磁驱动准等熵平面压缩和超高速飞片发射实验技术原理、装置及应用

利用脉冲大电流产生随时间平滑上升的磁压,实现对样品的准等熵平面压缩和超高速飞片发射,是近十年来发展和完善起来的一种新型的强动态斜波加载技术(ramp wave loading).本文简述了其原理、加载装置及数据处理方法等方面的研究进展,同时着重评述利用该技术和方法开展高压物态方程、材料动力学响应方面的研究进展,并对该技术在冲击动力学、天体物理和高能量密度物理等方面的应用前景进行了展望.      

磁驱动等熵压缩和高速飞片的实验技术（续4）

5．4 磁驱动高速飞片和物态方程实验的进展 5．4．1．磁驱动高速金属飞片的实验 在Z机器上进行的磁驱动高速铝飞片实验已取得显著进展，在2000年达到20km／s速度之后，实验技术不断改进，2004和2005年分别达到27km／s和33km／s，预计2006年可在ZR装置上实现40km／s以上超高速度。这项实验的原理及关键技术在本章前几节中已有详细分析，这里将介绍一些典型的实验结果。     

磁驱动等熵压缩和高速飞片的实验技术（续1）

3 磁驱动压力加载原理及实验样品设计 3．1 磁压力计算 3．1．1 基本概念 如图3．1所示，假设导体表面微元dydz的法向为x轴，指向导体内部，磁场强度H沿-y轴方向，电流J，方向为z轴。由于不存在位移电流，麦克斯韦方程组中的安培定律可写为     

一维平面磁驱动等熵加载发射飞片技术

探索了一维平面磁驱动发射飞片的实验技术,实现了在一个样品上同时发射两个不同厚度的飞片,并利用VISAR测试技术同时获得了两个飞片自由面完整的速度历史。其中在回路放电峰值电流密度为823 kA/cm的情况下,在上升前沿2 s内将厚度为0.38 mm、直径为4 mm的铝飞片发射到1.5 km/s,作用在飞片上的最大磁压力为4.25 GPa。显微分析发现,在飞片速度较高的情况下,飞片与镗孔底部剪切破坏的断口上,由于凝固过程中过冷度大有非晶等现象出现。进一步促进了磁驱动等熵加载、发射飞片实验技术、物态方程研究的开展。     

磁驱动等熵压缩和高速飞片的实验技术

固体材料的磁驱动等熵压缩(Isentropic Compression Experiments，ICE)是近几年发展起来的一种新型实验技术，目的是测量材料的等熵压缩线，可作为Grtineisen方程或其他理论物态方程的重要参考线，改进对偏离Hugoniot状态(off—Hugoniot)的认识。对于某些过程较长的爆炸装置，用等熵压缩描述其中材料状态的变化，可能更接近于真实的情况。     

基于“钉床型”飞片的斜波加载技术及应用

为了实现斜波加载,设计了一种“钉床型”广义波阻抗梯度飞片,即在基座上密排叠加许多小圆锥,简称“钉床型”飞片。该飞片采用激光选区熔化金属增材制造技术进行制备。利用一级轻气炮加载装置和全光纤激光位移干涉测试系统,开展不同工况下“钉床型”飞片高速击靶压缩实验和层裂实验,重点讨论小圆锥高度和撞击速度对斜波压缩加载波形的影响规律,以及斜波加载对不锈钢靶板层裂特性的影响。实验结果显示:（1）“钉床型”飞片对靶板产生的压缩是逐步的,从自由面速度剖面上观察到压缩波上升前沿时间被显著延长,形成了斜波波阵面,明显不同于冲击压缩的陡峭波阵面;（2）在飞片击靶速度近似恒定条件下,斜波波阵面的上升沿时间、平台速度峰值都明显依赖于“钉床型”飞片上的小圆锥高度,随着小圆锥高度增大,上升沿时间呈线性增大,而平台速度峰值呈线性减小;（3）在“钉床型”飞片的几何尺寸保持不变的条件下,斜波波阵面的上升沿时间随着飞片击靶速度的增大而线性减小,平台速度峰值则线性增大;（4）与冲击加载相比,“钉床型”飞片产生的斜波加载不会对材料的层裂强度产生明显影响,但对材料内部损伤演化速率有一定的影响。     

磁驱动等熵压缩和高速飞片的实验技术（续3）

5磁驱动等熵压缩和高速飞片的冲击大电流技术与实验研究进展5.1冲击大电流发生器在一定负载上产生数兆安培以至几百兆安培的冲击大电流,是发展脉冲功率技术的主要目的之一。永久性冲击大电流发生器的主要技术途径是通过电容或电感式中间贮能、与负载匹配的快响应传输线或特殊的     

