Fluid stirrings in a circular cavity with various driven boundaries

The present study deals with the complicated phenomena of fluid stirrings for the Stokes flows in a circular cavity. Two belts set on the boundary and periodically rotated with varied speeds construct the model flows. By means of the manipulations, the chaotic fluid stirrings prevail. Rather than to compute the finite-Lyapunov exponent in a local sense, a large number of fluid filaments are traced to quantitatively evaluate the averaged fluid stretch-rates in the cavity. Based on the results, several figures are provided to pre-estimate the overall fluid quantities that will be yielded when the installations and the rotations of the belts are specified. In general, the belts counter-rotated out of phase with longer periods are beneficial to the fluid stirrings. On the other hand, the variations of the fluid stretches with the belt installations are ambiguous. The maximum of the averaged fluid stretch-rates is about of 960 and 1.6 for the minimum.     

Energy transfer in the hybrid system dynamics (energy transfer in the axially moving double belt system)

First, as an introduction, using the author’s published references, a short survey of an analytical study of the energy transfer between two coupled subsystems, as well as between a linear and nonlinear oscillators of a hybrid system, in the free and forced vibrations of a different type of inter connections between subsystems is presented. Second, as author’s new research result, an analytical study of the energy transfer between two coupled like-string belts interconnected by light pure elastic layer in the axially moving sandwich double belt system, in the free vibrations is presented. On the basis of the obtained analytical expressions for the kinetic and potential energy of the belts and potential energy of the of light pure elastic distributed layer numerous conclusions are derived. In the pure linear elastic double belt system no transfer energy between different eigen modes of transversal vibrations of the axially moving double belt system, but in every from of the set of the infinite numbers eigen modes, there are transfer energy between belts. Each of the eigen modes of the free transversal vibrations are like two-frequency. The change of the potential energy of the booth belts is four frequency, and interaction part of the potential energy is one frequency in the each eigen mode. Changes of the kinetic energy of the both belts of the sandwich double axially moving bet system is two frequency like oscillatory regimes with two time multiplicities of the eineg frequencies of the corresponding eigen amplitude mode.     

Transversal forced vibrations of an axially moving sandwich belt system

Based on the author’s previously published results for transversal free vibrations of axially moving sandwich belts described by coupled partial differential equations, which are derived and analytically solved, this paper contains new analytical results, for forced vibrations of the same system excited by transversal external excitation. The transversal forced vibrations of the axially moving sandwich belts are described by the coupled partial nonhomogeneous differential equations. The partial differential equations are analytically solved. Bernoulli’s method of particular integrals and Lagrange’s method of the variations of the constants are used.     

An update on electrostatic powder coating for pharmaceuticals

Derived from dry powder coating of metals, electrostatic powder coating for pharmaceuticals is a technology for coating drug solid dosage forms. In this technology, coating powders, containing coating polymers, pigments, and other excipients, are directly sprayed onto the surface of the solid dosage forms through an electrostatic gun without using any organic solvent or water. The deposited coating powders are further cured to form a coating film. Electrostatic powder coating technology has many advantages compared to other pharmaceutical coating methods. It can eliminate the limitations caused by the organic solvent in solvent coating such as environmental issues and health problems. And electrostatic powder coating technology also surpasses aqueous coating due to its shorter processing time and less energy consumption, leading to a lower overall cost. Furthermore, the utilization of electrical attraction can promote the movement of coating powders towards the substrate, leading to an enhanced coating powder adhesion and coating efficiency, which make it more promising compared to other dry coating technologies. The objective of this review is to summarize the coating principles, apparatus, and formulations of different electrostatic powder coating technologies, giving their advantages and limitations and also analyzing the future application in the industry for each technology.     

等离子喷涂纳米FeS涂层的摩擦磨损性能研究

利用等离子喷涂技术在GCr15钢表面制备出纳米FeS固体润滑涂层,采用MHK-500型摩擦磨损试验机评价了FeS涂层在油润滑和干摩擦2种条件下的摩擦磨损性能,用扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪观察分析了涂层的形貌、结构、物相组成和磨损表面形貌.结果表明,纳米FeS涂层的物相主要为六方FeS,还有少量Fe1-xS和氧化物,涂层由尺寸在50～100 nm的颗粒组成.与GCr15钢相比,纳米FeS涂层的减摩耐磨性明显提高,尤其在油润滑条件下摩擦系数降低1倍,在高载荷(375 N)条件下磨痕宽度降低近1倍.在油润滑和干摩擦条件下,FeS涂层的主要磨损失效形式均为塑性变形.     

