Crystal structure of a trinuclear complex of zinc(II) with 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-p-quinone 1′-phthalazinylhydrazone

2,6-Di-tert-butyl-p-quinone 1′-phthalazynylhydrazone (HL) is synthesized; the total energies and geometry of the possible hydrazone tautomeric forms are calculated by quantum chemical methods. The hydrazone phthalazone tautomer is shown to be the most stable, which is well consistent with the ¹H NMR spectroscopic data for hydrazone. An X-ray crystallographic analysis is performed of the hydrazone-based Zn(II) trinuclear complex, in which zinc atoms are linked by the diazine bridge of the phthalazine cycle and two pivalate bridges. The geometric properties of the monodeprotonated hydrazone residue in the complex are similar to the calculated data for the phthalazone hydrazone tautomeric form.     

Substituent effects on the tautomer ratios between the hydra-zone imine and diazenyl enamine forms in 3-(arylhydra-zono)methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoxalines. Correlation of the hammett constants σp with the tautomeric equilibrium constants KT

The 3-(arylhydrazono)methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoxalines 1a-e and 2a-i showed tautomeric equilibria between the hydrazone imine A and diazenyl enamine B forms in dimethyl sulfoxide media. The sub-stituent effects on the tautomer ratios of A to B in compounds 1a-e and 2a-i were studied by the nmr spec-troscopy. The electron-donating or electron-withdrawing p-substituents R¹ in compounds 2a-i represented a tendency to increase the ratios of the tautomer A or the tautomer B , respectively, exhibiting the linear correlation of the Hammett constants σ_p (-0.17 to +0.78) with the tautomer ratios of A to B or the tautomeric equilibrium constants K_T. However, the presence of the ester group R² in compounds 1a-e induced the exclusive existence of the tautomer A regardless of the nature of the p-substituents R¹. In the tautomeric thermodynamic study, the elevating temperature increased the ratios of the hydrazone imine tautomer A in compounds 2a-i . The tautomeric thermodynamic parameters ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS° were derived from the van't Hoff plots for compounds 2a , b , h , i , wherein the entropy term dominated the free-energy difference between the A and B tautomers.     

Tautomerism and conformational isomerism of mercaptoacetylhydrazones of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes

Mercaptoacetylhydrazones of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes exist in the solutions as tautomeric mixtures of open-chain and cyclic 1,3,4-thiadiazine forms. The linear hydrazone form consists of a set of isomers due to the configurational and conformational isomerism. At growing bulk of the alkyl substituent at the C=N bond of the aliphatic aldehydes derivatives decreases the fraction of the cyclic tautomer; therewith the logarithms of the constants of the chain-ring tautomeric equilibrium correlate with the steric constants of the alkyl substituents. In the series of the aromatic aldehydes mercaptoacetylhydrazones the linear tautomer prevails, and the equilibrium position is insignificantlyt affected at variation of the electronic characteristics of the substituents in the aromatic ring.     

Investigation of the tautomeric equilibrium of some phenylazonaphthols

The tautomeric equilibrium of phenylazonaphthols was investigated by the HMO method and by IR spectroscopy. It was found that in the case of 4-phenylazo-1-naphthol the thermodynamic stability of the tautomers was approximately the same, in the case of 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol the naphthoquinone hydrazone tautomer was substantially more stable.     

Towards a tunable tautomeric switch in azobenzene biomimetics: implications for the binding affinity of 2-(4'-hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid to streptavidin

The tautomeric equilibria of 2-(4'-hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid (HABA) and 2-(3',5'-dimethyl-4'-hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid (3',5'-dimethyl-HABA) have been studied by a combination of spectroscopic and computational methods. For neutral HABA in solvents of different polarity (toluene, chloroform, DMSO, DMF, butanol, and ethanol) the azo tautomer (AT) is largely predominant. For monoanionic HABA, the hydrazone tautomer (HT) is the only detected species in apolar solvents such as toluene and chloroform, while the AT is the only detected species in water and a mixture of both tautomers is detected in ethanol. Comparison of the results obtained for HABA and its 3',5'-dimethylated derivative shows that dimethylation of the hydroxybenzene ring shifts the tautomeric preferences towards the hydrazone species. These findings have been used to examine the differences in binding affinity to streptavidin, as the lower affinity of HABA can be explained in terms of the larger energetic cost associated with the tautomeric shift to the bioactive hydrazone species. Overall, these results suggest that a balanced choice of chemical substituents, embedding environment, and pH can be valuable for exploitation of the azo-hydrazone tautomerism of HABA biomimetics in biotechnological applications.     

