加弧辉光离子渗NiCr与喷丸强化复合处理对钛合金微动疲劳性能的影响研究

研究了钛合金表面加弧辉光离子渗NiCr层的相组合和分布,对NiCr渗 层进行喷丸形变强化后处理,以协同提高钛合金耐微动疲劳性能。研究结果表明：利用加弧辉光离子渗技术可以获得由Ni3Ti金属间化合物等组成的渗镀复合层,从而提高钛合金的表面硬度和耐磨性能;NiCr渗层的耐磨性能与喷丸强化引入的表面残余压应力协同作用,使钛合金经加弧辉光离子渗NiCr和喷丸形变强化复合处理后的耐微动疲劳性能较单一喷丸强化处理更好。     

Development of temperature-compensated resistance strain gages for use to 700°C

This paper describes the development and evaluation of temperature-compensated resistance strain gages for use to 700°C (1292°F). These gages included single-element gage and double-element gages. The filament of single-element gages was fabricated from specially developed Fe?Cr?Al?V?Ti?Y alloy wire. When bonded to high-temperature Ni-based alloy GH30, the apparent strain from room temperature to 700°C was less than 1800 μm/m. Active grids of double-element gages were fabricated from specially developed Pt?W?Re?Ni alloy wire and Pt-W9.5 wire. The compensating elements were fabricated from Pt?Ir20 alloy wire. When bonded to different high-temperature alloys, by proper adjustment of the ballast resistor in series with the low-resistance Pt?Ir element, apparent strain in the related temperature range was less than 1000 μm/m. Equations to compute the allowable deviation of resistance of compensating element and of ballast resistor for the purpose of attainment of certain measurement accuracy were derived. This paper should be of particular interest to those involved in strain measurement at temperatures to 700°C.     

Impact toughness of a gradient hardened layer of Cr5Mo1V steel treated by laser shock peening

Laser shock peening (LSP) is a widely used surface treatment technique that can effectively improve the fatigue life and impact toughness of metal parts. Cr5Mo1V steel exhibits a gradient hardened layer after a LSP process. A new method is proposed to estimate the impact toughness that considers the changing mechanical properties in the gradient hardened layer. Assuming a linearly gradient distribution of impact toughness, the parameters controlling the impact toughness of the gradient hardened layer were given. The influences of laser power densities and the number of laser shots on the impact toughness were investigated. The impact toughness of the laser peened layer improves compared with an untreated specimen, and the impact toughness increases with the laser power densities and decreases with the number of laser shots. Through the fracture morphology analysis by a scanning electron microscope, we established that the Cr5Mo1V steel was fractured by the cleavage fracture mechanism combined with a few dimples. The increase in the impact toughness of the material after LSP is observed because of the decreased dimension and increased fraction of the cleavage fracture in the gradient hardened layer.     

On high-frequency fatigue and dynamic properties at elevated temperature

The effects of elevated temperature and high strain rate on fatigue life and tensile properties were measured for annealed 316 stainless steel and titanium alloy 6Al?2Mo?4Zr?2Sn in the solution-heat-treated and aged condition. A 14-KHz magnetostriction oscillator was used for fatigue testing. This equipment was developed for operation in excess of 2000° F. A split Hopkinson pressure bar provided dynamic tensile data up to 1300° F at strain rates on the order of 10³ in./in./sec. An attempt was made to correlate the high-frequency-fatigue data with the dynamic tensile measurements by using the Manson fatiguelife-prediction methods. This paper contains the experimental results and discusses the analysis of these experiments.     

The interaction of creep and fatigue for a rotor steel

Twenty tests were performed on a 1 Cr?1 Mo?1/4 V rotor steel at 1000° F (538°C) to determine the interaction of creep and low-cycle fatigue. These tests involved five different types of strain-controlled cycling: creep at constant tensile stress; linearly varying strain at different frequencies; and hold periods at maximum compressive strain, maximum tensile strain, or both. The experimental data were then used to characterize the interaction of creep and fatigue by the:

1. Frequency-modified strain-range approach of Coffin;
2. Total time to fracture vs. the time of one cycle relation as proposed by Conway and Berling;
3. Total time to fracture vs. the number of cycles to fracture characterization of Ellis and Esztergar;
4. Summation of damage fractions obtained from tests using interspersed creep and fatigue as proposed by the Metal Properties Council;
5. Strain-range-partitioning method of Manson, Halford, and Hirschberg.

In order to properly assess the strain-range-partitioning approach, seven additional tests were performed at the NASA Lewis Research Center. Visual, ultrasonic, and acoustic-emission methods of crackinitiation determination were unsuccessful. An approximate indication of crack initiation was obtained by finding the cycle N_o where the stress-cycle curve first deviated from a constant slope. Predictive methods (based on monotonic tests) for determining the fatigue life in the creep range were examined and found deficient, though they may still be useful for preliminary comparison of materials and temperatures. The extension of the frequency-modified strain-range approach to notched members was developed and the results of notched-bar tests were shown to corroborate this approach, when crack initiation for the plain and notched bars was campared.     

