聚醚醚酮壳体战斗部爆破威力试验

为了验证聚醚醚酮（polyether ether ketone, PEEK）作为低附带毁伤战斗部壳体材料的可行性,设计了等厚度聚醚醚酮壳体和2A12铝制壳体作为爆破战斗部外壳。通过静爆威力对比试验,并结合峰值超压测试及高速摄影技术,对超压、比冲量及破片情况进行综合分析。试验结果表明,相同壳体厚度的聚醚醚酮壳体战斗部较2A12铝壳体战斗部质量减轻了一半以上,对人员超压毁伤半径几乎一致,聚醚醚酮壳体战斗部爆轰能量更多转化为冲击波能,且随着比例距离增加,比冲量高于2A12铝;聚醚醚酮壳体在爆炸载荷作用下破碎形成小破片,试验后仅回收到一枚边缘烧蚀的破片。可认为破片飞散时在爆轰产物高温高压作用下全部燃烧,聚醚醚酮壳体不产生杀伤破片,破片附带损伤小。战斗部壳体可采用聚醚醚酮材料,有效控制毁伤范围,满足城市作战中低附带毁伤效果需求。     

微喷测量中真空度对Ф2mm压电石英传感器的影响初探

针对Ф2mm压电石英传感器有效测试面积小、信号弱、易受干扰的特点，对不同真空度、不同飞片速度下的空气冲击波压力进行计算分析，得出在20Pa以下的真空度中进行微喷测量时，残存空气对Ф2mm压电石英传感器的影响可以忽略；利用此条件下的实验数据，估算了影响Ф2mm压电石英传感器真空度的上限值。     

空中爆炸冲击波(Ⅱ)测量技术

一,基本特点 空中爆炸冲击波是在核武器出现之后才被深入研究的一门学科,通过多种多样的核爆炸试验,人们掌握了大量现场实测数据,现今,空中爆炸冲击波的形成和传播的主要规律已作为一门比较成熟的知识被广泛应用了。在核试验中,可通过冲击波测量准确确定其爆点位置和当量,参与核武器的性能鉴定。通过核试验中大量冲击波测值的分析研究,各试验国家都建立起了一套武器效应研究。     

舱室内爆下舰船结构损伤的一种计算方法

为了评估舱室内爆多载荷耦合作用下舰船结构的损伤范围,设计了大尺度舱段模型,并开展了舱室内爆毁伤试验,试验后测量了舱室结构的破坏范围及破坏模式,分析了舱室内爆多载荷耦合作用下舰船结构的损伤机理,据此建立了舱室内爆下舰船结构损伤的计算方法。结果表明：(1)舱室内爆下形成的强冲击波载荷和准静态压力载荷可对舰船结构造成大范围的损伤,形成多种破坏模式;(2)舱室内爆下准静态压力载荷是舱室结构损伤破坏的主要毁伤元;(3)建立的舱室内爆载荷下结构损伤变形计算方法可同时考虑强冲击载荷和准静态压力载荷对结构的损伤破坏,理论计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

基于空气流场压力分析的头盔冲击波防护效能研究

研究典型战斗头盔对爆炸冲击波致颅脑冲击伤的防护效能。首先开展了50 g TNT距有无头盔防护下头部模型1 m处爆炸的抗爆试验,采集了有无防护下头部前额、颅顶、颅后冲击波超压并进行了对比分析;建立了具有典型颅脑结构的头部有限元模型并进行爆炸冲击波加载,对试验工况进行了仿真再现,通过试验结果验证了仿真模型有效性;同时利用数值仿真对不同工况下冲击波流场压力变化规律进行分析;进一步利用数值仿真研究了泡沫衬垫对头盔防护能力的影响。研究结果表明,典型战斗头盔可使前额空气超压衰减为无防护时的54.5%,但是会使颅后空气超压增强为无防护时的2.19倍,对颅后冲击波防护产生负面效果;头盔悬挂中泡沫衬垫能消弱头盔对颅后防护的负面效果,提高头盔对冲击波的防护能力。     

爆炸冲击波对墙体绕射效应的研究

采用试验与数值模拟相结合的方法,对爆炸冲击波作用于防爆墙的载荷与冲击波绕过 防爆墙的规律进行了研究. 采用压力传感器测压技术获得了防爆墙前后不同距离的压力曲线. 数值模拟基于ALE方法与JWL状态方程,试验结果与数值模拟基本相符,给出了冲击波作用 于防爆墙迎爆面上的载荷并研究了冲击波绕过防爆墙详细过程. 通过综合分析,得到了爆炸 冲击波绕流的内在机理为防爆墙的设计与加固提供依据和参考.     

