Experimental investigation of the interaction between a plane wall jet and a parallel offset jet

The dual-jet flow generated by a plane wall jet and a parallel offset jet at an offset ratio of d/w = 1.0 has been investigated using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The particle images are captured, processed, and subsequently used to characterize the flow in terms of the 2D velocity and vorticity distributions. Statistical characteristics of the flow are obtained through ensemble averaging of 360 instantaneous velocity fields. Also presented is a time series of instantaneous flow fields to illustrate the dynamic interaction between the two jets. Results reveal that the near field of the flow is characterized by a periodic large-scale Karman-like vortex shedding similar to what would be expected in the wake of a bluff body. The existence of the Karman-like vortices results in periodic interactions between the two jets; in addition, these vortices produce noticeable impact on the jet outer layers, i.e., the free shear layer of the offset jet and the wall boundary layer of the wall jet. A schematic of vortex/shear layer interaction is proposed to illustrate the flow pattern.     

A plane turbulent wall jet on a fully rough surface

The mean velocity field and skin friction characteristics of a plane turbulent wall jet on a smooth and a fully rough surface were studied using Particle Image Velocimetry. The Reynolds number based on the slot height and the exit velocity of the jet was Re = 13,400 and the nominal size of the roughness was k = 0.44 mm. For this Reynolds number and size of roughness element, the flow was in the fully rough regime. The surface roughness results in a distinct change in the shape of the mean velocity profile when scaled in outer coordinates, i.e. using the maximum velocity and outer half-width as the relevant velocity and length scales, respectively. Using inner coordinates, the mean velocity in the lower region of the inner layer was consistent with a logarithmic profile which characterizes the overlap region of a turbulent boundary layer; for the rough wall case, the velocity profile was shifted downward due to the enhanced wall shear stress. For the fully rough flow, the decay rate of the maximum velocity of the wall jet is increased, and the skin friction coefficient is much larger than for the smooth wall case. The inner layer is also thicker for the rough wall case. The effects of surface roughness were observed to penetrate into the outer layer and slightly enhance the spread rate for the outer half-width, which was not observed in most other studies of transitionally rough wall jet flows.     

Numerical and experimental characterization of a double-orifice synthetic jet actuator

A complete investigation of a double-orifice synthetic jet actuator, focused on the device frequency response in terms of jet velocity, has been carried out. Numerical simulations have shown that, in many operation conditions, the flow within the actuator cavity can be considered as divided in two sub-volumes, each characterized by its own flow field. An analytical approach, based on the previous consideration, has allowed to obtain simple relationships for the three resonance frequencies and to provide further insights on the jets formation. The model has been validated through experimental tests carried out on two actuators manufactured in-house, having different geometrical and mechanical characteristics. Comparisons with the behavior of the twin single-orifice device have been discussed and useful considerations on the prediction of the actual formation of the synthetic jet are included .     

Measurements in a heated turbulent wall jet on a concave wall

The paper contains the results of extensive single-point hot-wire and resistance-thermometer measurements in a wall jet on a heated concave wall with an external free stream. It is found that the turbulence in the inner (wall) and outer layers is sensitive to the distortion produced by the curved wall, broadly confirming current views of these effects. The effect on the turbulence of streamline curvature is stabilising in the outer layer, destabilising in the inner. Consequently the point of zero shear stress is closer to the point of maximum mean velocity than in flat and convex wall jets with which these new results are compared. The rate of growth is about 80% of that of the equivalent flat wall flow, and about half that of the convex wall flow. Changes in the wall shear stress and heat flux, which are increased relative to the flat wall flow, are significant but less than the changes in the corresponding convex wall flow. The greatest changes occur in the triple products.     

The Effect of Wall Normal Actuation on a Turbulent Boundary Layer

In this work, a series of direct numerical simulations are conducted to study the effect of wall normal spanwise homogeneous wall actuation on a turbulent boundary layer. The moving boundary is represented by a boundary data immersion technique. A parametric study was performed, varying the actuator length, the wall normal actuation amplitude and the actuation frequency. It was found that localized actuation, relying only on wall motion instead of requiring a plenum in the case of synthetic jets, generated a net momentum flux jet affecting the flow not only in the immediate vicinity of the actuator but also for a significant distance downstream. The cases with an actuator velocity of \( u^{+}_{act}=?20.1 \) showed a particularly pronounced effect on the boundary layer and resulted in a recirculation region.     

