两点应变测量法在SHPB测量技术上的运用

介绍了两点应变测量法在分离式Hopkinson压杆 (SHPB)测量技术上的运用。该方法通过测量一根压杆两个不同地方的应变 ,利用一个简单的反复过程将压杆中相对传播并叠加在一起的右行波与左行波分离 ,从而利用输入杆对试件的多次加载来研究软材料的动态力学性能。利用该方法计算所得的最大应变比利用传统SHPB测量技术得到的最大应变增大了 2～ 3倍。     

The strain solitary waves in a nonlinear elastic rod

Solitary strain waves in a nonlinear elastic rod are analysed in this paper; influence of the physical and geometrical parameters of the rod on the waves are discussed; some main properties of the solitary waves are pointed out.     

Separation of elastic waves in split Hopkinson bars using one-point strain measurements

A method for the analysis of elastic waves in split Hopkinson bars for unlimited time durations is presented. This method allows the separation of component waves traveling in opposite directions in each bar using the strain history measured at one point on the bar and a known end condition for it. The method extends the time period for which valid experimental data can be extracted for a split Hopkinson bar apparatus and eliminates the need for a second independent measurement of the stress waves required in other methods for such extended analyses. Comparisons with the two-point method, which requires two independent strain measurements, show good agreement between the two methods. The accuracy and feasibility of the method are demonstrated through its application to impact experiments on composite laminates. The use of the current method in determining the response of a fiber-reinforced composite laminate under impact loading is described.     

High-frequency scattering of elastic waves from cylindrical cavities

The scattering of time-harmonic plane longitudinal elastic waves by smooth convex cylindrical cavities is investigated. The exact solution for a circle is evaluated for wavelengths of the same order as the radius, and the geometrical and physical elastodynamics approximations are shown to be inadequate. The application of Watson's transformation exhibits the various diffraction effects and the relative importance of each is assessed. Excellent approximations for the scattered far-field are obtained with a hybrid method, in which an approximation for the surface field is constructed from the creeping wave contributions and this is then used in an integral representation. A generalization, based on the Geometrical Theory of Diffraction, of the hybrid method to cavities of smooth convex cross-section is presented and applied to the specific case of an ellipse. The predictions of the hybrid method compare well with numerical results obtained by an eigenfunction expansion method.     

Analysis of errors in the measurement of energy dissipation with two-point LDA

In the present study, an attempt has been made to identify and quantify, with a rigorous analytical approach, all possible sources of error involved in the estimation of the fluctuating velocity gradients when a two-point laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) technique is employed. Measurements were carried out in a grid-generated turbulence flow where the local dissipation rate can be calculated from the decay of kinetic energy. An assessment of the cumulative error determined through the analysis has been made by comparing the values of the spatial gradients directly measured with the gradient estimated from the decay of kinetic energy. The main sources of error were found to be related to the length of the two control volumes and to the fitting range, as well as the function used to interpolate the correlation coefficient when the Taylor length scale are estimated.

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Analysis of unloading waves from suddenly punched hole in an axially loaded elastic plate

The propagation of plane-stress unloading waves emanating from a suddenly punched circular hole in an axially loaded isotropic elastic plate is studied by analytical and numerical methods.     

Numerical study of formation of solitary strain waves in a nonlinear elastic layered composite material

Propagation of nonlinear strain waves through a layered composite material is considered. The governing macroscopic wave equation for the long-wave case was obtained earlier by the higher-order asymptotic homogenization method (Andrianov et al., 2013). Non-stationary dynamic processes are investigated by a pseudo-spectral numerical procedure. The time integration is performed by the Runge–Kutta method; the approximation with respect to the spatial co-ordinate is provided by the Fourier series expansion. The convergence of the Fourier series is substantially improved and the Gibbs–Wilbraham phenomenon is reduced with the help of Padé approximants. As result, we explore how fast and under what conditions the solitary strain waves can be generated from an initial excitation. The numerical and analytical solutions (when the latter can be obtained) are in good agreement.     

Localized strain waves in a nonlinearly elastic conducting medium interacting with a magnetic field

The influence of magnetic field on the generation of a localized wave in a nonlinearly elastic conducting medium is considered. The evolution equation for describing the wave beam propagation in the medium is derived. It is shown that the wave beam parameters depend on the value of the external magnetic field and on the field orientation in space.     

