Processing and characterization of aluminum-based nanothermites

During the past several years, a significant effort has been on investigation of reaction front propagation and the rate of energy release in heterogeneous systems consisting of nanopowder reactants. Substantial size reduction of each reactant powder (e.g. from micro- to nano-size) leads to increase of reaction front propagation in some systems under unconfined conditions by approximately two to three order of magnitude. This paper presents key challenges associated with processing and use of nanothermite materials and characterization of nanoreactants. Reaction constants, such as activation energies and frequency factors were determined using DSC technique for several nanothermite systems based on nanosize aluminum and iron oxide, bismuth trioxide, and molybdenum trioxide. Experimental data of ignition delay times for different nanothermite systems using laser energy source were compared well to those predicted by proposed mathematical model.     

Preparation and characterization of Al/B/Fe2O3 nanothermites

A sol-gel synthetic approach combined with an ultrasonic method was utilized to prepare Al/B/Fe2O3 nanothermites.The structure and properties of the prepared nanothermites were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis,differential scanning calorimetry,scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,and an impact sensitivity test.The results verified that the nano-aluminum and the micro-boron were uniformly dispersed in the pores of the iron oxide gel.The heat of the prepared Al/B/Fe2O3 nanothermites was 1.3 times that of the simple physically mixed sample.In addition,the heat of the combustion test showed that these materials were indeed energetic.Small-scale safe experiments also showed that the prepared materials through sol-gel were relatively insensitive to standard impact.     

Ignition and combustion characteristics of aluminum/manganese iodate/nitrocellulose biocidal nanothermites

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - The traditional energetic materials are insufficient to sterilize the deleterious microorganisms carried by biological weapons completely. Three kinds...     

Influence of tailored CuO and Al/CuO nanothermites on the thermocatalytic degradation of nitrocellulose and combustion performance of AP/HTPB composite propellant

Cellulose - Al/CuO nanothermites have displayed unique catalytic activities in accelerating the thermolysis of nitrocellulose (NC) and combustion characteristics of AP/HTPB propellant depending on...     

活性卤素化学

活性卤素是大气中的重要物种,它能参与大气中的多种化学过程,对臭氧的损耗有重要影响,影响许多重要物种的源和汇,同时对大气硫循环和汞循环也产生影响,在大气化学中有着十分重要的作用.因此,对活性卤素化学的研究成为近年来国际大气化学研究的重要前沿.本文总结了近年来活性卤素化学实验和理论的研究进展,重点介绍了活性卤素在臭氧损耗中的作用及其大气循环反应过程;综述了重要活性卤素物种的产生和探测、活性卤素光化学反应和非均相反应实验研究;总结了近年来关于活性卤素化学的理论研究,包括活性卤素与水、硫、HO、HO2、烷基氧和烷基过氧自由基、氮氧化物、汞及其它物种的耦合研究.最后,对活性卤素化学的实验和理论研究进行了展望,提出了尚待深入开展研究的一些重要科学问题.     

Reactive extrusion of intumescent stereocomplexed poly‐L,D‐lactide: characterization and reaction to fire

This paper reports works conducted on intumescent stereocomplexed polylactide synthesized for the first time by reactive extrusion. This reactive extrusion process is an innovative, efficient and ecofriendly way to product polylactides. This stereocomplexed polylactide results from the two‐step polymerization of L‐lactide and D‐lactide to yield poly‐L,D‐lactide multiblocks. Our reactive extrusion process permits to make polylactide matrix able to form stereocomplex crystallinity and to incorporate flame‐retardant additives during synthesis at the same time. This material can be molded keeping its stereocomplex crystallinity. The flame retardants which are a combination of ammonium polyphosphate, melamine and organoclay provide an intumescent behavior upon heating to the stereocomplex, and the flame‐retarded material exhibits very low flammability (peak of heat release rate is decreased by 83% and total heat released is decreased by 95% during cone calorimetry experiment). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reactive block copolymer scaffolds

Block copolymers with sequences of differential reactivity were synthesized, and the step-wise and selective derivatization to form a new block copolymer was demonstrated.     

Decolorization of Reactive Black 5 and Reactive Blue 4 Dyes in Microbial Fuel Cells

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have potential to treat industrial wastewater containing organic compounds and simultaneously generate power. Organic compounds include textile dyes with various chromophore groups, which can be decolorized reductively by microorganisms under anaerobic conditions. In the present study, we examined the decolorization of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) azo dye and Reactive Blue 4 (RBL4) anthraquinone dye under open circuit potential in MFCs with graphite plate and graphite felt electrodes and a microbial consortium originally derived from bovine rumen fluid. RB5 dye was more than 90% decolorized in 120, 165, and 225 min at 50, 100, and 200 mg L^?1 concentrations, respectively. RBL4 dye at 50 and 100 mg L^?1 took 225 and 300 min to decolorize, while 200 mg L^?1 RBL4 dye was not decolorized at all. Under closed circuit conditions, decolorization increased with decrease in external load, whereas current generation increased with external resistance. The results demonstrate that the reductive cleavage of the chromophore was more rapid with RB5 than with RBL4.     

Reactive thermoresponsive copolymer scaffolds

Thermoresponsive copolymer scaffolds containing reactive aldehyde functions were prepared and a selection of organic residues conjugated to these copolymer scaffolds through oxime/hydrazone formation. The conjugation of hydrophobic residues affords copolymers whose lower solution critical temperatures are in most cases higher than that of the parent copolymer scaffold.     