Experimental investigation of planar offset attaching jets with small offset distances

An experimental investigation was performed to characterize the development of planar jets initially issuing parallel to an adjacent wall with offset distances of up to 1 jet height and Reynolds number of 44,000. The results showed that the initial development of the mean flow field in the planar offset jets could be divided into five regions; three associated with the jet attaching to the wall similar to other reattaching shear layer flows and two associated with the resulting planar wall jet flow. The transition from the reattaching flow to the wall jet flow was also characterized by a significant change in the characteristic frequency, size, and convection velocity of the large-scale structures in the flows. The research was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.     

The development of an axisymmetric curved turbulent wall jet

An experimental study has been carried out of the low speed Coanda wall jet with both streamwise and axisymmetric curvature. A single component laser Doppler technique was used, and by taking several orientations at a given point, values of the three mean velocities and five of the six Reynolds stresses were obtained. The lateral divergence and convex streamwise curvature both enhanced the turbulence in the outer part of the jet compared with a plane two-dimensional wall jet. The inner layer exhibited a large separation of the positions of maximum velocity and zero shear stress. It was found that the streamwise mean velocity profile became established very rapidly downstream of the slot exit. The profile appeared fairly similar at later downstream positions, but the mean radial velocity and turbulence parameters showed the expected nonself preservation of the flow. Removal of the streamwise curvature resulted in a general return of the jet conditions toward those expected of a plane wall jet. The range and accuracy of the data may be used for developing turbulence models and computational techniques for this type of flow.     

Flow field characterization of a jet and vortex actuator

 An actuator, which produces several different flow fields that may be used for active flow control, is characterized in still air using flow visualization and velocity measurements. The primary actuator-induced flow fields are: free jets, wall jets, and vortex flows. The non-dimensional parameters governing these actuator-induced flows are developed. For the vortex-flow regime, the operational range of the actuator increases as it’s size decreases without a significant decrease in either the actuator induced velocity or vortex core size. The velocity scaling is developed for the vortex flow and suggests that the optimum actuator efficiency occurs at a Stokes number of approximately 7.9 for the range of parameters surveyed. In a turbulent, zero pressure gradient boundary layer, measurements made just downstream of the actuator (when operated in the vortex mode) indicate a vortical disturbance is generated in the boundary layer. Received: 2 September 1998/Accepted: 9 January 1999     

Modified flapping jet for increased jet spreading using synthetic jets

The present paper is an experimental investigation, using a PIV system, on modified rectangular jet flow co-flowing with a pair of synthetic jets placed symmetrically with respect to the geometric centerline of the main flow. The objective was to determine the optimal forcing conditions that would result in jet spreading beyond what would be obtained in a simple flapped jet. The main jet had an exit Re_h = 36,000, based on the slot height, h. The synthetic jets were operated in a periodic manner with a periodic momentum coefficient of about 3.3% and at a frequency of the main jet preferred mode. A short, wide angle diffuser of half angle of about 45° was attached to the main jet. Generally for the vectored jet, much of the flow features found here resembled those reported in the literature except that the deflection angle in this study increased with downstream distances inside the diffuser and then remained roughly unchanged thereafter. Larger jet spreading was achieved when the main jet was subjected to simultaneous actuation of the synthetic jets but the flow did not achieve the initial jet spreading that was observed in the vectored jet. Further jet spreading was achieved when the synthetic jets were alternately actuated in which each synthetic jet was actuated for a number of cycles before switching. This technique allowed the jet to flap across the flow between transverse positions larger than what would be obtained in a simple flip-flop jet. Under the present flow geometry and Reynolds number, it was found that when the ratio f_s/f_al, where f_s is the synthetic actuation frequency and f_al is the alternating frequency, was larger than 10, the mean streamwise velocity of the main jet had two peaks symmetrically placed with respect to the jet axis and the jet had the appearance of flowing into two streams each moving nearly parallel to the diffuser wall. For a value of f_s/f_al of about 10, the optimal value in this study, the desired flow properties were achieved in that, the mean velocity was nearly uniform with an increase in the jet width compared to the simultaneous actuations, and the jet flapping was more effective in redistributing and homogenizing the turbulent kinetic energy across the main jet.     