Substituent effects on the tautomer ratios between the hydrazone imine and diazenyl enamine forms in side-chained quinoxalines

The 3-(arylhydrazono)methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoxalines 9–11 were synthesized by the reaction of the quinoxalines 6–8 with various p-substituted benzenediazonium salts. Compounds 9–11 showed the tautomeric equilibria between the hydrazone imine A and diazenyl enamine B forms in dimethyl sulfoxide media. The substituent effect on the tautomer ratios of A to B was studied by the nmr spectroscopy to clarify that the presence of the ester group R² on the hydrazone carbon and electron-donating p-substituent R¹ on the side chain benzene ring exhibited a tendency to increase the ratios of the tautomer A .     

Synthesis and study of some new fluorinated glyoxaliminehydrazones and their nickel complexes

Spectral studies of some fluorinated glyoxaliminehydrazones reveal that in these compounds the hydrazoneimino tautomer with hydrogen bonding via the imino-N predominates. The complexation of this ligands with nickel involves the N-atoms of the observed tautomeric form.     

Ring-chain tautomerism of substituted hydrazones. 16. Arylidene derivatives of vicinal hydrazino thiols

Products of condensation of vicinal hydrazino thiols with aromatic carbonyl compounds, which were found to be mixtures of one acyclic tautomer (a hydrazone) and two stereoisomers with a cyclic form (perhydro-1,3,4-thiadiazine), were obtained. The tautomeric and stereoisomeric equilibria constants were determined by PMR spectroscopy.See [1] for Communication 15.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 8, No. 1040–1045, August, 1981.     

The emission properties of ortho-phenylazo-phenols and naphthols

The fluorescence spectra of a series of orthohydroxy-arylazo compounds were investigated. Fluorescence was detected only in those derivatives known to exist either in tautomeric equilibrium with the corresponding phenylhydrazones, or only in that form. The emission is therefore ascribed to the hydrazone tautomer. There seems to be no evidence for emission from true arylazo compounds. Pronounced changes in absorption and emission spectra of 10⁻³ M solutions were observed at reduced temperatures, and are ascribed to aggregation phenomena.     

Structure of the condensation products of 3-sulfanylpropionic acid hydrazide with aldehydes,ketones, and aldoses

Condensation products of aliphatic aldehydes with 3-sulfanylpropionic acid hydrazide exist in solution as mixtures of linear hydrazone and cyclic 1,3,4-thiadiazepine tautomers. Hydrazones derived from 3-sulfanylpropionic acid hydrazide and aromatic aldehydes and ketones have mostly linear structures of different stereoisomers arising from Z-E isomerism with respect to the double C=N bond and restricted rotation about the C(O)-N bond. Condensation products of 3-sulfanylpropionohydrazide with a series of aldoses give rise to ring-chain-ring tautomeric equilibrium between α,β-isomeric pyranose structures, open-chain aldose hydrazone tautomer, and two diastereoisomeric seven-membered cyclic 1,3,4-thiadiazepine forms.     

Spectroscopic and PM5 semiempirical studies of new hydrazone of gossypol with 3,6-dioxaheptylhydrazine

A new hydrazone of gossypol with 3,6-dioxaheptylhydrazine (GHDO) has been synthesised and its structure has been studied by FT-IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR as well as PM5 semiempirical methods. All the studies have provided clear evidence of the existence of GHDO in the solution in the N-imine–N-imine tautomeric form. The structure and the spectroscopic behaviour of this tautomer are discussed in details. It is shown the structure of GHDO is strongly stabilised by different types of intramolecular hydrogen bonds. In two of them the oxygen atoms of the oxaalkyl chains are also engaged. The strongest intramolecular hydrogen bond is formed between the O₇H proton and N₁₆ atom from the hydrazone group.     