电刷镀镍/镍包纳米Al_2O_3颗粒复合镀层微动磨损性能研究

应用电刷镀技术制备了含有镍包纳米 Al2 O3颗粒的镍基复合镀层 .与快速镍镀层对比考察了该复合镀层高温硬度的变化 ,同时还从微动磨损角度考察了该复合镀层耐磨性和摩擦系数的变化 .结果表明 :与快镍镀层相比 ,镍 /镍包纳米 Al2 O3复合镀层具有更高的高温硬度和更好的抗微动磨损性能 ;复合镀层在 40 0℃左右表现出较明显的强化趋势 ,具有较好的综合性能 ;纳米 Al2 O3颗粒使复合镀层的结构致密和细化 ,在磨损过程中起到了一定的减轻粘着和降低摩摩的作用 ;复合镀层的微动磨损机理主要为粘着磨损 .     

油润滑条件下FeBSiNb非晶涂层磨损性能研究

基于机器人自动化高速电弧喷涂技术在45^#钢基体上制备了FeBSiNb非晶涂层.研究了非晶涂层在油润滑条件下磨损时间、线速度和载荷对涂层的磨损行为.采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析仪(EDAX)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)等仪器对涂层的组织结构进行了表征,利用纳米压痕仪对涂层的微观力学性能进行了分析.结果表明:涂层具有非晶态结构,组织均匀,层状结构紧凑,具有较低的孔隙率(1.4%)和较高的显微硬度(16.42 GPa).随着磨损速度升高,载荷增加,涂层的磨损率也随之增加.FeBSiNb非晶涂层具有良好的耐磨性,同一磨损条件下,其相对耐磨性为3Cr13涂层的6倍.FeBSiNb非晶涂层的磨损机制主要为脆性疲劳剥落.     

激光熔覆NiCr-ZrB2复合涂层结构及高温摩擦学性能

利用激光熔覆技术在纯钛表面制备了NiCr涂层和NiCr-ZrB2复合涂层.用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和高分辨透射电镜分析了涂层的组成、组织结构和晶体结构.在SRV-IV摩擦磨损试验机上对NiCr-ZrB2复合涂层从20到500℃的摩擦磨损性能进行了测试.结果表明:NiCr-ZrB2复合涂层的主要物相组成为[Ni,Ti]固溶体、Cr2Ti、ZrB2、ZrB、Ni3Cr2、Ti2Cr、TiB2和TiB;涂层厚约0.7～1.0 mm;涂层平均硬度约为HV0.21000,是纯钛基材的5.3倍;NiCr-ZrB2复合涂层的摩擦系数和磨损体积随温度的增加而减小,高温耐磨性能相对于钛基材提高约1个数量级;NiCr-ZrB2复合涂层的磨损机理为磨粒磨损和黏着磨损,高温下伴有氧化磨损和摩擦抛光现象.     

Characterization of Microvascular-Based Self-healing Coatings

A protocol is described to assess self-healing of crack damage in a polymer coating deposited on a substrate containing a microvascular network. The bio-inspired coating/substrate design delivers healing agent to cracks in the coating via a three-dimensional microvascular network embedded in the substrate. Through capillary action, monomer flows from the network channels into the crack plane where it is polymerized by a catalyst embedded in the coating. The healing efficiency of this materials system is assessed by the recovery of coating fracture toughness in a four-point beam bending experiment. Healing results for the microvascular networks are compared to data for a coating containing microencapsulated healing agents. A single crack in a brittle epoxy coating is healed as many as seven times in the microvascular systems, whereas microcapsule-based healing occurs for only one cycle. The ability to heal continuously with the microvascular networks is limited by the availability of catalyst in the coating.     

不同法向载荷下TiN涂层磨损寿命与失效机理研究

采用阴极弧等离子沉积技术在高速钢(HSS)和硬质合金钢(WC-Co)基体上制备TiN涂层,利用往复摩擦磨损试验机、轮廓仪、扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪等分析了不同法向载荷下TiN涂层的摩擦磨损特性和失效过程,建立了涂层磨损寿命图. 研究结果表明:TiN涂层/HSS试样摩擦系数随循环次数增加呈上升趋势;TiN涂层/WC-Co试样在30 N法向载荷下的摩擦系数随循环次数呈上升趋势,在60~120 N法向载荷下摩擦系数波动较大. 涂层试样的磨损深度随法向载荷与循环次数的增加而增加. TiN涂层/HSS试样在30 N法向载荷的主要失效形式是磨粒磨损、轻微黏着磨损和氧化磨损,在60~120 N法向载荷的主要失效形式是涂层断裂、磨粒磨损和剥层磨损. TiN涂层/WC-Co试样在30~50 N法向载荷下的主要失效形式是磨粒磨损,在60~120 N法向载荷下的主要失效形式是严重剥层. TiN涂层的磨损寿命图可以分为两部分:涂层工作区和涂层失效区. 接触应力越大,涂层磨损寿命越短. 基体材料抵抗变形的能力越强,涂层磨损寿命越长. TiN涂层/HSS基体具有良好的抵抗法向载荷的能力和较长的磨损寿命.      