Physical factors of primary jet vectoring control using synthetic jet actuators

A primary jet vectoring using synthetic jet actuators with different exit con- figurations was investigated,and the main physical factors influencing jet vectoring were analyzed and summarized.The physical factors of the pressure difference,the location and area of the lower pressure region,the component of the synthetic jet momentum and the entrainment ratio of the synthetic jet flow to primary jet flow directly control the vectoring force and the vectoring angle.Three characteristic parameters of the syn- thetic jet contribute to the pressure difference and the area of the lower pressure region Both the extension step and slope angle of the actuator exit have functions of regulating the location of the lower pressure region,the area of the lower pressure region,and the entrainment ratio of the synthetic jet flow to primary jet flow.The slope angle of the actuator exit has additional functions of regulating the component of the synthetic jet momentum.Based upon analyzing the physical factors of jet vectoring control with syn- thetic jets,the source variables of the physical factors were established.A preparatory control model of jet vectoring using synthetic jet actuator was presented,and it has the benefit of explaining the efficiency of jet vectoring using synthetic jet actuator with source variables at different values,and it indicates the optimal actuator is taking full advantage of the regulating function.     

Velocity measurements in a precessing jet flow using a three dimensional LDA system

 The turbulent, three dimensional and time dependent flow field of a precessing jet is investigated. In the present case the jet precession is generated by mechanically rotating a round jet inclined relative to the axis of rotation. A conditional flow visualisation technique is used to complement three dimensional laser Doppler velocity data, time-averaged and phase-averaged at the frequency of precession. The conditional phase-averaging technique enables phase-averaged velocity contours and vectors to be obtained which reveal flow patterns and structures within the flow field. Time-averaging of the velocity data shows that these structures are significant in that they generate a reverse flow (recirculation) region between the jet and its spinning axis. They are found also to cause a rapid decay of the mean velocity. The characteristics of the precessing jet found here are compared with previous investigations of the same flow and with investigations of other turbulent jets. Received: 17 March 1995/Accepted: 7 December 1995     

An inclined wall jet: Mean flow characteristics and effects of acoustic excitation

 The mean velocity field of a 30° inclined wall jet has been investigated using both hot-wire and laser Doppler anemometry (LDA). Provided that the nozzle aspect ratio is greater than 30 and the inclined wall angle (β) is less than 50°, LDA measurements for various β show that the reattachment length is independent of the nozzle aspect ratio and the nozzle exit Reynolds number (in the range 6670–13,340). There is general agreement between the reattachment lengths determined by LDA and those determined using wall surface oil film visualisation technique. The role of coherent structures arising from initial instabilities of a 30° wall jet has been explored by hot-wire spectra measurements. Results indicate that the fundamental vortex roll-up frequency in both the inner and outer shear layer corresponds to a Strouhal number (based on nozzle exit momentum thickness and velocity) of 0.012. The spatial development of instabilities in the jet has been studied by introducing acoustic excitation at a frequency corresponding to the shear layer mode. The formation of the fundamental and its first subharmonic has been identified in the outer shear layer. However, the development of the first subharmonic in the inner shear layer has been severely suppressed. Distributions of mean velocities, turbulence intensities and Reynolds shear stress indicate that controlled acoustic excitation enhances the development of instabilities and promotes jet reattachment to the wall, resulting in a substantially reduced recirculation flow region. Received: 24 November 1998/Accepted: 24 August 1999     

