Electrical characteristics of helicon wave plasmas

The external electrical characteristics of helicon wave plasmas have been studied over a wide range of magnetic fields, radio frequency (RF) power, frequencies, and Ar gas pressures. External parameters, such as antenna voltage, current, and phase shifts, and internal parameters, such as electron density, are measured. The equivalent discharge resistance, reactance, and power transfer efficiency are calculated through these measurements. The characteristics of helicon mode is compared with inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and low mode. The power efficiency of the helicon mode is better than that of other modes. Consequently, electron density of helicon mode is much higher than that of other modes. This means the existence of a mechanism where electrons are very efficiently accelerated by the electric field of the antenna in the helicon mode. The power efficiency of helicon mode is higher at lower RF frequency and at optimum gas pressure than that of other modes     

m=±1 and m=±2 mode helicon wave excitation

The characteristics of plasma produced by plane polarized m=±1 and m=±2 mode helicon waves were investigated for the first time. Plane polarized m=±1 and m=±2 mode helicon waves were mainly excited using a Nagoya type III antenna and a quadrupole antenna, respectively. Two-dimensional cross-field measurements of ArII optical emission induced by hot electrons were made to investigate the RF power deposition. The components of the wave magnetic field measured with a magnetic probe were compared with the field profiles computed for the m=±1 and m=±2 modes. Two and four high intensity plasma columns were observed for the m=±1 and m=±2modes, respectively. These columns were located at the regions between the antenna legs. The radial profiles of the wave magnetic field were in good agreement with computations     

Characterization of the radiation from single-walled zig-zag carbon nanotubes at terahertz range

This paper investigates the radiation characteristics of metal single-walled zig-zag carbon nanotubes as a dipole antenna at terahertz wave range. The current distribution, input impedance and mutual impedance are calculated for various geometrical parameters of vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes. The numerical results demonstrate the properties of the antenna depending strongly on the geometrical parameters such as the radius, the lengths of carbon nantobues, and the spacing between nanotubes. It is found that the zig-zag carbon nanotubes exhibit very high input impedance and the mutual impedances for antenna array applications. These unique high impedance properties are different from the conventional metal thin wire antenna. The far-field patterns and gain of antenna array are also calculated. The maximum gain of array of 100-element array is up to 20.0~dB, which is larger than the gain of 0.598~dB of single dipole antenna at distance d = 0.5\lambda .     

高通鸟笼线圈激发螺旋波等离子体特性研究

研制了高通鸟笼线圈,使用氩气作为工质气体对射频天线的工作性能进行了初步评估。利用COMSOL5.4模拟出了鸟笼天线在13.56MHz的工作频率下,电场和磁场呈线性极化分布。对鸟笼线圈进行了电路结构解剖,推导出了其谐振频率计算公式。利用热耦合红外测温仪测试了正常工作状态下的鸟笼线圈外表温度明显低于传统射频天线,电容器最高温度仅65.8°。使用光谱仪对螺旋波等离子体放电光谱特性进行诊断。通过朗缪尔探针诊断了不同压强和磁场强度下螺旋波等离子体密度,在1.0Pa、600Gs、射频功率700W条件下等离子体密度达到1.62×10¹⁸m^-3。诊断了正向功率和反向功率对应的等离子体密度,其与磁滞现象变化趋势雷同。测试了螺旋波等离子体的径向密度分布,其在轴心处密度达到最高。探究了无磁场条件下等离子体特性,其密度值不会发生大幅度跃迁,纵向磁场是引发螺旋波等离子体放电的关键因素,低压条件下有利于得到更低的电子温度,最低达到2.67eV。表明鸟笼线圈低热耗、高馈入的特性使其在激发大体积的高密度螺旋波等离子体方面具有明显优势,可以投入到下一阶段氢气螺旋波等离子体的激...     

Two-dimensional finite-element method analysis of various antennasfor ICRF plasma heating

Two-dimensional finite-element analysis is performed for ion-cyclotron range of frequency (ICRF) antennas with various cross-sectional configurations. Interest is mainly focused on the quantitative difference in the input impedance among various antennas such as the normal loop antenna, the antenna with surrounding limiter walls, and the antenna buried into the cutoff cavity. For analytical simplicity, the cold plasma approximation is used. The numerical results show how the input impedance is affected by the presence of the limiter walls or the cutoff cavity. The code described can be applied to the designs of ICRF antennas with a wide range of plasma parameters and antenna geometries     

CFETR螺旋波行波天线的仿真设计与分析

在中国聚变工程实验堆(CFETR)螺旋波的设计参数下,提出一种多阵列行波天线用于螺旋波电流驱动的方案.利用电磁仿真软件CST对三维天线的参考模型进行了仿真,结果表明,在50MHz带宽内,天线电压驻波比<1.2,且天线阵列激发的k谱具有很好的定域性,有利于提高天线的电流驱动效率.     