涂层厚度对喷涂层疲劳磨损寿命影响的实验研究

采用等离子喷涂制备了不同厚度的铁基涂层,采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）表征了涂层内部和结合界面处的微观结构,采用球盘式疲劳磨损试验机分别考察了不同厚度涂层的疲劳磨损行为,采用Weibull分布分析并对比了涂层的疲劳磨损寿命。结果表明：适当地增加喷涂层的厚度可以避免整层分层失效的发生,而从在整体上提升涂层的疲劳磨损寿命。采用有限元分析（FEM）研究了涂层内部的应力分布,发现厚涂层界面剪切应力值不足薄涂层界面剪切应力的二分之一,可见显著降低界面剪切应力是较厚涂层拥有更好疲劳性能的主因。     

TiSiN/Ag纳米多层涂层的抗菌及摩擦学性能研究

采用多弧离子镀技术,在Ti-6Al-4V合金表面沉积TiSiN/Ag纳米多层涂层和TiSiN涂层,研究沉积涂层的结构、抗菌及摩擦学性能.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD),X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)表征涂层的成分和结构,用纳米压痕仪测试涂层的硬度.采用Rtec往复式摩擦磨损试验机对涂层在海水环境中的摩擦学性能进行研究,评价了涂层对大肠埃希氏菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的抗菌性能.结果表明:与TiSiN涂层相比,TiSiN/Ag多层涂层表现出较低的摩擦系数;两种涂层在海水中磨损率远小于Ti-6Al-4V基底,其中,TiSiN/Ag多层涂层比TiSiN涂层在海水环境中表现出较低的磨损率;对TiSiN/Ag多层涂层进行24 h抗菌试验后,该涂层对大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌率分别达到99.98%和100%.     

等离子喷涂碳化铬－镍铬涂层的摩擦学特性

在发展新型高效节能的汽车和飞机发动机用耐磨材料中，碳化铬－镍铬涂层是很有开发前景的材料之一．为了扩大这种涂层的应用领域并为其应用提供科学依据，用ＭＭ－２００磨损试验机，研究了等离子喷涂碳化铬－镍铬（质量比为３∶１）涂层分别与不锈钢、热压烧结Ｓｉ３Ｎ４和石墨组成摩擦副的摩擦学特性；用扫描电子显微镜、Ｘ射线能量色散谱仪和Ｘ射线衍射技术，考察了磨痕和磨屑的形貌、元素分布和物相组成；讨论了涂层分别与给定的３种材料配副时的磨损机理．结果表明：涂层与不同材料对摩时的磨损量差别很大，磨损机理也明显不同——涂层与不锈钢对摩时的磨损表现为层状颗粒的断裂与剥离；涂层与Ｓｉ３Ｎ４对摩时的磨损主要表现为涂层颗粒的断裂和断裂颗粒的脱碳氧化；石墨对涂层具有润滑作用     

风沙环境下钢结构涂层低角度冲蚀特性研究

针对风沙环境中钢结构涂层长期受冲蚀,涂层破坏直接降低钢结构体系耐久性的现状,采用能模拟风沙环境的气流挟沙喷射法对钢结构涂层试件进行了低角度冲蚀试验,用失重测量法测定涂层冲蚀失重量与沙剂量和冲击速度关系,进而评定冲蚀程度,用扫描电镜(SEM)观测分析涂层冲蚀区的微观形貌来分析冲蚀机理,并提出了涂层冲蚀程度评价计算公式.结果表明:涂层冲蚀失重量随沙剂量和冲击速度的增大而增加;低角度冲蚀主要为微切削作用,材料硬度起决定因素,高角度冲蚀主要为冲蚀挤压变形作用,材料韧性起决定作用,由于涂层材料硬度低而韧性高,故在低冲角下其受冲蚀程度严重;验证了评价计算公式用于评价涂层冲蚀程度的可靠性.研究结果将为准确评价风沙区钢结构体系耐久性提供依据.     