关于水下爆破人身安全距离的探讨

本文根据施工实践和试验资料的分析,建议水下爆破时,以水中冲击波超压P0.3公斤/厘米2作为人体安全的判据;人在水下作业的最小安全距离可按公式:R=731k1k2Q1/3（米）计算。并以此为依据,对国内某些爆破工程安全规则提出了具体的修改意见     

预制孔靶板在爆炸冲击波载荷作用下的动态响应

对四边固定带预制孔靶板在爆炸冲击波载荷作用下的动态响应问题进行了实验研究。通过设计 爆炸冲击波载荷对2种材料不同孔数、不同孔径的靶板的冲击工况,获得了各靶板的中心点挠度。通过分析, 得到了预制孔靶板中心点挠度与预制孔数、孔径的相关规律,结合无孔平板在爆炸冲击波载荷下的挠度公式, 建立了广义的靶板中心点挠度公式,可用于计算不同孔靶板的中心点挠度。研究结果可作为平板材料在破片 冲击波联合毁伤研究的基础,为杀爆战斗部威力评估提供一些依据。     

复杂冲击波的非听力损伤评估研究进展

介绍了国外学者在复杂冲击波造成的非听力损伤评估研究中的一些新进展,并对几种不同评估技术的优缺点以及适用范围进行了分析。最大向内胸壁速度损伤评估法、有效峰值损伤评估法和injury软件损伤评估法是目前复杂冲击波对生物损伤评估中使用最广泛的方法。用有限元方法对复杂冲击波作用下的胸腔和腹腔器官响应机制和作用机理进行研究是今后研究的深入发展方向。     

空中爆炸冲击波下结构动响应及其抗冲击波设计研究进展

随着军事需求的不断增加,多种武器设备都会面临爆炸冲击波环境生存问题,例如,水下爆炸冲击波对船舶的作用、空中爆炸冲击波对飞机、导弹等结构的影响等,因此爆炸冲击波载荷作用下结构的动态响应及防护研究是一个急需关注的热点与难点问题。本研究主要对空中爆炸冲击波方向的研究进行了详细的梳理及综述。首先对空中爆炸冲击波载荷的参数经验公式计算、数值模拟及载荷试验验证研究进展进行了综述;进一步详细介绍了冲击波作用下平板结构、加筋结构及其他典型结构的动响应研究及抗冲击波结构设计进展,研究成果内容涉及爆炸冲击波作用下结构的理论与数值模拟方法研究、结构损伤及破坏效应研究、结构抗冲击波及防护设计研究、结构抗爆吸能特性研究、空中爆炸冲击波试验方法及验证研究等;最后基于目前已有的研究成果,从技术成熟的角度对此领域进行了总结与展望,并提出了几方面急需研究解决的关键技术问题,为后续的工程类结构抗冲击波设计研究提供参考。     

A study of blast wave loading on cantilevers

A study has been made of the response of elastic-plastic and brittle circular-cross-section cantilevers when subjected to blast wave loading. It is demonstrated how the deformation or failure of such cantilevers enables them to be used as blast wave gauges. In addition, the deformation of cantilever-type structures can be used to assess the characteristics of accidental explosions. Two numerical models have been developed to describe the deformation of a dynamically loaded cantilever. Both models assume that the plastic deformation is localized in a region near the fixed end, and that the loading force is a function of the dynamic-pressure time-history and a variable drag coefficient, which depends on the Reynolds number, Mach number and angle of attack of each discretized element of the cantilever. The first model assumes a rigid-plastic response of the cantilever. It was found that this model accurately described the response of cantilevers made of 50/50 lead/tin alloy. It overestimated the deformation of cantilevers made of more elastic materials when exposed to blast waves from high explosives and in a shock tube. The second model assumes an elastic-plastic response. The algorithm is based on the premise that the elastic curvature of the cantilever is limited by the plastic yield stress of the material and that as the curvature approaches this limit the cantilever rotates by the amount needed to keep the curvature constant and equal to this maximum. It has been shown that this algorithm minimizes the curvature of the cantilever at the base. This model provided good predictions of the deformation of cantilevers made of aluminum and steel. The numerical models were evaluated by studying the response of cantilevers exposed to shock waves in a shock tube, and to the blast waves from two explosions of ammonium-nitrate/fuel-oil charges of approximately 2.5 kt. The response to the shock tube flows was recorded by high speed photography which showed good agreement between the observed modes of deflection and those predicted by the elastic-plastic model. The models also provided good predictions of the deformation of a wide range of cantilevers, made of a variety of materials and of different diameters and lengths, when exposed to the free field blast waves. It is demonstrated how the numerical models can be used to determine the type of cantilever that might be used as a gauge for monitoring the blast wave from an explosion, or for evaluating the deformation of a cantilever exposed to the blast wave from an accidental explosion so as to characterize the explosion. Received 23 September 1996 / Accepted 11 November 1996     