Seasonal variations and sources of mass and chemical composition for PM10 aerosol in Hangzhou,China

Aerosol observation was conducted for four seasons from September 2001 to August 2002 at five sampling sites in Hangzhou, South China, on PM10 mass, 22 elements （Na, Mg, AI, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As. Se, Br, Cd, Ba, and Pb）, 5 major ions （F^-, Cl^ , NO3^-, SO4^2- , and NH4^＋）, and organic and elemental carbon （OC and EC）, showing that PM10 mass ranged from 46.7 to 270.8 μg/m^3, with an annual average of 119.2 μg/m^3. Na, AI, Si, S, K, Ca, and Fe were the most abundant elements in PM10, most of S being in the form of SO4^2- . SO4^2-, NO3^-, and NH4^＋ were the major ions, which contributed to about 20% of the PM10 mass. The mean seasonal concentrations for SO4^2- , averaged over all sites, were found to be 18.0, 18.5, 24,Z and 21.4 μg/m^3, for spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively, while the corresponding loadings for NO3^- were 7.2, 4.7, 7.1, and 11.2 μg/m^3, and for NH4^＋ were 6.0, 5.9, 8.2, and 9.3 μg/m^3, in the form mostly of NH4NO3 in spring, autumn, and winter, and mostly of （NH4）2SO4 in summer. The low NO3^-/SO4^2- ratio found indicates coal combustion as the major source throughout the year. The mean annual concentrations of OC and EC in PM10 were found to be 21.4, and 4.1 μg/m^3, respectively. Material balance calculation indicated that fugitive dust, the secondary aerosol, and carbonaceous matter were the most abundant species in PM10 for the four seasons, as is characteristic for cities in South China.     

镁合金弹丸10km/s撞击铝靶成坑特性实验

为获得10 km/s超高速撞击成坑特性,采用内爆发射器开展了长径比l/d_p为1/2、直径d_p为0.8 cm的镁合金弹丸撞击厚5 cm铝靶的超高速撞击实验,获得了铝靶的撞击成坑尺寸和形貌特性,结合文献数据,分析了成坑形貌与8 km/s以下速度撞击坑的差异和弹丸长径比、速度、动能对成坑尺寸的影响。结果表明:典型的撞击坑不仅包含中心成坑区,还包含了破坏区,成坑区近似半球形弹坑,破坏区为自由表面剥落形成的浅坑;坑深P_c/d_p为1.5～2.0,坑径d_c/d_p为3～3.5,坑形系数P_c/d_c为0.50,成坑效率E/V_c均值为3.74 kJ/cm3;对于l/d_p≤1的弹丸,采用等效直径对坑深进行归一化,归一化后坑深与长径比无关,与速度的2/3次幂成线性关系。     

混合澄清槽搅拌装置滑动轴承设计及磨损性能研究

针对混合澄清槽搅拌装置运行工况的特殊要求,以改善其滑动轴承使用性能及寿命为目标,选用和研制WC-VC-Ni-Cr-Mo金属陶瓷复合材料(WN20)和铁-镍-铬-石墨-二硫化钼自润滑复合材料(FC13). 考察了复合材料的微观组织、力学和摩擦学性能,结果表明WN20金属陶瓷复合材料具有优异的力学性能,FC13金属基自润滑复合材料在干摩擦状态下具有良好的自润滑和抗磨损性能,是滑动轴承组件摩擦副轴瓦的合适材料. 根据固体润滑滑动轴承的设计原则,设计滑动轴承组件结构及相应的润滑方式. 采用C13金属基自润滑复合材料制造轴瓦,并通过嵌入特种润滑剂的方式进行辅助润滑,与WN20金属陶瓷轴组成摩擦副时,滑动轴承组件表现出优异的摩擦磨损性能,经过250 h摩擦试验,摩擦系数和轴瓦温度无显著变化,摩擦系数为0.08,轴瓦径向磨损量为3.8 μm,均满足混合澄清槽搅拌装置的使用要求.      

Near-wake flow structure downwind of a wind turbine in a turbulent boundary layer

Wind turbines operate in the surface layer of the atmospheric boundary layer, where they are subjected to strong wind shear and relatively high turbulence levels. These incoming boundary layer flow characteristics are expected to affect the structure of wind turbine wakes. The near-wake region is characterized by a complex coupled vortex system (including helicoidal tip vortices), unsteadiness and strong turbulence heterogeneity. Limited information about the spatial distribution of turbulence in the near wake, the vortex behavior and their influence on the downwind development of the far wake hinders our capability to predict wind turbine power production and fatigue loads in wind farms. This calls for a better understanding of the spatial distribution of the 3D flow and coherent turbulence structures in the near wake. Systematic wind-tunnel experiments were designed and carried out to characterize the structure of the near-wake flow downwind of a model wind turbine placed in a neutral boundary layer flow. A horizontal-axis, three-blade wind turbine model, with a rotor diameter of 13 cm and the hub height at 10.5 cm, occupied the lowest one-third of the boundary layer. High-resolution particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to measure velocities in multiple vertical stream-wise planes (x–z) and vertical span-wise planes (y–z). In particular, we identified localized regions of strong vorticity and swirling strength, which are the signature of helicoidal tip vortices. These vortices are most pronounced at the top-tip level and persist up to a distance of two to three rotor diameters downwind. The measurements also reveal strong flow rotation and a highly non-axisymmetric distribution of the mean flow and turbulence structure in the near wake. The results provide new insight into the physical mechanisms that govern the development of the near wake of a wind turbine immersed in a neutral boundary layer. They also serve as important data for the development and validation of numerical models.