The miniature light-field camera with high spatial resolution

Optical Review - A light-field camera is an optical system that provides multi-field-angle information in one shot. The microlens array (MLA) in a light-field camera system is the key to provide...     

In-duct identification of fluid-borne source with high spatial resolution

Source identification of acoustic characteristics of in-duct fluid machinery is required for coping with the fluid-borne noise. By knowing the acoustic pressure and particle velocity field at the source plane in detail, the sound generation mechanism of a fluid machine can be understood. The identified spatial distribution of the strength of major radiators would be useful for the low noise design. Conventional methods for measuring the source in a wide duct have not been very helpful in investigating the source properties in detail because their spatial resolution is improper for the design purpose. In this work, an inverse method to estimate the source parameters with a high spatial resolution is studied. The theoretical formulation including the evanescent modes and near-field measurement data is given for a wide duct. After validating the proposed method to a duct excited by an acoustic driver, an experiment on a duct system driven by an air blower is conducted in the presence of flow. A convergence test for the evanescent modes is performed to find the necessary number of modes to regenerate the measured pressure field precisely. By using the converged modal amplitudes, very-close near-field pressure to the source is regenerated and compared with the measured pressure, and the maximum error was −16.3 dB. The source parameters are restored from the converged modal amplitudes. Then, the distribution of source parameters on the driver and the blower is clearly revealed with a high spatial resolution for kR<1.84 in which range only plane waves can propagate to far field in a duct. Measurement using a flush mounted sensor array is discussed, and the removal of pure radial modes in the modeling is suggested.     

Broad-band NMR with a high spectral and spatial resolution

Spatially selective excitation sequence CARVE (completely arbitrary regional volume excitation) excites signal from an arbitrarily shaped profile (I. Sersa, S. Macura: Magn. Reson. Med.37, 920–931, 1997) by an interleaved sequence of precalculated small tip angle radio-frequency pulses and gradient pulses. Here we propose a spatially selective observation method based on the CARVE principles which is insensitive to the relaxation and the off-resonance effects. The method, CARVED (CARVE detection), excites spins uniformly across the sample and across the spectrum but achieves spatial selectivity by weighted coaddition of the signals after the data acquisition. CARVE-D is suitable for spatially selective high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in chemically and geometrically complex systems. The method is analyzed theoretically and demonstrated experimentally on model systems.     

Schlieren visualization of ultrasonic wave fields with high spatial resolution

The visualization of ultrasonic wave fields in optically transparent liquids using the acousto-optic interaction is a well proven tool for the experimental investigation of wave propagation including wave field interaction effects with certain discontinuities and obstacles like reflection, refraction, and diffraction effects as well as for transducer testing and design. For high resolution visualization of wave fields including pulsed waveforms, pulsed light sources and sensitive optical imaging sensors with certain specifications are needed. In this paper the technical requirements of optical and electronic components for high resolution visualization of ultrasound wave fields will be presented. Also, specifications and operation results of a new designed, inexpensive Schlieren optical system will be presented, which is capable of pulsed wave field visualization in the MHz frequency range. The spatial resolution is high enough, not only for accurate beam shape and wave pattern visualization, but also for a gray-scaled display of wave amplitudes including amplitude zero crossings in ultrasound pulses. Consequently, ultrasonic wavelengths can be visualized quantitatively as well as wavelength changes of the ultrasound pulses while traveling through transparent media with different sound velocities. Results to be presented will include 2 MHz and 10 MHz experiments using single transducers as well as linear arrays of commercial medical scanners during their standard operation showing the system beamforming characteristics.     

MR imaging of flow with locally high spatial resolution.

Locally focused magnetic resonance imaging (LF MRI) allows imaging with variable spatial resolution within the field of view (FOV). Because LF MRI uses a priori information to provide locally high resolution in regions with rapid spatial variations in intensity (e.g., blood/tissue interface), it allows accurate reproduction of intense sharp edges in the specimen without blurring and truncation artifacts. This study employs LF MRI for 3D imaging of stationary and pulsatile flow. In the implemented version of LF MRI analytically defined basis functions are used to determine image intensity in regions depicted with low or high resolution. It is demonstrated that LF MRI of flow allows a significant (i.e. 3-4 times) reduction in scan time as compared to conventional FT MRI. It is also shown that LF images of pulsatile flow have a decreased appearance of ghosting artifacts as compared to the images reconstructed by using the conventional method.     