一种新型危险品仓库结构设计及其安全距离

安全距离是危险品仓库建设和研究中重点关注的问题之一。为减小危险品仓库的安全距离,结合现行规范和危险品仓库建设现状,针对一种由浅埋式库房主体、顶部堆土和钢筋混凝土分配板组成的新型危险品仓库形式开展了3组缩尺模型野外爆炸试验,记录了各组试验的爆炸过程,统计了冲击波超压峰值和爆炸破片的飞散范围,给出了爆炸冲击波的安全距离,分析了分配板、库房强度等因素对冲击波传播和破片飞散的影响。研究表明,这种新型危险品仓库可实现定向泄爆,有效限制库房两侧及后方爆炸冲击波的传播和爆炸破片的飞散,使库房两侧及后方的安全距离最大减小77%;与覆土库相比,库房后方的安全距离可减小约50%。钢筋混凝土分配板是新型危险品仓库的重要组成部分,同无分配板库房相比,最大可使后方安全距离减小30%。与波纹钢库房主体相比,强度较高的钢筋混凝土库房主体可使库房后方的安全距离最大减小38%。     

化爆冲击波和炮口冲击波对生物致伤效应的对比研究

通过TNT化爆和火炮现场试验,探讨了化爆冲击波和炮口冲击波的异同点,结果发现两者的频谱大致相似。但化爆冲击波只有一次激波,而炮口冲击波有两次激波,有时甚至可见到三次激波。生物效应致伤的靶器官也有所不同,化爆冲击波以肺损伤较为多见,而炮口冲击波似乎以上呼吸道更为敏感,结果提示化爆可以模拟炮口冲击波,但又不完全等同于炮口冲击波,必要的火炮现场试验是必不可少的。     

Application of background oriented schlieren for quantitative measurements of shock waves from explosions

This paper describes application of a background oriented schlieren technique in order to obtain quantitative measurements of shock waves from explosions by processing high speed digital video recordings. The technique is illustrated by an analysis of two explosions, a high explosive test and a hydrogen gas explosion test. The visualization of the shock front is utilized to calculate the shock Mach number, leading to a predicted shock front pressure. For high explosives the method agreed quite well with a standard curve for side-on shock pressures. In the case of the gas explosion test we can also show that the shock front is non-spherical. It should be possible to develop this technique to investigate external blast waves and external explosions from vented gas explosions in more details. This paper is based on work that was presented at the 21th International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems, Poitiers, France, July 23–27, 2007.     

On the interaction and coalescence of spherical blast waves

The scaling and similarity laws concerning the propagation of isolated spherical blast waves are briefly reviewed. Both point source explosions and high pressure gas explosions are considered. Test data on blast overpressure from the interaction and coalescence of spherical blast waves emanating from explosives in the form of shaped charges of different strength placed in the vicinity of a solid propellant stack are presented. These data are discussed with regard to the scaling laws concerning the decay of blast overpressure. The results point out the possibility of detecting source explosions from far-field pressure measurements.      

Laboratory-scale blast wave phenomena – optical diagnostics and applications

Laboratory-scale experiments with explosive charges in the milligram range are a useful tool to investigate basic blast wave phenomena and to replicate, to some extent, large-scale explosions. This paper reviews and discusses the optical diagnostics that can be applied in these experiments and outlines how these techniques can be used to obtain new information about the propagation and interaction of blast waves. Performance criteria for the required instrumentation are established. Several examples illustrate the potential and the limitations of this approach to blast wave research. PACS 47.40.Nm; 52.35.Tc; 42.40.Kw An abridged version of this paper was presented at the First International Symposium on Interdisciplinary Shock Wave Research in Sendai, Japan, from March 22 to 24, 2004.     

