新型酸性离子液体[hmim]hso4中合成乙酸酯

制备了一种新型B rφnsted酸性离子液体[Hm im]HSO4,用于乙酸与醇的酯化反应,通过简单的相分离就可以实现产物乙酸酯与离子液体的分离。考察了温度、时间、物料配比、离子液体用量等因素对乙酸与正丁醇的反应的影响,得出反应的最佳条件为:反应温度110℃,反应时间2 h,酸醇摩尔比为2,酸性离子液体[Hm im]HSO4与醇的体积比为1,乙酸正丁酯的产率为97%。离子液体重复使用5次,乙酸正丁酯的产率均大于94%。利用核磁共振、红外和元素分析测试技术对酸性离子液体[Hm im]HSO4的结构进行了表征,是以一水合物的形式存在。测定了不同浓度[Hm im]HSO4水溶液的酸强度数据,结果表明,其酸性明显高于酸性离子液体[Hm im]CF3COO的酸性。     

对甲苯磺酸催化合成乙酸正丁酯

用对甲苯磺酸作冰乙酸和正丁醇的酯化催化剂，成功地合成了乙酸正丁酯，考察了影响反应的因素，探讨并找到了较好的反应条件：乙酸l00mmol，n(冰乙酸)：n(正丁醇)：n(催化剂)=1：3：0．006，反应时间1．5h，不另加带水剂，产率达99．14％。     

离子液体催化甲苯选择性羰基化反应合成对甲基苯甲醛

 考察了卤化1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑氯铝酸盐类室温离子液体对甲苯选择性羰基化反应合成对甲基苯甲醛的催化性能. 采用乙腈探针红外光谱法测定了离子液体的酸类型(Brnsted/Lewis酸),并指示了离子液体的Lewis酸强度. 研究了离子液体的酸强度、反应温度、反应时间和CO压力的影响. 结果发现,该类离子液体对甲苯选择性羰基化反应的催化活性明显高于传统的B-L复合液体酸类和固体超强酸类催化剂; 使用离子液体催化剂显著地提高了甲苯选择性羰基化合成对甲基苯甲醛的产率,简化了产物与催化剂的分离. 当控制反应温度为50 ℃, CO压力为4.0 MPa, 反应时间为4 h时, ［bmim］Br/AlCl3催化甲苯的转化率可达96%,目标产物对甲基苯甲醛的产率达86%.     

活性炭负载硅钨酸催化合成乙酸正丁酯

以活性炭负载硅钨酸为催化剂,乙酸和正丁醇为原料合成乙酸正丁酯.优化的反应条件如下:在冰乙酸0.253mol、正丁醇0.22mol、催化剂用量为反应物总量的1.5%(质量分数)、反应温度115℃,反应时间为90min的条件下,酯化率可达97.8%.产品纯度>98%,并且催化剂可以多次使用活性没有明显下降.     

稀土固体超强酸SO2-4/TiO2/Ce(Ⅳ)催化合成乙酸正丁酯

以SO2-4/TiO2/Ce(Ⅳ)为催化剂,乙酸和正丁醇为原料合成了乙酸正丁酯,在n(醇)∶n(酸)=1.4,催化剂0.5g(乙酸200mmol时),反应时间1.5h的优化反应条件下,酯化率在96%以上.     

稀土固体超强酸SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2/Ce(Ⅳ)催化合成乙酸正丁酯

以SO2 -4/TiO2 /Ce(Ⅳ )为催化剂 ,乙酸和正丁醇为原料合成了乙酸正丁酯 ,在n(醇 )∶n(酸 ) =1.4 ,催化剂0 .5g(乙酸 2 0 0mmol时 ) ,反应时间 1.5h的优化反应条件下 ,酯化率在 96 %以上。     

凹凸棒石负载磷钨酸催化合成乙酸正丁酯

用凹凸棒石为载体制备了负载型磷钨酸催化剂,以乙酸和正丁醇为原料合成了乙酸正丁酯.考察了催化剂的制备条件(负载量,焙烧温度,酸浸泡浓度)及反应时间、反应温度、醇酸比和催化剂用量对反应的影响.最优的反应条件为:反应温度115℃,反应时间150min,醇酸比2.5∶1,催化剂用量3%(按反应体系总质量计算),在此条件下,酯化率可达94.0%.     

钨磷杂多酸催化合成乙酸丁酯的研究

工业乙酸丁酯合成多采用浓硫酸催化间歇式酯化法,该法腐蚀设备、污染环境及副反应多.本文采用H_3PW_(12)O_(40)·29H_2O(HPW)为催化剂,研究了合成乙酸丁酯的影响因素.在最佳反应条件下,正丁醇的转化率不低于98％,产物单收达97％以上,选择性接近100％. 1实验方法 H_3PW_(12)O_(40)·29H_2O、冰醋酸及正丁醇均为分析纯试剂.     

酸性离子液体催化纤维素在生物丁醇中转化为乙酰丙酸丁酯

研究了几种磺酸功能化离子液体催化纤维素在生物丁醇中转化为乙酰丙酸丁酯的性能. 系统考察了催化剂的酸强度, 用量, 反应温度, 时间和溶剂对纤维素转化效率和产物分布规律的影响. 实验结果表明酸度最强的磺酸功能化离子液体1-(4-磺酸丁基)-3-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐([C₄H₈SO₃Hmim]HSO₄)能够有效地催化纤维素转化为乙酰丙酸丁酯, 且在优化的反应条件下纤维素的转化率高达98.4%, 乙酰丙酸丁酯的产率为31.1%, 同时共生产物甲酸丁酯、水溶性产物和生物油的产率分别为33.4%、20.6%和23.8%. 该催化体系具有一定的耐水性能, 水的添加量为0.2 mL时并不会严重影响纤维素的转化率. 此外, 酸性离子液体催化剂还表现出了良好的重复使用性能, 使用六次后仍然保持较高的活性.     

乙酸正丁酯的合成

以乙酸和正丁醇为原料,在硫酸氢钾催化下合成了乙酸正丁酯;考察了反应时间、醇酸比、催化剂用量、带水剂用量及催化剂的重复使用对酯化率的影响.结果表明:当正丁醇用量为0.1mol,乙酸用量为0.135mol,催化剂硫酸氢钾用量为0.8g,带水剂环己烷用量为8mL时,反应的酯化率达95.2%.     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。