无序高空间分辨率影像快速拼接方法

遥感影像拼接技术作为影像成图的重要手段,一直是遥感领域研究的热点。在保证拼接精度的同时,如何提高拼接效率,成为低空遥感技术应急应用的难点。针对低空航空遥感影像成像姿态变化剧烈、数据量大等特点,提出针对无序影像改进的基于稀疏矩阵的光束平差SURF拼接算法,即对无序影像进行特征选取和匹配,自行判断相邻和相间位置信息,配准平差中引入稀疏矩阵进行加速。方法在保证精度的同时,极大提高了航空相机影像拼接算法的速度,能很好地解决无人机影像高建筑物的拼接错位问题。无人机倾斜数据集拼接和航空相机影像拼接的结果验证了利用本算法进行高空间分辨率影像拼接的精度和效率。     

EELS analysis of PMMA at high spatial resolution

We performed the electron energy-loss spectroscopic (EELS) analysis of electron-sensitive polymers in the analytical transmission electron microscope in order to evaluate the possibility to obtain chemical information on polymers at a nanometre scale (i.e. at 2.4nm diameter probe). In the acquired spectra, we propose an identification of the ELNES fine structure to the different chemical bonding in agreement with molecular orbital calculations (EHT) and with previous XANES experiments.The main results confirm that poly(methyl mettacrylate) (PMMA) is very sensitive to electrons when a large probe size is used, with a critical dose of about 10(2)Cm(-2). However a high dose rate in a nanometre diameter electron beam is less destructive and the EELS spectra of far less degraded PMMA could be obtained even at 10(7)Cm(-2). Irradiation damage was however thought to be the main limitation of the field-emission gun microscope, since high electron doses are required to acquire an EELS spectrum. This surprising behaviour was already observed in the case of poly(ethylene terephthalate), which is however more resistant to the electron beam (Varlot et al., 1997. Ultramicroscopy 68 (2), 123-133). Several possible explanations were studied, such as the influence of the accelerating voltage, a wrong calculation of the electron dose, the excitation delocalisation and the electron dose rate.     

A device for measuring contact potential differences with high spatial resolution

A method is described for measuring local variations of the surface potential in one dimension on solid surfaces. The variations are determined by a contact potential difference (CPD) method utilizing a 6 μm thick wire as the vibrating reference electrode. The vibrating wire being placed at a distance of 15 μm above the surface can be moved under UHV conditions across the surface and the CPD variation is directly plotted on and XY-recorder. The spatial resolution amounts to about 50μm and the sensitivity for CPD changes is less than 20 mV. The method has been applied to studies of the surface diffusion of oxygen on a (110) tungsten single crystal plane.     

Extreme ultraviolet radiation for coherent diffractive imaging with high spatial resolution

Using different noble gases,argon,neon and helium,we are able to generate by high-harmonic generation(HHG) just a few harmonic orders in the spectral range 10-35 nm with a photon flux of～2.10 12 photons/(harmonic cm2 s) for argon and～10 10 photons/(harmonic cm2 s) for helium. The few-harmonic-order radiation is used for coherent diffractive imaging directly without any spectral filter. A spatial resolution of～100 nm is achieved using a～30 nm HHG source.     

Investigation of optical inhomogeneities of multilayered reflecting coatings with high spatial resolution

An original method for the diagnostics of reflecting coatings is proposed. This method is applied to the investigation of multilayered mirrors used in laser gravitational antennas. The possible influence of the detected defects on the sensitivity of antennas is discussed.     

高分辨率扇形阵列超声激发振动声成像研究

对扇阵换能器的振动声成像进行了研究.在相关振动声成像和扇阵换能器的理论基础上,经过推导修正并得到了精确的速度势函数.进一步计算并仿真了系统点扩散函数（point spread function, PSF）,构造了组织模型,进行了成像仿真.最后分析了影响扇阵换能器系统分辨率的因素.研究结果表明：用扇阵换能器进行振动声成像可以获得很高的图像分辨率及对比度,在高强度聚焦超声（HIFU）治疗的热损伤检测等方面有重要的应用价值.分析指出通过提高换能器工作频率,减小几何焦距,增大口径可以提高系统的分辨率. 关键词： 振动声成像 扇形阵 点扩散函数     

A mechanical model of vocal-fold collision with high spatial and temporal resolution

The tissue mechanics governing vocal-fold closure and collision during phonation are modeled in order to evaluate the role of elastic forces in glottal closure and in the development of stresses that may be a risk factor for pathology development. The model is a nonlinear dynamic contact problem that incorporates a three-dimensional, linear elastic, finite-element representation of a single vocal fold, a rigid midline surface, and quasistatic air pressure boundary conditions. Qualitative behavior of the model agrees with observations of glottal closure during normal voice production. The predicted relationship between subglottal pressure and peak collision force agrees with published experimental measurements. Accurate predictions of tissue dynamics during collision suggest that elastic forces play an important role during glottal closure and are an important determinant of aerodynamic variables that are associated with voice quality. Model predictions of contact force between the vocal folds are directly proportional to compressive stress (r2 = 0.79), vertical shear stress (r2 = 0.69), and Von Mises stress (r2 = 0.83) in the tissue. These results guide the interpretation of experimental measurements by relating them to a quantity that is important in tissue damage.     