建筑结构爆破地震反应弹塑性精细时程分析

针对爆破地震作用下建筑结构的安全评估问题,提出利用时程分析方法全面评估爆破地震波的安全度;建立了基于精细积分算法的结构弹塑性动力分析架构模式,编制了建筑结构爆破地震反应弹塑性精细时程分析程序;通过算例验证了该算法的准确性与高效性,弹性时程分析与不同恢复力模型弹塑性时程分析的结果曲线具有类似特征和数值差异;建议选择合理的恢复力模型,使用弹塑性时程分析方法模拟爆破地震作用下结构的动力响应,全面评估爆破地震波的安全性。     

Identification of the plastic behavior of aluminum plates under free air explosions using inverse methods and full-field measurements

This article describes an inverse method for the identification of the plastic behavior of aluminum plates subjected to sudden blast loads. The method uses full-field optical measurements taken during the first milliseconds of a free air explosion and the finite element method for the numerical prediction of the blast response. The identification is based on a damped least-squares solution according to the Levenberg–Marquardt formulation. Three different rate-dependent plasticity models are examined. First, a combined model based on linear strain hardening and the strain rate term of the Cowper–Symonds model, secondly, the Johnson–Cook model and finally, a combined model based on a bi-exponential relation for the strain hardening term and the strain rate term of the Cowper–Symonds model. A validation of the method and its sensitivity to measurement uncertainties is first provided according to virtual measurements generated with the finite element method. Next, the plastic behavior of aluminum is identified using measurements from real free air explosions obtained from a controlled detonation of C4. The results show that inverse methods can be successfully applied for the identification of the plastic behavior of metals subjected to blast waves. In addition, the material parameters identified with inverse methods enable the numerical prediction of the material’s response with increased accuracy.     

高聚物牺牲包层对钢筋混凝土板的爆炸毁伤缓解效应

为研究高聚物牺牲包层对钢筋混凝土结构的爆炸毁伤缓解效应,开展了带高聚物牺牲包层钢筋混凝土板的接触爆炸试验,同时设置了普通钢筋混凝土板作为对照组,对比分析了高聚物牺牲包层对钢筋混凝土板毁伤特征的影响。此外,运用AUTODYN软件建立了现场爆炸试验的SPH-FEM耦合模型,通过与试验结果的对比,验证了所建耦合模型的可靠性。在此基础上,通过参数敏感性分析,探究了炸药量和高聚物牺牲包层密度、厚度对带高聚物牺牲包层钢筋混凝土板毁伤特性以及吸能特性的影响。结果表明：接触爆炸下,高聚物牺牲包层能够有效地分散爆炸荷载,缓解爆炸荷载对钢筋混凝土板的冲击作用,具有良好的防护性能;药量在一定范围内增大时,高聚物牺牲包层依然能维持较高的吸能水平,增大包层密度和厚度有利于增强高聚物牺牲包层的吸能特性,包层厚度的变化会造成被保护钢筋混凝土板毁伤模式的改变。     

爆炸冲击波作用下人体肺部的损伤

为探究肺部爆炸伤的致伤机制与评价指标,构建了人体-爆炸流场有限元模型,通过与爆炸事故中人员损伤情况比对,验证了模型的有效性。共进行39个爆炸工况的数值模拟,通过改变爆炸当量与距离,使得胸部受到不同量级爆炸载荷作用,肺部损伤等级从无损伤到严重损伤。通过分析爆炸流场分布、胸腔动力学响应、肺部应力分布等阐明肺部爆炸伤的力学机制。基于人体有限元模型输出的损伤响应,提出肺部爆炸伤的评价指标。研究结果表明:在爆炸载荷作用下,胸前壁高速撞击胸腔脏器,导致肺部产生应力波。随后在惯性作用下,胸前壁持续挤压胸腔脏器,并造成胸腔变形。应力波是造成肺部损伤的主要原因,胸腔变形挤压肺部造成的损伤风险较低。肺部损伤集中在靠近胸前壁及心脏的区域。胸骨速度峰值和胸骨加速度峰值可作为肺部爆炸伤的评价指标。胸部压缩量及黏性响应系数不能反映应力波对肺部造成的损伤,不适合评价肺部爆炸伤。