Kinetic study of instability growth rate in a helicon plasma discharge source

In this work, a kinetic model is developed to study the effects of the radio frequency antenna wavenumber, helicon plasma electron density, as well as their drift velocity and temperature on the instability increment rate of the helicon wave in both longitudinal and transverse directions. The ion acoustic (IA) wave frequencies and wavenumbers of the helicon waves are obtained when the maximum wave energy is deposited on the plasma ions. Moreover, it is shown that, at the IA wavenumber and frequencies, while the longitudinal instability increment rates for both the helicon and IA waves are ignorable, the transverse instability increment rate for both the helicon and IA wave increases. Besides, the longitudinal instability increment rate for the helicon or IA wave has non‐zero resonant frequencies. On the other hand, the transverse instability increment rate of helicon or IA wave can be neglected. Furthermore, it is observed that, while both the imaginary part of longitudinal permittivity and longitudinal instability increment rate are not influenced by the electron temperature, their transverse component increases linearly with the electron temperature. In addition, the imaginary part of transverse permittivity increases almost linearly with the drift velocity of the plasma electrons.     

LEAD螺旋波射频等离子体电子能量分布函数的测量

通过电压扫描探针测量了LEAD装置螺旋波射频等离子体伏安特性曲线和电子能量分布函数,并对等离子体基本参数剖面如电子温度、密度、等离子体电位和鞘电位降系数等进行了计算.实验发现在LEAD装置半径5cm以内的位置电子能量分布函数都遵循麦克斯韦分布.而在半径7cm附近,即与射频源线圈处于相同径向位置,电子能量呈现出典型的双麦...     

Discharge impedance of solenoidal inductively coupled plasma discharge

The discharge impedance is calculated for a solenoidal inductively coupled plasma (ICP) discharge, which is one of the important sources for plasma processing. To calculate this impedance, the electromagnetic field quantities are obtained by solving the two-dimensional Maxwell equations in a realistic geometry. Also considered in the calculation is the anomalous skin effect which is regarded as a collisionless heating mechanism of ICP discharge. The results show that the discharge impedance is a function of various discharge parameters, such as plasma density, electron temperature, antenna position, collision frequency, excitation frequency, and chamber geometry.     

Scaled model measurements of embedding impedances for SIS waveguide mixers

Several scaled models have been used to determine the contributions of various waveguide mount parameters to the embedding impedance of a mm-wave SIS mixer. Measured effects of waveguide height, substrate orientation and width, junction location, lead inductance and RF-filter impedance are presented and discussed.     

Experimental results of helicon sources

Helicon plasma sources are known as efficient generators of uniform and high density plasma.A helicon plasma source was developed for the investigation of plasma stripping and plasma lenses at the Institute of Modern Physics, CAS.In this paper, the characteristics of helicon plasma have been studied by using a Langmuir four-probe and a high plasma density up to 3.9×10~(13)/cm~3 has been achieved with the Nagoya type Ⅲ antenna.In the experiment, several important phenomena were found: (1) for a given magnetic induction intensity, the plasma density became greater with the increase of RF power; (2) helicon mode appeared at RF power between 300 W and 400 W; (3) the plasma density gradually tended to saturation as the RF power increased to the higher power; (4) a higher plasma density can be obtained by a good match between the RF power and the magnetic field distribution.The key issue is how to optimize the matching between the RF power and the magnetic field.Moreover, some tests on the extraction of ion beams were performed, and preliminary results are given.The problems which existed in the helicon ion source will be discussed and the increase in beam density will be expected by extraction system optimum.     

Numerical Simulation of the Base Impedance of Long Wire Whisker Antennas

With increasing frequencies the whisker structures used to contact honeycomb Schottky diodes remain no longer thin compared to wavelength. Whereas the finite thickness and the detailed tip shape do not influence the antenna pattern very much the antenna base impedance depends on these parameters to a great extent. A good impedance matching between Schottky diode and whisker antenna is necessary to optimise mixer or detector performance and can only be achieved if the antenna impedance is known.Antenna base impedances have been simulated numerically and checked by means of scaled model measurements for several whisker shapes. The influence of further parts of the antenna environment, as for example reflectors, has also been investigated. Simulation results have been discussed and compared to theory. Simulation has been found out to be a reliable tool for the determination of base impedances of almost arbitrarily shaped whisker antennas.     

等离子体天线输入阻抗测量及分析

通过矢量网络分析仪测量了不同激励功率条件下柱形等离子体天线系统的输入阻抗随频率的变化关系,实验结果表明柱形等离子体天线输入阻抗具有明显的谐振特性.结合放电管的等效电路模型与柱形等离子体天线输入电流特性,定性分析了等离子体天线输入阻抗变化与等离子体参数之间的关系.此种测量方法有助于等离子体天线动态重构特性的研究和实现快速阻抗匹配. 关键词： 等离子体天线 输入阻抗 表面波     

Electrode surface treatment and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study on carbon/carbon supercapacitors

