岩石Hopkinson层裂的流形元法模拟

 利用二阶流形元法,通过引入裂纹产生及扩展判据,对冲击载荷作用下岩石Hopkinson动态层裂过程进行了数值模拟,再现了拉伸波作用下Hopkinson层裂过程,计算得到的层裂片厚度和速度等与理论值符合较好,验证了流形元法在模拟冲击载荷作用下材料动态破坏过程方面的有效性和优越性。     

冲击载荷下Al2O3陶瓷的失效与破碎特性

作为典型的脆性材料,陶瓷对变形具有高度敏感性,在强动载荷下具有完全不同于延性金属材料的损伤、破坏行为等力学响应特性。采用分离式霍普金森杆测试系统对Al_2O_3陶瓷进行了冲击加载试验,获得了陶瓷的动态抗拉/压力学性能,以及材料破碎特性随应变率的变化关系。利用能量守恒和动力学的理论方法,对脆性陶瓷材料在不同应变率下的力学特性和碎片尺度进行了深入研究。结果表明:在冲击载荷作用下,Al_2O_3陶瓷的抗拉和抗压强度均与应变率呈正相关。Al_2O_3陶瓷试样在一维应力波作用下的破碎颗粒尺寸差异较大,随着加载应变率的增加,破碎的陶瓷颗粒总数增大,颗粒平均粒径减小,应力集中的影响逐渐减弱。采用DID模型模拟的脆性材料碎片尺度与实验结果比较吻合,Grady模型源于韧性材料的推广,与实验结果的偏差较大。     

Soda lime玻璃材料中失效波形成和传播研究

 为了研究冲击载荷作用下Soda lime玻璃材料中失效波的形成和传播,通过轻气炮加载平板撞击实验,采用双螺旋锰铜压阻传感器,在一发实验中同时测量4种不同厚度试件背面与有机玻璃背板间界面处的纵向应力时程曲线,根据测量结果得到试件中失效波的传播轨迹。通过改变碰撞速度,对不同加载条件下的失效波形成和传播规律进行了研究,结果表明,Soda lime玻璃材料在冲击作用下产生失效波所需的延迟时间随冲击载荷的增加而减小,失效波传播速度随冲击载荷的增加而增加。最后采用弹性微裂纹统计模型描述冲击载荷作用下Soda lime玻璃的破坏机制,并将模型嵌入LS-DYNA有限元程序中,模拟试件在不同加载条件下的平板碰撞,所得横向应力和自由面粒子速度曲线均可用于表征失效波破坏现象。根据数值模拟结果分析失效波的传播轨迹,与实验测量结果符合较好。     

纳米陶瓷粉末在爆炸压实过程中的破碎行为研究

 在爆炸压实过程中，纳米颗粒所受冲击载荷发生显著变化的时间远远大于应力波传过颗粒特征长度所用时间；同时，陶瓷颗粒在爆炸冲击过程中主要表现为脆性。基于以上两个事实提出了弹性假设，推导了颗粒在压实过程中的受力状态。回顾了判断脆性材料破坏的三个准则，即Hugonoit弹性极限、动态屈服强度和理论剪切强度，并从这三种判据的交集值出发来判断爆炸压实过程中陶瓷颗粒是否有发生破碎的可能。通过具体计算得出颗粒内存在两个最大剪应力的位置：一个位置发生在距颗粒接触面0.5 nm范围以内，此处剪应力最大；另一个位置发生在距接触面较远处。这一结果为解释陶瓷粉末颗粒在爆炸压实过程中存在塑性行为和破碎行为提供了理论依据。     

无序性对脆性材料冲击破碎的影响

脆性材料受冲击荷载作用产生损伤开裂是一个连续介质离散化的过程.采用连续离散耦合方法模拟了一个脆性圆球以不同初始速度与刚性板的冲击,重点研究了无序性对脆性材料冲击破碎的影响,并对其内在机理进行了分析.本文不考虑材料细观结构的无序性,材料的无序仅体现在细观断裂参数的非均质性.数值实验同样揭示了脆性材料在冲击破坏中存在两种破坏模式,即低速时接触区域的局部损伤和高速时的整体碎裂.研究表明,材料无序性对临界冲击速度、破碎模式、碎片形态影响显著.随着无序度增加,材料的临界速度增大,损伤开裂由少量贯穿性裂纹主导转变为全域性的分叉裂纹.高无序度圆球冲击产生的碎片表面更粗糙,体型更为扁平细长.这与细观断裂的主导机制有关,无序度较高时剪切导致开裂的比重更大,碎片内部损伤裂纹面更多.     