Cloaking of a circular cylindrical elastic inclusion from antiplane elastic waves and resonance effects

Cloaking of a circular cylindrical elastic inclusion embedded in a homogeneous linear isotropic elastic medium from antiplane elastic waves is studied. The transformation or change-of-variables method is used to determine the material properties of the cloak and the homogenization theory of composites is used to construct a multilayered cloak consisting of many bi-material cells. The large system of algebraic equations associated with this problem is solved by using the concept of multiple scattering with wave expansion coefficient matrices. Numerical results for cloaking of an elastic inclusion and a rigid inclusion are compared with the case of a cavity. It is found that while the cloaking patterns for the three cases are similar, the major difference is that standing waves are generated in the elastic inclusion and the multilayered cloak cannot prevent the motion inside the elastic inclusion, even though the cloak seems nearly perfect. Waves can penetrate into and cause vibrations inside the elastic inclusion, where the amplitude of standing waves depend on the material properties of the inclusion but are very much reduced when compared to the case when there is no cloak. For a prescribed mass density, the displacements inside the elastic cylinder decrease as the shear modulus increases. Moreover, the cloaking of the elastic inclusion over a range of wavenumbers is also investigated. There is significant low frequency scattering even if the cloak consists of a large number of layers. When the wavenumber increases, the multilayered cloak is not effective if the cloak consists of an insufficient number of layers. Resonance effects that occur in cloaking of elastic inclusions are also discussed.     

Nonlinear elastic shear waves

Summary The dynamics of one-dimensional two-component shear motion in elastic-isotropic homogeneous media is studied assuming isentropic finite displacements. Wave breaking of initially continuous waves on the infinite interval is discussed for weakly nonlinear waves.The problem of a resonating finite-thickness shear layer in primary resonance for single-component motion exhibits jump discontinuities of particle velocity, shear strain and stress in a finite frequency band near primary resonance.Under certain conditions two-component motion can be reduced to a quasi-single-component motion.     

Scattering of elastic waves from symmetric inhomogeneities at low frequencies

The problem of the scattering of elastic waves is treated in the low-frequency regime by a systematic expansion in powers of the frequency in the spatial domain of the scatterer. The zeroth and first degree scattering amplitudes vanish if the scatterer is localized in all directions. The second degree scattering amplitude corresponds to the so called Rayleigh regime in which the quasi-static result of Gubernatis et al. is valid. In general, the third and higher degree scattering amplitudes are nonvanishing. However, in the case where the scatterer has inversion symmetry about the origin, it is shown that the third degree scattering amplitude vanishes identically for all incident and scattered directions and for all polarizations. This result implies that the frequency derivative of the phase shift approaches zero at least quadratically as the frequency goes to zero. In other words, at sufficiently low frequencies the effective scattering center of a scatterer with inversion symmetry is its geometrical center. The use of this result in the processing of experimental scattering data is discussed.     

Propagation of harmonic elastic waves from a curvilinear cylindrical cavity

International Applied Mechanics -     

Regular reflection of plane detonation waves from an elastic half-space

An effective method for the approximate solution of the Eq. [1] for the intensity of a reflected shock wave in the case of oblique incidence of a detonation wave on an elastic half-space is described; the elastic half-space is described by a certain specific form of the equation of state. Formulas relating the front and particle velocities behind the transmitted wave front to physical parameters are derived. Values of the wave intensity and other quantities determined with the aid of a Ural-2 computer are cited.The author of [1, 2] investigated the regular reflection of shock waves from the boundary between two bodies. In the present paper we solve the analogous problem in the case of oblique incidence of a detonation wave on an elastic half-space. The detonation wave deforms the elastic half-space, which assumes the position OK₁ (Fig. 1) forming the angle to the initial direction KO of the halfspace boundary. We assume that the acoustic stiffness of the halfspace is larger than the acoustic stiffness of the explosive. In this case, both reflected wave 2 and transmitted wave 3 are shock waves [3]. Let us denote the velocities of propagation of the detonation, reflected, and transmitted waves by U_i(i=1, 2, 3), respectively; let the pressure be p_i and let the density bep _i(i=0, 1, 2, 3, 4). The quantities U₁, ₁, ₀, and ₄ are given. We determine the intensities of waves 2 and 3, their velocities of propagation, and the angles ₂, ₃ and . The parameters are constant within each of the domains a, b, c, d, and e. In domains a and e the medium is stationary, i.e., u₀=u₄ =0. The basic equations of the problem express the conditions at the wave fronts and the dynamic and kinematic relationships.     

Reflection of harmonic elastic waves from a convex axisymmetric cavity

Institute of Mechanics, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Kiev. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 27–32, March, 1991.