A novel shape-selective fabrication of nanostructured silver

A novel protection-reduction technique is developed for the preparation of silver nanoparticles, nanorods and wheatear-like supramolecular nanostructures at room temperature using silver potassium cyanide [KAg(CN)2] as a silver source, vitamin C (Vc) as a reducing agent and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a protecting agent. The concentration of KAg(CN)2, the mole ratios of PVP/Vc and KAg(CN)2/Vc have significant effects on the formation and growth of these novel nanostructures. This method may be extended to prepare novel nanostructures of other metals.     

从超临界二氧化碳和甲醇直接合成碳酸二甲酯

Dimethyl carbonate (DMC), an environmentally benign intermediate for organic synthesis, has been mainly synthesized through non-phosgene route of oxidative carbonylation[1]. Direct synthesis of DMC from carbon dioxide and methanol is of more significance due to atom economy. Organometallic compounds of formulae R2M(OR)2, M(OR)2 or M(OR)4[2,3] were employed as catalysts in direct synthesis of DMC, where an activation mechanism of CO2 insertion into metal-oxygen bond was supposed. Unfortunately, the yield of DMC was low even in the presence of chemical dehydrants because mainly of thermodynamic limit.     

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF MOLYBDENUM-CARBENE COMPLEX (CO)_5Mo=C(OC_2H_5)C_6H_4-p-CH_3

<正> INTRODUCTION. Recently, researches on carbene metal complexes are very active, as they are of great importance in both theoretical study and catalytic activity. In a systematic research, the crystal structure of the title complex was analyzed and reported here to the advantage of understanding the catalytic action and searching for new and better carbene catalysts of novel kinds.     

Heterogeneous catalytic partial oxidation of lower alkanes(C_1–C_6) on mixed metal oxides

This review paper aims at analysing the state of the art for partial oxidation and oxidative dehydrogenation(ODH) reactions of lower alkanes C_1–C_6into olefins and oxygenated products(aldehydes, anhydrides,carboxylic acids) on metal oxide catalysts with cations of variable oxidation state, such as Mo and V in particular. Key parameters to be met by the catalysts, such as their redox properties, their structural aspects, active sites composed of ensembles of atoms isolated one from the others, mechanisms of reactions, are discussed. Main features of the different reactions of C_1–C_6alkanes and catalysts are analysed and their generalisation for determining more active and more selective catalysts is attempted. Prospective views for the future of the domain are proposed.     

Effects of potassium promoter on the performance of PdCl_2–CuCl_2/AC catalysts for the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from CO and methyl nitrite

The effect of potassium(K) promoter on the catalytic performance of activated carbon(AC) supported Wacker-type catalysts(Pd Cl2–Cu Cl2/AC) for the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate(DMC) from CO and methyl nitrite(MN) was investigated by means of N2 adsorption, H2-temperature-programmed reduction(H2-TPR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). The experimental results showed that the space time yield of DMC on Wacker-type catalysts with different K promoters ranked in the following order: KCl KOH CH3 COOK K2CO3. Especially, the addition of KCl significantly improved the catalytic activities of Pd Cl2–Cu Cl2/AC catalyst for DMC synthesis from CO and MN. N2 adsorption data indicated that the addition of K promoters did not change the textural properties of Wacker-type catalysts greatly. H2-TPR and XPS results demonstrated that the existence of KCl promoted the reducibility of Cu2+species and increased the proportion of Cu2+species on catalyst surface, which is favorable for oxidizing Pd0 to active Pd2+. Further, the addition of KCl benefited the reactivity of Pd Cl2–Cu Cl2/AC catalyst for DMC synthesis from CO and MN.     

HCAⅡ-inspired Catalysts for Making Carbon Dioxide-based Copolymers: The Role of Metal-hydroxide Bond

The general characteristics of the active center of the catalysts(including zinc-cobalt(III) double metal cyanide complex [Zn-Co(Ⅲ) DMCC]) for the copolymerization reaction of carbon dioxide(CO_2) with epoxide are summarized. By comparing the active center, catalytic performance of the Zn-Co(Ⅲ) DMCC(and other catalysts) with HCAII enzyme in the organism for activating CO_2(COS and CS_2), we proposed that the metal-hydroxide bond(M-OH), which is the real catalytic center of human carbonic anhydride Ⅱ(HCAⅡ), is also the catalytic(initiating) center for the copolymerization. It accelerates the copolymerization and forms a closed catalytic cycle through the chain transfer reaction to water(and thus strictly meets the definition of the catalyst). In addition, the metal-hydroxide bond catalysis could well explain the oxygen/sulfur exchange reaction(O/S ER) in metal(Zn, Cr)-catalyzed copolymerization of COS(and CS_2) with epoxides. Therefore, it is very promising to learn from HCAⅡ enzyme to develop biomimetic catalyst for highly active CO_2/epoxide copolymerization in a well-controlled manner under mild conditions.     