Aperture based Raman spectroscopy on SiGe film structures with high spatial resolution

We have investigated silicon–germanium (SiGe) line structures employing metallic apertures in combination with Raman spectroscopy to obtain high‐spatial strain resolution below the diffraction limit. The apertures were cut into specifically shaped electrochemically etched tungsten tips, which were adjusted within the Raman laser beam on the sample surface by a tuning fork atomic force microscope. With this setup, line structures on patterned SiGe films with a center‐to‐center distance down to 200 nm were resolved in the Raman scans, evidently indicating a resolution clearly below the far‐field Raman resolution of about 600 nm for the used instrument. This setup allows improved local strain analysis by Raman spectroscopy and shows potential for further near‐field Raman applications. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

毫米级高分辨率的混沌激光分布式光纤测温技术

近年来,随着分布式光纤传感技术在各大基础设施健康监测领域的广泛应用,人们对能够实现毫米量级精准定位和监测技术的需求日益增长.本文提出了一种基于宽线宽混沌激光的高分辨率分布式光纤测温技术.实验通过改变光反馈混沌源的偏振匹配态和反馈强度等外部参数,产生了–3 dB线宽约为7.5 GHz的宽线宽混沌激光,并在300 m传感光纤实现了空间分辨率为7.05 mm的分布式温度测量.同时,为了抑制光源线宽增加造成的布里渊增益谱恶化,在泵浦路中引入了时间门控技术,其中经脉冲调制后的泵浦光峰值功率提高了约9.5 dB,同时脉冲调制使混沌互相关锁定于脉冲持续时间内,从而布里渊增益谱的信号背景噪声比由约2.28 dB提升为4.55 dB,最终实现了空间分辨率为3.12 mm的分布式温度测量.     

Increasing spatial resolution in the backscattered electron mode of scanning electron microscopy

A new method for increasing spatial resolution in the detection of backscattered electrons and induced current in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is proposed in terms of regularized Fourier transform. The real size of an electron probe and its blurring in a solid target sample are considered in forming the algorithm. The experiments reveal an almost 100% improvement in resolution in the processed images.     

Areal density and spatial resolution of high energy electron radiography

Ultrafast imaging tools are of great importance for determining the dynamic density distribution in high energy density(HED) matter. In this work, we designed a high energy electron radiography(HEER) system based on a linear electron accelerator to evaluate its capability for imaging HED matter. 40 MeV electron beams were used to image an aluminum target to study the density resolution and spatial resolution of HEER. The results demonstrate a spatial resolution of tens of micrometers. The interaction of the beams with the target and the beam transport of the transmitted electrons are further simulated with EGS5 and PARMELA codes, with the results showing good agreement with the experimental resolution.Furthermore, the experiment can be improved by adding an aperture at the Fourier plane.     

High-sensitive automatic transient laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy system with high temporal and spatial resolution

A high-sensitive automatic transient laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) system is designed and integrated. It successfully avoids the delay time selecting problem in conventional LIBS system, and realizes the LIBS data acquisition with high spatiotemporal resolution automatically. Multiple transient spectra can be obtained in each measurement, which will provide more information for spectral research. The water-vapour and liquid-water Raman scattering spectra are captured by this system, and the comparison of experimental water-vapour Raman scattering spectrum with theoretical data verifies the reliability of the LIBS system. Based on this system, the air laser induced air breakdown spectra are captured and analysed. The system is also useful for the research on water-vapour Raman Lidar remote sensing.     

Imaging cortical activity following affective stimulation with a high temporal and spatial resolution

Background  

The affective and motivational relevance of a stimulus has a distinct impact on cortical processing, particularly in sensory areas. However, the spatial and temporal dynamics of this affective modulation of brain activities remains unclear. The purpose of the present study was the development of a paradigm to investigate the affective modulation of cortical networks with a high temporal and spatial resolution. We assessed cortical activity with MEG using a visual steady-state paradigm with affective pictures. A combination of a complex demodulation procedure with a minimum norm estimation was applied to assess the temporal variation of the topography of cortical activity.