石英玻璃球撞击刚性壁的破碎过程

利用高速枪对石英玻璃球撞击刚性靶板进行了实验研究,分析了不同速度下球体的破碎过程和失效模式。当冲击速度低于临界破坏速度时,石英玻璃球以略低于原速从靶板回弹;当超过临界破坏速度时,球体呈现“压缩破碎区-表面剥落区-剪切破坏区”的破坏结构;进一步提高碰撞速度,剪切破坏区的扩展导致球体碎裂为若干“月牙状”的碎块;更高撞击速度下,石英玻璃球发生坍塌式破碎,在远离撞击端处产生层裂现象。利用离散元软件对球体的撞击破坏过程进行了模拟研究,球体在高速碰撞下的破碎可以分为弹性压缩、整体破碎和二次撞击3个阶段。球体碎裂前Hertz接触理论可以较好描述其撞击力,而破碎后的撞击力由于碎裂卸载远小于理论值,且偏差随冲击速度逐渐增加。     

不同应变率下两种岩石的压缩破碎特征试验研究

为了研究不同岩石在不同应变率下压缩时裂纹的产生规律及破坏模式,将石灰岩和红砂岩制成试件,研究其在不同应变率和受力模式下裂纹的形成模式。开展了两种岩石的准静态压缩和动态压缩试验,采用高速摄影机记录了裂纹的产生和破坏模式。对两种岩石试件的裂纹形态进行对比,基于岩石的物理性质、受力状态、能量演化分析,得到了在不同应变率下压缩时产生差异性的原因。结果表明:准静态压缩下岩石试件受压的破坏模式也会因应变率的不同而存在差异,并且破坏模式的差异对岩石试件的抗压强度将产生显著的影响;从能量演化的角度分析,入射能量的大小将会决定岩石试样动态抗压强度曲线是否出现起伏;动态压缩时,裂纹的周向扩展速度与岩石抗压强度呈正相关。     

准静态和动态加载对裂纹扩展阻力曲线的影响及其关系的研究

对典型压力容器用钢Q345R预制裂纹夏比冲击试样进行示波冲击试验,得到了Q345R钢的载荷-位移曲线,并根据试验数据,利用J积分增量方程和Schindler方法分别计算得到Q345R钢在冲击加载下的动态裂纹扩展阻力曲线(J-R曲线)。然后将动态J-R曲线和准静态加载条件下试验得到的J-R曲线进行对比发现,动态加载条件下的J-R曲线高于准静态加载时得到的结果。最后,建立了动态和准静态加载下J-R曲线之间的关系式,对工程应用具有重要的参考意义。     

强激光加载下金属材料微喷回收诊断

金属材料在冲击载荷下的动态响应在许多民用工程、航空航天等领域都有重要的应用背景.而金属材料在冲击载荷下的微喷形成过程,包括微射流、碎裂以及微层裂的物理过程的研究中尚存在许多空白.介绍了国内首次在神光Ⅲ原型激光装置上开展的金属材料微喷回收实验,实现了激光加载下低密度泡沫材料对微喷颗粒的回收,对回收样品进行了X光CT分析,通过图像重建,获得了回收微喷颗粒的三维图像,以及颗粒不同形态分布、颗粒尺寸、颗粒质量等定量结果.     

冲击载荷作用下岩体拉-压损伤破坏的边坡抛掷爆破模拟

为了获得边坡台阶爆破时岩体在冲击载荷作用下破碎和抛掷过程中各物理参量的变化规律,将构建的岩体动态拉-压损伤本构关系嵌入模拟软件进行数值分析。结果表明:振动波三轴合成速率曲线与质点振动位移曲线的变化趋势所对应的时间节点和步长基本吻合,可作为降振减灾的判定指标;岩体最早于0.6 ms左右从坡脚位置产生裂纹,直至12.5 ms左右裂纹裂隙完成扩展,所形成的炮孔粉碎区半径约28 cm;抛掷块状分离现象从炮孔药包的中间部位开始,最大抛掷速度集中于该部位至边坡自由面之间的垂直区域内,边坡自由面抛掷速度小于炮孔周围岩块抛掷速度,导致抛掷过程中形成二次挤压破碎现象;破碎大块主要来源于边坡坡脚、炸药与堵塞物接触面两侧围岩以及台阶顶部自由面处,大块块体直径分布于1.6～2.7 m范围。     

Crack propagation in amorphous polymers and their composites

The fracture energy of a polymer depends strongly on the viscoelastic responses of the material, and therefore is a function of temperature and crack velocity. The toughness of a composite is determined by the way in which the reinforcing filler modifies the energy dissipating mechanisms of the polymeric matrix.

The fracture toughness of a variety of polymeric glasses and their composites with glass beads, glass fibers, and rubber particles was measured. The velocity of rapidly moving cracks and the crack propagation rates under controlled loading conditions were also measured.