Trinuclear Metal Complexes Based on 1,10-Phenanthroline Derivates as Catalysts for Cleavage of a RNA-Model Substrate

Two multidentate ligands 2,9-di[6'-(2″-hydroxyl-3″-methoxyphenyl)-n-2',5'-diazahexyl]-1,10-phenanthroline(LA)and 2,9-di(6'-α-phenol-n-2',5'-diazahexyl)-1,10-phenanthroline(LB)were synthesized and fully characterized.Protonation of the ligands and the stability of the complexes of the ligands with divalent metal ions were investigated.The trinuclear metal complexes [Cu(Ⅱ)and Zn(Ⅱ)] of the ligands were studied,as catalysts,for the transphosphorylation of the RNA-model substrate 2-hydroxypropyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate(HPNP).The second-order rate constants of HPNP-hydrolysis catalyzed by M3L and M3LH-1 were obtained,which indicated that Zn3LBH-1 was the most efficient catalyst among them.The proposed mechanisms included the activation of the substrate via binding to the metal ions and intramolecular nucleophilic attack by the deprotonated C2-hydroxyl of HPNP.     

Topography Structure and Scanning Tunneling Spectrum of Nickel（Ⅱ）-tetraphenylporphyrin Molecules on Au（111）

1 INTRODUCTION Metalloporphyrins are intensively studied for many reasons. They have been comprehensively used in biochemistry, analytical chemistry and so on. They play an important role in biological processes such as oxygen transport photosynthesis and enzyme catalysis. They can act as catalysts[1], and can undergo reversible redox reactions in which the site of electron transfer may be localized on the por- phyrin ring or on the central metal ion. Both reaction types are important in…     

Density Functional Theory Study on the Adsorption of CN on Transition Metal M（100） （M = Ni,Pd, Pt,Cu, Ag and Au） Surfaces

The adsorption of cyanide on the top site of a series of transition metal M（100） （M = Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt） surfaces via carbon and nitrogen atoms respectively, with the CN axis perpendicular to the surface, has been studied by means of density functional theory and cluster model. Geometry, adsorption energy and vibrational frequencies have been determined, and the present calculations show that the adsorption of CN through C-end on metal surface is more favorable than that via N-end for the same surface. The vibrational frequencies of CN for C-down configuration on surface are blue-shifted with respect to the free CN, which is contrary to the change of vibrational frequencies when CN is adsorbed by N-down structure. Furthermore, the charge transfer from surface to CN causes the increase of surface work function.     

Fe/Zn double metal cyanide catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of propylene oxide: 2. Characterization of active structure of double metal cyanide catalysts

Double metal cyanide (DMC) complexes based on Zn₃[Fe(CN)₆]₂ were synthesized using different molar ratios of ZnCl₂ to K₃[Fe(CN)₆] and special complexing agents. IR spectroscopy, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and other analytical techniques were employed to characterize these catalysts. The morphology and structure of these DMC catalysts were attributed to the different complexing agents as well as to the different molar ratios of ZnCl₂ to K₃[Fe(CN)₆]. In addition, the catalytic activity was strongly correlated with the morphology and noncrystalline content of DMC catalysts. High-activity catalysts could be prepared by controlling the structure of DMC catalysts by incorporating complexing agents. The active species of DMC catalysts for ring-opening polymerization are Zn²⁺, [Fe(CN)₆]^3–, Cl^–, and the compound of their ligands.     