The preheated Airy wall jet

The Airy jet is a wall-bounded flow belonging to the similarity class of the well known free jet but, in contrast to the latter, its far field behavior is an algebraically decaying rotational flow. The velocity and temperature distributions of a preheated Airy jet flowing over an insulated wall are investigated using both analytical and numerical methods, and are compared with those of the classical (preheated) exponentially decaying wall jet. For the same value of the dimensionless skin friction parameter, the maximum of the similar velocity profile of the Airy jet exceeds that of the classical wall jet by approximately 20%. The dimensionless temperature along the insulated wall scales for large values of the Prandtl number with Pr^2/3 for both jets, while for small values of the Prandtl number the temperature scales with Pr^1/3 for the Airy jet and goes to 1 for the classical wall jet.This work is dedicated to Michael B. Glauert who passed away on June 14, 2004     

Self-sustained oscillations of a confined impinging jet

The present paper investigates the dynamics of a laminar plane jet impinging on a flat plate in a channel. An experimental parametric study is carried out to determine the flow regimes at different levels of confinement and Reynolds numbers. For very confined jets, the flow is steady whatever the Reynolds number. The overall structure of the flow is symmetric with respect to the jet axis and is characterized by the presence of recirculation zones at the channel walls. The dynamics is radically different for less confined jets. Above a critical Reynolds number, the flow bifurcates in the form of an oscillating flapping mode of the impinging jet. Analyses of the experimental results provide with a quantitative characterization of this regime in terms of amplitude, wavelength and frequency. This self-oscillating bifurcated flow induces strong sweepings of the target plate by the jet and intense vortex dipole ejections from the impacted wall. Such a regime is expected to be particularly useful in the enhancement of the local heat transfer at relatively low cost in terms of flow rate.     

Effect of surface roughness on a turbulent wall-attaching offset jet

The flow characteristics of a two-dimensional offset jet discharged parallel to a rough wall is experimentally investigated by using a split film probe. The distributions of the mean velocity and turbulent stresses in the flow field are obtained and compared with those of the wall attaching offset jet on a smooth wall. It is found that the wall-attaching region on the rough wall is longer than on the smooth wall for the same offset height and the jet speed. The normal distance of the maximum velocity point is farther away from the wall than that for the smooth wall case because of the thick wall boundary layer established by the surface roughness. It is also found that the roughness of the wall accelerates the relaxation process towards redeveloped plane wall jet and that it exhibits a quite different turbulent diffusion behavior especially near the wall from that in the wall jet over a smooth surface.     

等离子体激励器诱导射流的湍流特性研究

为了进一步掌握等离子体流动控制机理, 完善等离子体激励器数学模型, 提升等离子体激励器扰动能力, 采用粒子图像测速技术, 在静止空气下开展了介质阻挡放电等离子体激励器诱导射流特性研究. 实验时, 将非对称布局激励器布置在平板模型上, 随后将带有激励器的模型放置在有机玻璃箱内, 从而避免环境气流对测试结果的影响. 基于激励器诱导流场, 分析了激励电压对诱导射流特性的影响, 揭示了较高电压下诱导射流近壁区的拟序结构, 获得了卷起涡、二次涡等拟序结构的演化发展过程, 计算了卷起涡脱落频率, 阐述了卷起涡与启动涡的区别, 初步探索了卷起涡的耗散机制. 结果表明: (1)层流射流不能完全概括等离子体诱导射流特性, 激励电压是影响射流特性的重要参数. 当电压较低时, 诱导射流为层流射流; 当电压较高时, 诱导射流的雷诺数提高, 射流剪切层不稳定, 层流射流逐渐发展为湍流射流. (2)等离子体诱导湍流射流包含着卷起涡、二次涡等拟序结构; 在固定电压下, 这些涡结构存在恒定的卷起频率. (3)当激励电压较高时, 流动不稳定使得卷起涡发生了拉伸、变形, 引起了流场湍动能增大, 从而加速了卷起涡的耗散. 研究结果为全面认识激励器射流特性, 进一步挖掘激励器卷吸掺混能力, 提升激励器控制能力积累基础.      