It was found that the crack propagation velocities in unfilled and glass bead filled materials were controlled by the longitudinal stress waves in the matrix and that the only effects of the glass beads were to blunt the crack tip and limit the viscous deformation. The effect on fracture toughness was relatively small and either positive or negative, depending on which of the above two factors dominated.

The presence of rubber particles as a second phase lowered terminal crack propagation velocities and greatly increased the fracture toughness, indicating a crack retarding effect of the rubber particles. This is related to the induction of crazes in the matrix by the rubber phase.

Glass fibers had a tendency to bridge the tip of a propagating crack, thereby greatly increasing the fracture toughness. In this case the work of fracture comes from a combination of the elastic strain energy stored in the fibers, the energy dissipated in debonding the fibers from the matrix, and the fracture energy of the matrix itself.     

Low self-affine exponents of fractured glass ceramics surfaces

The geometry of postmortem rough fracture surfaces of porous glass ceramics made of sintered glass beads is shown experimentally to be self-affine with an exponent zeta=0.40+/-0.04, remarkably lower than the "universal" value zeta=0.8 frequently measured for many materials. This low value of zeta is similar to that found for sandstone samples of similar microstructure and is also practically independent on the porosity phi in the range investigated (3%< or =phi< or =26%) as well as on the bead diameter d and of the crack growth velocity. In contrast, the roughness amplitude normalized by d increases linearly with phi while it is still independent, within experimental error, of d and of the crack propagation velocity. An interpretation of this variation is suggested in terms of a transition from transgranular to intergranular fracture propagation with no influence, however, on the exponent zeta.     

Manufacturing individual beads of quartz glass via the selective laser melting of its powder

When selective laser melting technology is applied to fragile materials, a part can crack during the manufacturing stage. Stable SLM conditions are found for quartz glass, under which individual beads of remolten powder are manufactured. The beads are fused with a solid support of the same material. No cracking is observed in the beads or in the supports near the formers.     

Caustics method in dynamic fracture problem of orthotropic materials

Caustics method is a powerful optical technique in fracture mechanics because of its high sensitivity to stress gradients. In this paper, it is applied to resolve dynamic fracture problems in orthotropic composites. Considering most orthotropic materials are opaque, reflective caustics method is derived here by combining the fundamental principle of caustics method with the mechanical properties of orthotropic materials. Meanwhile, corresponding experiments are carried out for typical glass fiber-reinforced composites, where mode I and mixed-mode fracture states are taken into account. By recording and analyzing shadow spot patterns during the crack propagation process carefully, crack onset time, dynamic fracture toughness and crack growth velocity of orthotropic composite are determined. These results will be useful to evaluate the dynamic fracture properties of composites and further to optimize their designs.     

Crack growth on the basal plane in single crystal zinc: experiments and computations

Crack propagation on the basal planes in zinc was examined by means of in situ fracture testing of pre-cracked single crystals, with specific attention paid to the fracture mechanism. During quasistatic loading, crack propagation occurred in short bursts of dynamic crack extension followed by periods of arrests, the latter accompanied by plastic deformation and blunting of the crack-tip. In situ observations confirmed nucleation and propagation of microcracks on parallel basal planes and plastic deformation and failure of the linking ligaments. Pre-existing twins in the crack path serve as potent crack arrestors. The crystallographic orientation of the crack growth direction on the basal plane was found to influence both the fracture load as well as the deformation at the crack-tip, producing fracture surfaces of noticeably different appearances. Finite element analysis incorporating crystal plasticity was used to identify dominant slip systems and the stress distribution around the crack-tip in plane stress and plane strain. The computational results are helpful in rationalizing the experimental observations including the mechanism of crack propagation, the orientation dependence of crack-tip plasticity and the fracture surface morphology.     

Two-dimensional scaling properties of experimental fracture surfaces

The self-affine properties of postmortem fracture surfaces in silica glass and aluminum alloy were investigated through the 2D height-height correlation function. They are observed to exhibit anisotropy. The roughness, dynamic, and growth exponents are determined and shown to be the same for the two materials, irrespective of the crack velocity. These exponents are conjectured to be universal.     

碳纤维布补强梁裂尖奇异性的光学焦散线实验研究

通过光学焦散线方法对碳纤维布加固含裂纹梁进行三点弯荷载下的静荷载和冲击实验,研究了其断裂特性。在静态实验研究中,记录了不同载荷状态下裂纹的焦散斑光学图像,计算了与之对应的裂纹尖端的应力强度因子,分析了试件在粘贴加固不同长度的碳纤维布情况下焦散斑和应力强度因子演化规律。在动态实验中,记录了裂纹扩展的过程和在此过程中不同时刻的焦散斑和裂纹扩展的路线。通过各瞬间的焦散斑图像,分析裂纹的扩展长度及速度,并得到各时刻的动态应力强度因子。