Exploring the morphological effect of Ni_xMg_(1-x)O catalysts on CO_2 reforming of methane

To gain deep insight into the Morphological effect of Ni_xMg_(1-x)O catalysts on the reaction of CO_2 reforming with methane, we designed and fabricated three different spatial structural Ni_xMg_(1-x)O catalysts.These Ni_xMg_(1-x)O catalysts with specific models such as rod, sheet and sphere, exhibited various activity and stability in CO_2 reforming reaction. Herein Ni_xMg_(1-x)O nanorods displayed higher catalytic activity, in which methane conversion was up to 72% and CO_2 conversion was 64% at 670°C with a space velocity of 79,200 mL/(gcath), compared with nanosheet and nanosphere counterparts. Furthermore, both catalysts of Ni_xMg_(1-x)O nanorod and nanosheet showed a high resistance toward coke deposition and sintering of active sites in the process of CO_2 reforming of methane.     

Adsorption of CO2 and CH4 on a magnesium-based metal organic framework

A magnesium-based metal organic framework (MOF), also known as Mg-MOF-74, was successfully synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for adsorption equilibria and kinetics of CO₂ and CH₄. The Mg-MOF-74 crystals were characterized with scanning electron microscopy for crystal structure, powder X-ray diffraction for phase structure, and nitrogen adsorption for pore textural properties. Adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of CO₂ and CH₄ on the Mg-MOF-74 adsorbent were measured in a volumetric adsorption unit at 278, 298, and 318 K and pressures up to 1 bar. It was found that the Mg-MOF-74 adsorbent prepared in this work has a median pore width of 10.2 Å, a BET specific surface area of 1174 m²/g, CO₂ and CH₄ adsorption capacities of 8.61 mmol g^?1 (37.8 wt.%) and 1.05 mmol g^?1 (1.7 wt.%), respectively, at 298 K and 1 bar. Both CO₂ and CH₄ adsorption capacities are significantly higher than those of zeolite 13X under similar conditions. The pressure-dependent equilibrium selectivity of CO₂ over CH₄ (q_CO2/q_CH4) in the Mg-MOF-74 adsorbent showed a trend similar to that of zeolite 13X and the intrinsic selectivity of Mg-MOF-74 at zero adsorption loading is 283 at 298 K. The initial heats of adsorption of CO₂ and CH₄ on the Mg-MOF-74 adsorbent were found to be 73.0 and 18.5 kJ mol^?1, respectively. The adsorption kinetic measurements suggest that the diffusivities of CO₂ and CH₄ on Mg-MOF-74 were comparable to those on zeolite 13X. CH₄ showed relatively faster adsorption kinetics than CO₂ in both adsorbents. The diffusion time constants of CO₂ and CH₄ in the Mg-MOF-74 adsorbent at 298 K were estimated to be 8.11 × 10^?3 and 4.05 × 10^?2 s^?1, respectively, showing a modest kinetic selectivity of about 5 for the separation CH₄ from CO₂.     

A novel method for Co(Ⅱ) and Cu(Ⅱ) analysis by capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection

Based on the fact that some metal ions can catalyze the chemiluminescence(CL)reaction of luminol with K_3Fe(CN)_6,a novel capillary electrophoresis CL method was developed for the determination of Co(Ⅱ)and Cu(Ⅱ).The separation was carried out with a 10 mmol/L sodium acetate solution containing 0.8 mmol/L luminol and 2.0 mmol/Lα-HIBA(adjusted to pH 4.8 by HAc solution).The post-capillary reagent was 2.0 mmol/L K_3Fe(CN)_6 which was adjusted to pH 13.0 by NaOH solution.Under the optimum conditions,the detection limits(S/N=3)for Co(Ⅱ)and Cu(Ⅱ)were 7.5×10~(-11)mol/L and 7.5×10~(-9)mol/L,with the linear range of 7.5×10~(-9)mol/L to 1.0×10~(-6)mol/L and 7.5×10~(-8)mol/L to 5.0×10~(-5)mol/L, respectively.     

