is mainly related to the volume of water, and the resonance is produced by inner water and the spherical shell. The resonance characteristics of partially water-filled elastic shell with the plate are similar to that of empty structured elastic spherical shell, and the sound field in inner water is weaker which indicates the main resonance characteristics are decided by spherical shell and the plate. In addition, the scattering characteristics of spherical shell with plate and one side full water-filled are greatly different from the partially water-filled ones.     

Reverberation at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge during the 1993 ARSRP experiment seen by R/V Alliance from 200-1400 Hz and some modeling inferences

In July 1993 SACLANTCEN participated in an experiment for the Acoustic Reverberation Special Research Program (ARSRP). The primary objective was to take high resolution measurements to shed light on the detailed physical processes dominating the low frequency scattering from rough topographic features and from deep sediment pond areas. A very detailed set of monostatic and bistatic scattering experiments were conducted just west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 26 degrees N, 47 degrees W. Results from SACLANTCEN's R/V ALLIANCE are presented which show monostatic and bistatic scattering from selected bathymetric features using pulsed sources from 200-1400 Hz and SUS charges. Area water depths ranged from 3300 to greater than 5200 m. The receivers were a horizontal array of 128 elements spaced at 0.5, 1, and 2 m. Source depths varied from 120 to 1200 m and receiver depths ranged from 400 to 500 m. Received reverberation levels are presented as functions of the estimated scatterer position on area bathymetry maps. Results show the same high scattering areas from one seamount were observed in three distinct frequency bands centered at 227, 350, and 700 Hz. Even at 1350 Hz the correlation of scattering highlights with nearby bathymetric features is quite good. Comparisons of measured reverberation and modeled reverberation are presented which suggest that the dominant longer range scattering from the large features is driven by the steep slopes present above the critical depth but that small scale roughness is also essential for strong backscatter.     

Time structure of bistatic reverberation in the long-range propagation of explosion-generated signals

In experiments on the long-range propagation of explosion-generated signals, a noise background accompanying the classical signal quartets are repeatedly observed. The background smoothly increases before the arrival of the first signal of the quartet, then decreases, and completely vanishes after the arrival of the last signal of the same quartet. The data of an experiment performed in winter in a deep-water region of the northwestern Pacific are considered. These data are used to demonstrate the phenomenon at hand and to show that the noise background of the quartets is the manifestation of the bistatic reverberation caused by sound scattering by the rough ocean surface towards the receiver located a long distance from the source. An easy-to-use technique is proposed for calculating the time relations between the direct signal and the surface-reverberation one. Calculations are performed for the time structure of the bistatic surface reverberation to explain the observed features of the phenomenon.     

In-plane bistatic backward scattering from seabottom with randomly inhomogeneous sediment and rough interface

1 Introduction Backward scattering of sound due to sediment is the main source of shallow waterreverberation. In order to predict the reverberation or detect sediment properties frommeasured reverberation data, a reasonable in-plane bistatic backward scattering (BBS)model is essential. The scattering can be caused by the roughness of water-sediment in-terface or by inhomogeneities within the volume of sediment. A great deal of researchhas been done on sediment backscattering, most of which h…     

A bistatic Doppler technique to measure forward scattering at large angles of incidence

We present a bistatic Doppler method to measure forward scatter at large angles of incidence. The Doppler shifted signal avoids contamination by the direct signal between antennae. We illuminated a small area on a rotating table with a 95-GHz transmitter pointed at 60-80° angles of incidence. The area velocity was nearly constant. The scattering media was crushed rock with root mean square (rms) height to wavelength ratio near unity. Although theory precludes Doppler shift for targets moving in the plane of bistatic collinear antennae, shifts occurred at the monostatic backscattering value predicted by twice the table velocity within the illuminated area. The Rayleigh distributions of the Doppler shifted signal, with increasing standard deviation and corresponding decreasing peak amplitude as angle of incidence increased, are expected for the unity ratio, and so verify that Doppler shifted forward scatter was measured. The increased standard deviation with increasing angle is expected because of the increased sensitivity to smaller slope facets of the rock. The reference signal recorded for a metal plate signal also verifies the bistatic Doppler shift and precludes contamination by multiply-reflected backscatter. Minor modifications will allow grazing angle behaviour to be approached. It appears that further theory is needed to understand the bistatic Doppler process.     