反应型罗丹明类荧光探针

相比于基于非共价键的超分子相互作用的传统荧光探针,反应型荧光探针的识别过程不是通过配位和氢键的相互作用,而是通过与目标物发生化学反应,使得光谱性质或颜色改变,生成不同结构的光活性化合物。近年来,反应型荧光探针主要有三种化学反应类型:底物与受体通过共价键连接;底物作为催化剂,与受体发生不可逆的反应;基于置换反应使底物与受体络合。正是反应型荧光探针利用选择反应的优势识别特定物质,因而提供了方便、快捷、专一的分析检测目标物的方法,具有很高的灵敏度和选择性,受到越来越多的关注。本文综述了近六年来基于反应型罗丹明荧光探针用于检测金属阳离子、活性氧化物和阴离子诱导β-内酰胺开环的最新研究进展,评述其结构和检测性能之间的关系,并展望这类荧光探针的应用前景与发展趋势。     

Reactive lyotropic polyimide oligomers

Amine-terminated and maleimide-terminated oligomers of molecular weight 1200–1800 based on 2,2′-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,4′-diaminobiphenyl and 3,3′,4,4′-biphenylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride were synthesized and characterized for lyotropic liquid crystalline behavior. Several different synthetic procedures were evaluated and a one-step procedure in m-cresol was found to be the most effective for producing fully imidized materials. Lyotropic behavior was observed only for the as-prepared solutions in m-cresol and in dilutions of this solution. Oligomer thermal stability was excellent, onsets of decomposition were in excess of 550°C. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Reactive EB Processing of Polymer Compounds

Polymer modification with high energy electrons is well-established in polymer industry and used for degradation, cross-linking, grafting, curing, and polymerization. These applications use local and temporal precise input of energy in order to generate excited atoms or molecules as well as ions for subsequent molecule changes via radical induced chemical reactions. Reactive electron beam (EB) processing combines melt mixing process and chemical reaction simultaneously. For this purpose, a 1.5 MeV electron accelerator was directly coupled to an internal mixer in order to induce chemical reactions by energy input via high energy electrons under dynamic conditions of melt mixing of different polymer compounds. In the present study, reactive EB processing was used for the development of a flame retardant polyethylene composite as well as Thermoplastic Vulcanizate. The influence of absorbed dose as well as electron energy and electron treatment time was studied. Increased values of both tensile strength and elongation at break of polymer compounds indicated in-situ compatibilization upon reactive EB processing.     

Aggregation Behaviour of Some Reactive Dyes

The absorption spectra of aqueous solutions of monochlorotriazine reactive dyes, C.I. Reactive Red 9 and Reactive Orange 13 were measured in the presence of 5, 10, 25 and 50% (v/v) of ethanol, pyridine and dioxane-water mixtures and in varied concentrations of KCl, NaCl and LiCl. The varying position, intensity and shape of absorption bands are interpreted in terms of aggregation and disaggregation of dyes in solutions. The aggregation behaviour of the reactive dyes in solutions and in the presence of additives is related to their apparent deviations from Beer's law and aggregation numbers (N). The aggregation constant (K.) of the monomer/dimer equilibrium is calculated. Dyes in ethanol-water mixtures record a larger aggregation number and aggregation constant than in the presence of pyridine. Dioxane is classified as anon-polar solvent and hence has a more disaggregating influence. The value of the aggregation number and constant are increased with increasing salt conentration and the order of degree of aggregation is KCl > NaCl > LiCl related to the order of ionic radii of K⁺, Na⁺ and Li⁺ ions.     

Structure of a Reactive Gold Carbenoid

A formal gold‐for‐chromium transmetalation allowed the gold carbenoid species [Cy₃PAuCAr₂]NTf₂ ( 11 ) (Ar=pMeOC₆H₄‐) to be obtained in crystalline form. The structure in the solid state suggests that there is only little back donation of electron density from gold to the carbene center of 11 and hence very modest Au? C double‐bond character; rather, it is the organic ligand framework that is responsible for stabilizing this species by resonance delocalization of the accumulated positive charge. Because 11 is capable of cyclopropanating p‐methoxystyrene even at low temperature, the discussion of its structure is deemed relevant for a better understanding of the mechanisms of π‐acid catalysis in general.     

Dynamic Behavior of Organic Reactive Intermediates

An unexpected yes is the answer the author gives to the following questions: If a reactive intermediate was faced with two equally high energy barriers to product formation, could the kinetic product ratio ever be anything other than 1:1? If the two barriers were of unequal height, could there ever be a preference to form the product that corresponds to the higher barrier pathway? The basis for this yes are the results from molecular dynamics simulations and experiments that suggest that the interpretation of reaction mechanisms by statistical models is not always correct.     

聚合物反应加工过程中的原位合金化

用反应加工方法将具有不同性能的高分子材料通过共价键或离子键组装在一起,制备具有各共混组分优良性能的新型高分子合金材料,是当前高分子材料科学发展较快的领域之一.本文分别就聚合物/聚合物共混体系和聚合物/可聚合性单体共混体系原位合金化问题进行了讨论,简要概括了国内外该领域研究取得的最新成果.