Enhanced effect of plasma on catalytic reduction of CO_2 to CO with hydrogen over Au/CeO_2 at low temperature

In terms of the reaction of CO_2 reduction to CO with hydrogen, CO_2 conversion is very low at low temperature due to the limitation of thermodynamic equilibrium(TE). To overcome this limitation, plasma catalytic reduction of CO_2 to CO in a catalyst-filled dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) reactor is studied. An enhanced effect of plasma on the reaction over Au/CeO_2 catalysts is observed. For both the conventionally catalytic(CC) and plasma catalytic(PC, Pin= 15 W) reactions under conditions of 400 °C, H_2/CO_2= 1,200 SCCM, GHSV = 12,000 mL·g~(-1)cat·h~(-1), CO_2 conversions over Au/CeO_2 reach 15.4% and 25.5% due to the presence of Au, respectively, however, those over CeO_2 are extremely low and negligible. Moreover,CO_2 conversion over Au/CeO_2 in the PC reaction exceeds 22.4% of the TE conversion. Surface intermediate species formed on the catalyst samples during the reactions are determined by in-situ temperatureprogrammed decomposition(TPD) technique. Interestingly, it disclosed that in the PC reaction, the formation of formate intermediate is enhanced by plasma, and the acceleration by plasma in the decomposition of formate species is much greater than that in the formation of formate species on Au/CeO_2. Enhancement factor is introduced to quantify the enhanced effect of plasma. Lower reactor temperature, higher gas hourly space velocity(GHSV), and lower molar ratio of H_2/CO_2 would be associated with larger enhancement factor.     

Excellent electrocatalytic activity of benzil for direct reduction of CO_2 as well as indirect reduction of pyridine:A kinetic view of the electrocarboxylation process

Benzil,1,2-diphenylethane-1,2-dione, was used as an excellent electrocatalyst for reduction of carbon dioxide, CO_2. The reduction overpotential of CO_2 was reduced about 900 m V in the presence of a benzil mediator. The chemical reaction of the product of the electrocatalytic reduction of CO_2,(activated CO_2,CO_2~(·-)) with pyridine at a glassy carbon electrode, GCE, surface and in an acetonitrile-But_4NClO_4 solution was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and controlled potential coulometry.By chronoamperometry, the catalytic rate constant, k, for the electron transfer between benzil and CO_2 was obtained as 8.1 ± 0.4 M~(-1)s~(-1). The results indicate that pyridine has a strong interaction with the activated CO_2. The coulometry method was used to obtain the product of the pyridine chemical reaction with CO_2~(·-). The spectral characterizations of FTIR,~1H and ~(13)C NMR of the coulometry experiment product proved that the pyridine anion radical, Py~(·-), was carboxylated by CO_2~(·-), and isonicotinic acid is the final major product.     

Synthesis,structure and magnetic properties of 2-D and 3-D [cation]{M[Au(CN)2]3} (M = Ni, Co) coordination polymers

In order to study the templating effect of the cation and the resulting impact on the magnetic properties, reactions of M(II) salts with [cation][Au(CN)₂] were conducted, yielding a series of coordination polymers of the form [cation]{M[Au(CN)₂]₃} (cation = ⁿBu₄N⁺, PPN⁺ (bis(triphenylphosphoranylidene)ammonium); M = Ni(II) and Co(II)). The structures of ⁿBu₄N{M[Au(CN)₂]₃} and PPN{M[Au(CN)₂]₃} (M = Ni and Co) contain two distinct 3-D anionic frameworks of {M[Au(CN)₂]₃}⁻, hence the framework was sensitive to the cation, but not to the identity of the metal center. In ⁿBu₄N{M[Au(CN)₂]₃}, the metal centers are connected by [Au(CN)₂] units to form six 2-D (4, 4) rectangular grids that are fused through the M centers to yield a complex three-dimensional framework which accommodates the ⁿBu₄N⁺ cations. In PPN{M[Au(CN)₂]₃}, the framework adopts a simpler non-interpenetrated Prussian-blue-type pseudo-cubic array, with the PPN⁺ cations occupying each cavity; no reduction in dimensionality occurs despite the large cation size. In the presence of water, {Co(H₂O)₂[Au(CN)₂]₂} · ⁿBu₄N[Au(CN)₂] was obtained, a 2-D layered polymer that contains neutral sheets of {Co(H₂O)₂[Au(CN)₂]₂} which are separated by ⁿBu₄N[Au(CN)₂] layers; aurophilic interactions of 3.4250(13) Å and hydrogen-bonding connect the layers. The magnetic properties of all compounds were investigated by SQUID magnetometry. The Ni(II) polymers have similar magnetic behaviour, which are dominated by zero-field splitting with very weak antiferromagnetic interactions at low temperature (D ∼ 2–3 cm⁻¹, zJ < 1 cm⁻¹). The magnetic behaviour of all of the Co(II) polymers were found to be very similar, and dominated by single-ion effects (i.e. a large first-order orbital contribution). No significant magnetic coupling is observed in any of these coordination polymers, suggesting that the [Au(CN)₂] bridging unit behaves as a poor mediator of magnetic exchange in these high-dimensionality systems.     