磁驱动等熵压缩和高速飞片的实验技术（续2）

4磁压加载等熵压缩实验的数据处理方法 4．1磁驱动实验测量技术 磁驱动实验与通常冲击动力学实验的差别首先在于加载手段的不同，不是纯力学方式（即通过驱动器与样品的直接接触施加作用力）加载，而是利用经过样品的电流与其自身产生磁场相互作用的电磁力无接触地加载，其优点是磁压力的高低只与导体样品表面电流密度有关。在不考虑磁扩散的前提下，把流经导体样品表面的电流密度及其分布测量准确，就能准确的给定磁压力。对于简单的电极构形，通常用罗柯夫斯基线圈测量流过的脉冲电流。     

内爆磁压缩准等熵加载过程分析与实验验证

利用磁流体力学程序SSS-MHD模拟了炸药柱面内爆磁通量压缩发生器CJ-100装置的加载过程,讨论了各项装置参数的影响,结果表明装置可达到的峰值磁场值与初始磁场值成反比关系。设计了铁/铜夹层结构的样品靶,在该型装置上开展纯铁的准等熵加载实验。利用光子多普勒测速探头测量到6.43 km/s的样品靶自由面速度,在DT4铁中获得206 GPa的准等熵加载压力。铁材料的压力-比容曲线与理论等熵线基本重合,表明内爆磁压缩加载过程具有较高的等熵程度。

     

磁驱动准等熵压缩下LY12铝的强度测量

高压高应变率加载下材料的强度研究一直是冲击动力学的一个难题,目前动态载荷下材料的高压强度测量主要是基于平板撞击技术,冲击温升和应变率效应对材料强度的影响难以分离. 基于小型磁驱动加载装置CQ-4,开展了磁驱动准等熵压缩下LY12 铝的声速和强度测量的实验研究,讨论了考虑加载-卸载过程时磁驱动压缩实验的负载电极设计、实验样品设计、数据处理与分析等内容,并获得了12 GPa 压力范围沿加载-卸载路径的声速变化和峰值压力点的强度数据.      

基于广义逆算法的冲击波超压场重建方法

针对局部布点测试不能全面了解冲击波传播过程的不足,以及冲击波超压经验公式的局限性,采用网络化测试技术获取冲击波信号,以计算机层析成像技术为基础,利用加权广义逆反演算法对爆炸冲击波速度场进行反演,根据峰值超压与速度的关系得到峰值超压场分布。经一定测试范围内实验验证,峰值超压重建结果优于经验公式计算结果。     

An implicit time‐marching algorithm for shallow water models based on the generalized wave continuity equation

Wave equation models currently discretize the generalized wave continuity equation with a three‐time‐level scheme centered at k and the momentum equation with a two‐time‐level scheme centered at k+1/2; non‐linear terms are evaluated explicitly. However in highly non‐linear applications, the algorithm becomes unstable at even moderate Courant numbers. This paper examines an implicit treatment of the non‐linear terms using an iterative time‐marching algorithm. Depending on the domain, results from one‐dimensional experiments show up to a tenfold increase in stability and temporal accuracy. The sensitivity of stability to variations in the G‐parameter (a numerical weighting parameter in the generalized wave continuity equation) was examined; results show that the greatest increase in stability occurs with G/τ=2–50. In the one‐dimensional experiments, three different types of node spacing techniques—constant, variable, and LTEA (Localized Truncation Error Analysis)—were examined; stability is positively correlated to the uniformity of the node spacing. Lastly, a scaling analysis demonstrates that the magnitudes of the non‐linear terms are positively correlated to those that most influence stability, particularly the term containing the G‐parameter. It is evident that the new algorithm improves stability and temporal accuracy in a cost‐effective manner. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Band structure calculation of scalar waves in two-dimensional phononic crystals based on generalized multipole technique

A multiple monopole （or multipole） method based on the generalized mul- tipole technique （GMT） is proposed to calculate the band structures of scalar waves in two-dimensional phononic crystals which are composed of arbitrarily shaped cylinders embedded in a host medium. In order to find the eigenvalues of the problem, besides the sources used to expand the wave field, an extra monopole source is introduced which acts as the external excitation. By varying the frequency of the excitation, the eigenvalues can be localized as the extreme points of an appropriately chosen function. By sweeping the frequency range of interest and sweeping the boundary of the irreducible first Brillouin zone, the band structure is obtained. Some numerical examples are presented to validate the proposed method.     