Power improvement in supercapacitors is mainly related to lowering the internal impedance. The real part of the impedance at a given frequency is called ESR (equivalent series resistance). Several contributions are included in the ESR: the electrolyte resistance (including the separator), the active material resistance (with both ionic and electronic parts) and the active material/current collector interface resistance. The first two contributions have been intensively described and studied by many authors. The first part of this paper is focused on the use of surface treatments as a way to decrease the active material/current collector impedance. Al current collector foils have been treated following a two-step procedure: electrochemical etching and sol-gel coating by a highly-covering, conducting carbonaceous material. It aims to increase the Al foil/active material surface contact leading to lower resistance. In a second part, carbon-carbon supercapacitor impedance is discussed in term of complex capacitance and complex power from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data. This representation permits extraction of a relaxation time constant that provides important information on supercapacitor behaviour. The influence of carbon nanotubes addition on electrochemical performance of carbon/carbon supercapacitors has also been studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. PACS 82.45.Yz; 81.16.-c     

Input impedance, nanocircuit loading, and radiation tuning of optical nanoantennas

Here we explore the radiation features of optical nanoantennas, analyzing the concepts of optical input impedance, optical radiation resistance, impedance matching, and loading of plasmonic nanodipoles. We discuss how the concept of antenna impedance may be applied to optical frequencies and how its quantity may be properly defined and evaluated. We exploit these concepts in the optimization of nanoantenna loading by optical nanocircuit elements, extending classic concepts of radio-frequency antenna theory to the visible regime for the proper design and matching of plasmonic nanoantennas.     

磁场对螺旋波等离子体波和能量吸收影响的数值研究

本文考察在径向电子数密度呈抛物形分布的情况下,外加稳恒磁场,射频通过螺旋波天线在等离子体中激发电磁波的传播性质.采用线性扰动波假设,数值求解Maxwell方程组,得到80—800 G(1 G=10-4T)磁场条件下等离子体中径向电、磁场强度及能量沉积密度的分布情形.计算结果表明,磁场增大(80→800G)时,螺旋波受到的阻尼较小,可深入等离子体传播;Trivelpiece-Gould(TG)波受到的阻尼增大,在等离子体-真空边界处衰减增强;整体的能量吸收向边界集中.磁感应强度小于100 G时,TG波可深入主等离子体区传播,等离子体径向能量吸收相对均匀.     

Investigation on the optimal configuration design and discharge characteristics of the helicon plasma tube

Helicon discharge is characterized by its high ionization efficiency. In order to obtain the desired density, the configuration design of the helicon discharge tube is carried out, and the discharge characteristics are then studied to explore the correlation between the plasma parameters and the input discharge parameters. Finite‐length helicon discharge theory is employed to calculate the plasma resistance R _p, and then the optimal tube length L _s, the radius r _p, and the tube–antenna gap d are confirmed. The partial and energy loss mechanisms of the tube are investigated based on low‐pressure discharge particle collision theory. The results show that, for a 10‐cm‐long Nagoya III type antenna, with a tube radius of 4 cm and length of 20 cm, the R _p versus n _e curves have peak values at n _e higher than 10¹² cm⁻³ when the magnetic field intensity B ₀ ≥ 200 G. We find that a local minimum of P _loss exists when p ₀ is ∼1.5–3.0 mTorr; meanwhile, the radial confinement reduces T _e and P _loss at constant p ₀.     

Perpendicular-field r.f. surface impedance of indium

This paper reports the analysis of experiments on the r.f. surface impednace of thin slabs of single crystal indium in the presence of a d.c. magnetic field normal to the slab plane. While our experimental results are generally in agreement with thos of Krylov, we diverge on their interpretation. Our analysis is based on a calculated Fermi surface model and on numerical calculations of dispersion relations and the surface impedance. We find for the (001) sample plane a weak Doppler-shifted cyclotron resonance (DSCR) absorption in the propagating helicon regime which provides a sensitive test of the model Fermi surface. For the helicon absorption edges corresponding to relatively strong DSCR absorption, the calculated dispersion and surface impedance results for the edge are compared with experimental results for the (001), (100), (111) and (110) sample planes. For the (001) and (110) planes we also observe oscillations in the DSCR absorption regime which are almost periodic in the applied d.c. field. Our surface impedance calculations indicate that these are not Gantmakher-Kaner oscillations but that they correspond to weak DSCR modes with a circular polarization sense opposite to that of the helicons.     

Wideband dipole antenna with inter-digital capacitor

A dipole antenna with wideband characteristics is presented. The proposed antenna consists of a dipole with periodic capacitive loading and a pair of coplanar striplines (CPSs) as an impedance transformer. By adding interlaced coupling lines at each section, periodic capacitive loading is realized. The periodic interlaced coupling lines divide each arm of the dipole into five sections, and currents are distributed on different sections at different frequencies, which is useful to achieve a wide impedance bandwidth. By parametric study using HFSS, the optimized parameters of this dipole antenna are obtained. In order to validate the simulation results, a prototype of the proposed dipole antenna is fabricated and tested. The results show that the proposed antenna can achieve a gain of 3.1 dB-5.1 dB and bandwidth of 51% for |S 11 | < 10 dB over the band of 3.9 GHz-6.6 GHz, indicating its good radiation performance and radiation efficiency.