Deformation of a viscoelastic coating under the action of convective pressure fluctuations

The measurement method for complex compliance of viscoelastic coatings based on direct determination of deformation amplitude and pressure fluctuations was suggested. The value of dynamic deformation was about 0.02%. The frequency range was from 200 Hz to 2 kHz. Complex compliance of a viscoelastic coating measured was experimentally compared with calculations made on the basis of the measured modulus of elasticity and loss factor of the coating material. The resonance frequency was shown to not depend on the ratio between the diameter of the contact area and the coating thickness. According to the suggested explanation, coating deformation is defined by a stationary wave with an oscillation node on solid basement and loop on the coating outside. Analysis showed that to obtain maximum coating deformation under the action of pressure fluctuations, two conditions should be satisfied and the influence frequency should be equal to resonance the frequency of the coating (time factor). The length scale of convective pressure wave should also be equal to quadruple the thickness of the coating (spatial factor).     

电刷镀镍／镍包纳米Al2O3颗粒复合镀层微动磨损性能研究

应用电刷镀技术制备了含有镍包纳米Al2O3颗粒的镍基复合镀层。与快速镍镀层对比考察了该复合镀层高温硬度的变化,同时还从微动磨损角度考察了该复合镀层耐磨性和摩擦系数的变化。结果表明：与快镍镀层相比,镍／镍包纳米Al2O3复合镀层具有更高的高温硬度和更好的抗微动磨损性能;复合镀层在400℃左右表现出较明显的强化趋势,具有较好的综合性能;纳米Al2O3颗粒使复合镀层的结构致密和细化,在磨损过程中起到了一定的减轻粘着和降低摩擦的作用;复合镀层的微动磨损机理主要为粘着磨损。     

Three-dimensional elastic deformation of a functionally graded coating/substrate system

The concept of functionally graded material (FGM) is actively explored in coating design for the purpose of eliminating the mismatch of material properties at the coating/substrate interface, typical for conventional coatings, which can lead to cracking, debonding and eventual functional failure of the coating. In this paper, an FGM coating/substrate system of finite thickness subjected to transverse loading is analysed within the context of three-dimensional elasticity theory. The Young’s modulus of the coating is assumed to vary exponentially through the thickness, and the Poisson’s ratio is assumed to be constant. A comparative study of FGM versus homogeneous coating is conducted, and the dependence of stress and displacement fields in the coating substrate/system on the type of coating, geometry and loading is examined and discussed.     

多孔性镍基石墨复合电镀层的摩擦学特性研究

作者在对石墨粒子以表面活性剂进行润湿处理后,利用电镀的方法制取了多孔性Ni-石墨复合镀层。该镀层的孔隙率高且分布均匀,容易被油润湿,故其润滑性能良好。本文比较详细地研究了这种镀层的摩擦学特性,并以电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法研究了电解液中石墨粒子的吸附特性,且以X-射线透反射法证明了石墨粒子在镀层中具有择优取向性,同时讨论了镀层的表面及断面形貌。文章还对镀层的形成过程进行了理论分析与探讨。     

Nano-Ni粉体对Fe/WC涂层组织和性能的影响

在Fe/WC喷涂材料中添加不同量的Nano-Ni粉体,采用亚音速火焰喷涂技术在Q235基体上制备涂层,利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪等设备进行显微组织、表面形貌观察及物相分析,利用MM-W1磨损试验机和HXD-1000TM型显微硬度仪对涂层的性能进行测试.结果表明:Nano-Ni粉体可以细化涂层组织,提高涂层的致密性,随着Nano-Ni粉体添加量的增大,相应的力学性能均得到提高,在涂层形成过程中Nano-Ni粉体与喷涂材料中的其他成分形成了一些新相,如Fe-Ni固溶体和CeNi3,这些新相为改善涂层组织和提高涂层的力学性能起到积极作用.     

爆炸压涂制备铜涂层的性能

利用爆炸压涂技术在铜基板上制备了较大面积的铜涂层,详细阐述了爆炸压涂技术的工艺。利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜观察了铜涂层的微观组织结构,涂层的厚度为280μm,用截线法在涂层的显微结构图上测得其孔隙率为约2%,利用显微硬度计测量了涂层的显微硬度h_V0.05=114,还利用能谱分析测量了粉末和涂层中各元素的质量分数,实验前后元素的组成成分基本没有发生变化。爆炸压涂制备的铜涂层具有较好的均匀性和致密性,铜粉末在形成涂层的过程中不会发生氧化现象。