(Solid + solute) phase equilibria in aqueous solution. XIII. Thermodynamic properties of hydrozincite and predominance diagrams for (Zn2 + + H2O + CO2)

The thermodynamic properties ofZn₅(OH)₆(CO₃)₂ , hydrozincite, have been determined by performing solubility and d.s.c. measurements. The solubility constant in aqueous NaClO₄media has been measured at temperatures ranging from 288.15 K to 338.15 K at constant ionic strength (I =  1.00 mol · kg ^− 1). Additionally, the dependence of the solubility constant on the ionic strength has been investigated up to I =  3.00 mol · kg ^− 1NaClO₄at T =  298.15 K. The standard molar heat capacity C_{p, m}^ofunction fromT =  318.15 K to T =  418.15 K, as well as the heat of decomposition of hydrozincite, have been obtained from d.s.c. measurements. All experimental results have been simultaneously evaluated by means of the optimization routine of ChemSage yielding an internally consistent set of thermodynamic data (T =  298.15 K): solubility constant log ^* K_{ps 0}⁰ =  (9.0  ±  0.1), standard molar Gibbs energy of formationΔ_fG_m^o {Zn₅(OH)₆(CO₃)₂ }  =  ( − 3164.6  ±  3.0)kJ · mol ^− 1, standard molar enthalpy of formation Δ_fH_m^o{Zn₅(OH)₆(CO₃)₂ }  =  ( − 3584  ±  15)kJ · mol ^− 1, standard molar entropy S_m^o{Zn₅(OH)₆(CO₃)₂ }  =  (436  ±  50)J · mol ^− 1· K ^− 1and C_p,m^o / (J · mol ^− 1· K ^− 1)  =  (119  ±  11)  +  (0.834  ±  0.033)T / K. A three-dimensional predominance diagram is introduced which allows a comprehensive thermodynamic interpretation of phase relations in(Zn^2 +  +  H₂O  +  CO₂) . The axes of this phase diagram correspond to the potential quantities: temperature, partial pressure of carbon dioxide and pH of the aqueous solution. Moreover, it is shown how the stoichiometric composition{n(CO₃) / n(Zn)} of the solid compoundsZnCO₃ and Zn₅(OH)₆(CO₃)₂can be checked by thermodynamically analysing the measured solubility data.     

A N,N′-diacetate benzodioxotetraazamacrocycle and its transition metal complexes

Reaction of 2,9-dioxo-1,4,7,10-tetraazabicyclo[1.10.1]hexadeca-1(11),13,15-triene-4,7-diacetic acid (H₂L1) with CuCl₂ · 2H₂O in ethanol at pH 6 led to the monomeric benzodioxochlorocomplex [Cu(L′1)Cl] (1) (HL′1 = monoethylesther of H₂L1). X-ray structural analysis has shown that in complex 1 the Cu is five-coordinated by two nitrogen and two oxygen atoms of the macrocycle and by a chloride, displaying a square pyramidal coordination geometry. One of the acetate arms does not coordinate to the Cu and has suffered an in situ ethanolic esterification reaction. The protonation constants of H₂L1 and the stability constants of its complexes with Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ were determined by potentiometric methods and in some cases by ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The stability constants of the complexes follow the trend [Ni(H₋₁L1)]⁻ > [Cu(H₋₁L1)]⁻ ≫ [Pb(H₋₁L1)]⁻ > [Zn(H₋₁L1)]⁻ > [Cd(H₋₁L1)]⁻, probably due to steric requirements. Spectroscopic measurements (absorption and EPR) at different pH values have shown the effect of the pH on the coordination sphere of the Cu complexes.     

Spin density distribution in oxamato-type transition metal complexes

The spin density distribution of the paramagnetic [ⁿBu₄N]₂[Cu(dana)] dana = N,N′-(naphthalene-2,3-diyl)-bis(oxamato) has been derived from angular dependent electron paramagnetic resonance measurements at room temperature. The results indicate a noticeable spin density transfer from the central metal to the coordinated N and O atoms. Quantum chemical studies using density functional theory reinforce the results.