Band structure calculations of in-plane waves in two-dimensional phononic crystals based on generalized multipole technique

A numerical method, the so-called multiple monopole (MMoP) method, based on the generalized multipole technique (GMT) is proposed to calculate the band structures of in-plane waves in two-dimensional phononic crystals, which are composed of arbitrarily shaped cylinders embedded in a solid host medium. To find the eigenvalues (eigenfrequencies) of the problem, besides the sources used to expand the wave fields, an extra monopole source is introduced which acts as the external excitation. By varying the excitation frequency, the eigenvalues can be localized as the extreme points of an appropriately chosen function. By sweeping the frequency range of interest and the boundary of the irreducible first Brillouin zone (FBZ), the band structures can be obtained. Some typical numerical examples with different acoustic impedance ratios and with inclusions of various shapes are presented to validate the proposed method.     

A 2D implicit time‐marching algorithm for shallow water models based on the generalized wave continuity equation

This paper builds upon earlier work that developed and evaluated a 1D predictor–corrector time‐marching algorithm for wave equation models and extends it to 2D. Typically, the generalized wave continuity equation (GWCE) utilizes a three time‐level semi‐implicit scheme centred at k, and the momentum equation uses a two time‐level scheme centred at k+12. It has been shown that in highly non‐linear applications, the algorithm becomes unstable at even moderate Courant numbers. This work implements and analyses an implicit treatment of the non‐linear terms through the use of an iterative time‐marching algorithm in the two‐dimensional framework. Stability results show at least an eight‐fold increase in the maximum time step, depending on the domain. Studies also examined the sensitivity of the G parameter (a numerical weighting parameter in the GWCE) with results showing the greatest increase in stability occurs when 1?G/τ_max?10, a range that coincides with the recommended range to minimize errors. Convergence studies indicate an increase in temporal accuracy from first order to second order, while overall error is less than the original algorithm, even at higher time steps. Finally, a parallel implementation of the new algorithm shows that it scales well. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of dynamic instability of interfacial slip waves based on the surface impedance tensor

A new method relying on the Stroh formulism and the theory of the surface impedance tensor was developed to investigate the dynamic instability of interfacial slip waves. The concept of the surface impedance tensor was extended to the case where the wave speed is of a complex value, and the boundary conditions at the frictionally contacting interface were expressed by the surface impedance tensor. Then the boundary value problem was transformed to searching for zeroes of a complex polynomial in the unit circle. As an example, the steady frictional sliding of an elastic half-space in contact with a rigid flat surface was considered in details. A quartic complex characteristic equation was derived and its solution behavior in the unit circle was discussed. An explicit expression for the instability condition of the interfacial slip waves was presented.     

Compressible flow equations based on moving coordinates determined by the wave speed

In this paper, we consider moving coordinates with a speed determined by the wave speed. This allows us to move the coordinates at the speed of contact discontinuities, expansion fans, or other wave structures. While recognizing that the Lagrangian coordinates, which can well resolve the sliplines, behave badly for expansion waves, we demonstrate that a coordinate system moving at the characteristic speed of the expansion fan behaves much better for expansion waves. Moreover, the new coordinate system allows one to well capture the shock wave, the slipline and the expansion waves at the same time. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Small scale effects on buckling and postbuckling behaviors of axially loaded FGM nanoshells based on nonlocal strain gradient elasticity theory

By means of a comprehensive theory of elasticity, namely, a nonlocal strain gradient continuum theory, size-dependent nonlinear axial instability characteristics of cylindrical nanoshells made of functionally graded material (FGM) are examined. To take small scale effects into consideration in a more accurate way, a nonlocal stress field parameter and an internal length scale parameter are incorporated simultaneously into an exponential shear deformation shell theory. The variation of material properties associated with FGM nanoshells is supposed along the shell thickness, and it is modeled based on the Mori-Tanaka homogenization scheme. With a boundary layer theory of shell buckling and a perturbation-based solving process, the nonlocal strain gradient load-deflection and load-shortening stability paths are derived explicitly. It is observed that the strain gradient size effect causes to the increases of both the critical axial buckling load and the width of snap-through phenomenon related to the postbuckling regime, while the nonlocal size dependency leads to the decreases of them. Moreover, the influence of the nonlocal type of small scale effect on the axial instability characteristics of FGM nanoshells is more than that of the strain gradient one.