Measurements of bubbles in sea water by nonstationary sound scattering

Methods for the characterization of bubbles in sea water by acoustic scattering are analyzed. Nonstationary linear and nonlinear sound scattering methods are proposed. The transient linear and nonlinear sound scattering allows the scattering by resonant gas bubbles to be distinguished from the scattering by other microinhomogeneities. The application of parametric arrays in oceanic experiments, together with the broadband frequency analysis of the backscattering coefficient, allows information about bubbles in sea water to be obtained. Experimental results on sound scattering and gas bubble distribution functions are presented for different conditions in the ocean.     

Reverberation of Wideband Signals in Shallow Water when Using Sound Focusing

Within the framework of the normal mode approximation, expressions are obtained for calculating bottom reverberation signals recorded by a horizontal array in an inhomogeneous shallow-water waveguide in a wide frequency band. These expressions can be used to simulate bottom-scattered signals both for a monostatic and bistatic geometry, as well as in the case when sound focusing is applied. The constructed model is used to numerically study the structure of bottom reverberation in a waveguide with different parameters and characteristics of the receiver and source systems. The considered bottom inhomogeneities are the slope of the bottom, change in thermocline depth, and wind waves. The study demonstrates the promise of using sound focusing as time reversal using a single receiver–transmitter element to enhance the reverberation signal arriving from a given bottom area.     

Investigation on electromagnetic scattering from rough soil surface of layered medium using the small perturbation method

Electromagnetic scattering from a rough surface of layered medium is investigated, and the formulae of the scattering coefficients for different polarizations are derived using the small perturbation method. A rough surface with exponential correlation function is presented for describing a rough soil surface of layered medium, the formula of its scattering coefficient is derived by considering the spectrum of the rough surface with exponential correlation function; the curves of the bistatic scattering coefficient of HH polarization with variation of the scattering angle are obtained by numerical calculation. The influence of the permittivity of layered medium, the mean layer thickness of intermediate medium, the roughness surface parameters and the frequency of the incident wave on the blstatic scattering coefficient is discussed. Numerical results show that the influence of the permittivity of layered medium, the mean layer thickness of intermediate medium, the rms and the correlation length of the rough surface, and the frequency of the incident wave on the bistatic scattering coefficient is very complex.     

Bubble nonlinear dynamics and stimulated scattering process

A complete understanding of the bubble dynamics is deemed necessary in order to achieve their full potential applications in industry and medicine. For this purpose it is first needed to expand our knowledge of a single bubble behavior under different possible conditions including the frequency and pressure variations of the sound field. In addition, stimulated scattering of sound on a bubble is a special effect in sound field, and its characteristics are associated with bubble oscillation mode. A bubble in liquid can be considered as a representative example of nonlinear dynamical system theory with its resonance, and its dynamics characteristics can be described by the Keller–Miksis equation. The nonlinear dynamics of an acoustically excited gas bubble in water is investigated by using theoretical and numerical analysis methods. Our results show its strongly nonlinear behavior with respect to the pressure amplitude and excitation frequency as the control parameters, and give an intuitive insight into stimulated sound scattering on a bubble. It is seen that the stimulated sound scattering is different from common dynamical behaviors, such as bifurcation and chaos, which is the result of the nonlinear resonance of a bubble under the excitation of a high amplitude acoustic sound wave essentially. The numerical analysis results show that the threshold of stimulated sound scattering is smaller than those of bifurcation and chaos in the common condition.     

Scattering of Millimeter Waves from Acid Rain

A theoretical investigation of scattering characteristics of millimeter waves from acid rain is conducted using the method of vector spherical function expansion. The particles of acid rain are considered as the double-layered spheroid. The method is used to derive an analytical solution to the problem of scattering of millimeter waves by a coated dielectric spheroid. The normalized bistatic cross section versus scattering angle for the acid raindrop is calculated at frequencies of 35 GHz and 94 GHz. This is the first part of our study scattering characteristics of millimeter waves from acid rain.