Reaction of aroyl- and hetaroyltrifluoroacetones with acylhydrazines: Regioselectivity and tautomerism of the condensation products

Acylhydrazines react with 1,3-diketones of the general formula CF₃COCH₂COR (where R is an aryl or hetaryl group) at both carbonyl groups. The reaction at the trifluoroacetyl group is favored by donor substituents in the aromatic ring of the 1,3-diketone or by the 2-furyl and, especially, 2-thienyl group as a hetaryl substituent, as well as by elevated temperature. The condensation products at the carbonyl group contiguous to the aryl or hetaryl ring have the structure of 5-hydroxy-4,5-dihydropyrazoles and do not undergo tautomeric transformations in solution. The condensation products at the trifluoroacetyl group have either 5-hydroxy-4,5-dihydropyrazole or hydrazone structure and give rise to ring-chain tautomeric equilibrium in solution. Electron-withdrawing substituents in the aromatic ring of the 1,3-dicarbonyl fragment and CDCl₃ as solvent favor formation of the cyclic tautomer. The state of the tautomeric equilibrium is weakly sensitive to structural variations in the hydrazine component.     

Heterocycles from aroylacetic aldehydes and SH-containing hydrazides

Condensation products of aroylacetic aldehydes with hydrazides of thioglycolic, 3-mercaptopropionic and 2-mercaptobenzoic acids exist in cyclic 1,3,4-thiadiazine, 1,3,4-thiadiazepine, or 1,3,4-benzothiadiazepine forms arising at the intramolecular addition of the mercapto group to the C=N bond of the initially formed hydrazone tautomer. The appearance of an alternative 5-hydroxy-2-pyrazoline form is favored by introduction of a strong electron-acceptor substituent into the aromatic ring of the 1,3-ketoaldehyde or by going over to benzoylacetone derivatives. In solutions the derivatives of aroylacetic aldehydes and of benzoylacetone show no tendency to tautomeric transition into linear hydrazine or enhydrazine forms.

     

Supramolecular Stabilization of Metastable Tautomers in Solution and the Solid State

This work presents a successful application of a recently reported supramolecular strategy for stabilization of metastable tautomers in cocrystals to monocomponent, non‐heterocyclic, tautomeric solids. Quantum‐chemical computations and solution studies show that the investigated Schiff base molecule, derived from 3‐methoxysalicylaldehyde and 2‐amino‐3‐hydroxypyridine ( ap ), is far more stable as the enol tautomer. In the solid state, however, in all three obtained polymorphic forms it exists solely as the keto tautomer, in each case stabilized by an unexpected hydrogen‐bonding pattern. Computations have shown that hydrogen bonding of the investigated Schiff base with suitable molecules shifts the tautomeric equilibrium to the less stable keto form. The extremes to which supramolecular stabilization can lead are demonstrated by the two polymorphs of molecular complexes of the Schiff base with ap . The molecules of both constituents of molecular complexes are present as metastable tautomers (keto anion and protonated pyridine, respectively), which stabilize each other through a very strong hydrogen bond. All the obtained solid forms proved stable in various solid‐state and solvent‐mediated methods used to establish their relative thermodynamic stabilities and possible interconversion conditions.     

Tautomeric Transformations and Reactivity of Polyfunctional Hydroxypyrimidines: IV. Effects of Tautomer Structure and Acidity and Solvent Nature on the State of Tautomeric Equilibria in the Series of 5-Nitro Derivatives of 2,4,6-Pyrimidinetrione

Tautomeric equilibria of 5-nitrobarbituric acid and 1,3-dimethyl-5-nitrobarbituric acid were studied by NMR, UV, and IR spectroscopy, as well as by quantum-chemical methods. These compounds were found to exist in the gas phase, in solutions in water and DMSO, and in crystal as the corresponding enol tautomers. In trifluoroacetic and chloroform solutions, an equilibrium mixture of the ketone and enol forms was detected. The parameters determining the state of the tautomeric equilibrium are the total energy of a tautomer, its deprotonation energy, and a component of the latter, which relates to electrostatic interaction between the mobile proton and the rest of the molecule. Proton-donor and proton-acceptor properties of the solvent and 5-nitro-2,4,6-pyrimidinetrione derivatives are the main factors responsible for displacement of the tautomeric equilibrium in solution; electrostatic solvation and tautomer stabilization via hydrogen bonding are less significant.     