Scaling investigation of plasma-induced flows over curved and flat surfaces: Comparison to the wall jet

The present investigation deals with Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) induced jets flowing over curved surfaces and studied in the framework of a circulation control application, carried out by acting near the rounded trailing-edge of an airfoil. These jets are characterized experimentally via Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) in quiescent air conditions. The study assesses the evolution of these flows in terms of self-similarity of the mean flow and of its turbulent components. DBD wall jets evolution in the streaming direction is also analyzed through the rate of spread and the maximum velocity decay evolution as commonly done for fluidic wall jets, and also through several normalized quantities deriving from different length and velocity scales. A comparison with a canonical flow, such as the classical wall jet flowing over plane or curved surfaces, is made in order to find out the similarities and the discrepancies between these two flows. Results reveal that DBD wall jets and canonical fluidic wall jets show comparable properties in the diffusion zone. Compared to the plane DBD wall jet, centrifugal forces are responsible of the greater spread of curved DBD wall jets and are likely the source of instabilities leading to their transitional state. The momentum flux of the induced jet and the radius of curvature of the surface are two relevant scales for DBD induced flows developing over curved surfaces.     

Effect of different initial conditions on a turbulent round free jet

Velocity measurements were made in two jet flows, the first exiting from a smooth contraction nozzle and the second from a long pipe with a fully developed pipe flow profile. The Reynolds number, based on nozzle diameter and exit bulk velocity, was the same (䏪,000) in each flow. The smooth contraction jet flow developed much more rapidly and approached self-preservation more rapidly than the pipe jet. These differences were associated with differences in the turbulence structure in both the near and far fields between the two jets. Throughout the shear layer for x<3d, the peak in the v spectrum occurred at a lower frequency in the pipe jet than in the contraction jet. For x́d, the peaks in the two jets appeared to be nearly at the same frequency. In the pipe jet, the near-field distributions of f(r) and g(r), the longitudinal and transverse velocity correlation functions, differed significantly from the contraction jet. The integral length scale L_u was greater in the pipe jet, whereas L_v was smaller. In the far field, the distributions of f(r) and g(r) were nearly similar in the two flows. The larger initial shear layer thickness of the pipe jet produced a dimensionally lower frequency instability, resulting in longer wavelength structures, which developed and paired at larger downstream distances. The regular vortex formation and pairing were disrupted in the shear layer of the pipe jet. The streamwise vortices, which enhance entrainment and turbulent mixing, were absent in the shear layer of the pipe jet. The formation of large-scale structures should occur much farther downstream in the pipe jet than in the contraction jet.     

Impingement of a low Reynolds number turbulent circular jet onto a flat plate at normal incidence

The velocity field of a circular water jet impinging onto a flat plate has been measured using particle image velocimetry, or PIV. The velocity field has been recorded at several instants in time, producing thousands of simultaneous two-dimensional velocity measurements for each realization. The instantaneous velocity, vorticity and rate-of-strain fields reveal the interaction of vortices near the impinging wall within the radial wall jet downstream from the stagnation point. An ensemble average of the instantaneous fields produces a mean velocity field of the jet flow, which reveals many of the processes leading to boundary layer separation and vortex breakaway within the wall jet. The PIV system extracts the velocity measurements using a two-dimensional autocorrelation method, and can obtain thousands of highly accurate velocity measurements within a few minutes. The structure found in these experiments may be similar to the ground level structure of atmospheric microburst phenomena.A version of this paper was presented at the 11th Symposium on Turbulence, University of Missouri-Rolla, 17–19 October 1988     

Optimization of jet parameters to control the flow on a ramp

This study deals with the use of optimization algorithms to determine efficient parameters of flow control devices. To improve the performance of systems characterized by detached flows and vortex shedding, the use of flow control devices such as oscillatory jets are intensively studied. However, the determination of efficient control parameters is still a bottleneck for industrial problems. Therefore, we propose to couple a global optimization algorithm with an unsteady flow simulation to derive efficient flow control rules. We consider as a test case a backward-facing step with a slope of 25°, including a synthetic jet actuator. The aim is to reduce the time-averaged recirculation length behind the step by optimizing the jet blowing/suction amplitude and frequency.