13C NMR spectra and azoquinone hydrazone tautomerism of azo-2-naphthols and azo-1-naphthols

Conclusions The¹³C NMR spectra of 1-phenylazo-2-naphthols and 2-phenylazo-1-naphthols have been investigated. For both classes the azoquinone hydrazone tautomeric equilibrium is shifted as a result of the nature of the substituent in the benzene ring and a qualitative series of effects has been established. A quantitative measurement of the tautomer composition has been obtained for the arylazo-2-naphthols.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 2271–2277, October, 1988.The authors thank M. V. Gorelika for submitting samples for investigation and for an interesting discussion.     

Effect of cooperative hydrogen bonding in azo-hydrazone tautomerism of azo dyes

Azo-hydrazone tautomerism in azo dyes has been modeled by using density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory. The most stable tautomer was determined both for model compounds and for azo dyes Acid Orange 7 and Solvent Yellow 14. The effects of the sulfonate group substitution and the replacement of the phenyl group with naphthyl on the tautomer stability and on the behavior in solvent have been discussed. Intramolecular hydrogen bond energies have been estimated for the azo and hydrazone tautomers to derive a relationship between the tautomer stability and the hydrogen bond strength. The transition structures for proton transfer displayed resonance assisted strong hydrogen bonding properties within the framework of the electrostatic-covalent hydrogen bond model (ECHBM). Evolution of the intramolecular hydrogen bond with changing structural and environmental factors during the tautomeric conversion process has been studied extensively by means of the atoms-in-molecules (AIM) analysis of the electron density. The bulk solvent effect was examined using the self-consistent reaction field model. Special solute-solvent interactions were further investigated by means of quantum mechanical calculations after defining the first-solvation shell by molecular dynamics simulations. The effect of cooperative hydrogen bonding with solvent molecules on the tautomer stability has been discussed.     

A selective synthesis of 1-aryl-3-quinoxalinyl-1,2,4-triazole and furo[2,3-b]quinoxaline

The reaction of the ester 1 with ethyl benzoate-2-diazonium chloride gave the α-arylhydrazonoester 2b , whose reaction with hydrazine hydrate afforded the α-arylhydrazonoacylhydrazide 3b. The reaction of 3b with sodium nitrite in water/acetic acid under heating on a boiling water bath provided the 1-aryl-3-quin-oxalinyl-1,2,4-triazole 5b , presumably via the α-arylhydrazonoacylazide 4b , while the isolation of 4b and then its refluxing in dioxane/water furnished the furo[2,3-b]quinoxaline 6. The tautomeric behavior of 2b and 3b between the hydrazone imine and diazenyl enamine forms was described together with the tautomer ratio determined by the nmr spectral data.     

2,6-二巯基吡啶互变异构平衡体系溶剂效应的理论研究

在气相及甲苯、氯仿、乙腈和水等溶剂中对2,6-二巯基吡啶及其硫酮式互变异构体进行了HF/6-31G^**水平上的优化,其中溶液中的计算采用Onsager自洽反应场(SCRF)模型.探讨了溶剂对体系几何结构和能量的影响.结果表明:溶剂的存在与极性的增加有利于平衡体系中硫酮式异构体的存在.     

A study of tautomerism in diazonium coupling products of 4-hydroxycoumarin

The spectra (¹H nmr, ir and uv) of a series of 3-arylazo-4-hydroxycoumarins 1a-m indicate that such compounds exist predominantly in the keto hydrazone form 1A both in solid state and in solution. The acid dissociation constants of the series studied were determined spectrophotometrically in 80 vol% ethanol-water mixture at 27° and ionic strength of 0.1. The results of the correlations of these constants by Hammett and Yukawa-Tsuno equations exclude the presence of the hydroxyazo form 1B in equilibrium with 1A in agreement with the spectral data. Also, the HMO method has been used to study tautomerism in such compounds. The results are also in full agreement with both the spectral and linear free energy correlations, the hydrazone form 1A being the most stable. It is further shown that both the intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonding favor the hydrazone tautomer.