The effect of interfacial energy anisotropy on planar interface instability in a succinonitrile alloy under a small temperature gradient

The morphological stability of a planar interface with different crystallographic orientations is studied under a small positive temperature gradient using a transparent model alloy of succinonitrile.Novel experimental apparatus is constructed to provide a temperature gradient of about 0.37 K/mm.Under this small temperature gradient,the planar interface instability depends largely on the crystallographic orientation.It is shown experimentally that the effect of interfacial energy anisotropy on planar interface stability cannot be neglected even in a small temperature gradient system.Higher interfacial energy anisotropy leads the planar interface to become more unstable,which is different from the stabilizing effect of the interfacial energy on the planar interface.The experimental results are in agreement with previous theoretical calculations and phase field simulations.     

传感器在固体熔化凝固实验中的运用

基于固体的熔化和凝固实验的传统做法,结合现代测量技术对其进行了改进,对晶体海波和非晶体石蜡的熔化和凝固进行了全程监控,取得了很好的实验效果并节省了实验时间,提高了实验的准确性.     

Rayleigh light scattering in molecular crystals of succinonitrile and trimethylacetonitrile

Two representatives of molecular crystals exhibiting plastic phase : succinonitrile NCCH₂CH₂CN and trimethylacetonitrile |CH₃|₃CCN were studied. For these crystals the horizontally and vertically polarized components of the scattered radiation were measured in the temperature range from the plastic phase to liquid, and the depolarization degrees were determined. The isotropic component V_V was also measured as a function of temperature changing from liquid to plastic phase. In both phases the squares of effective anisotropy of optical polarizability were found from the measurements of the anisotropic component H_V.     

The tip temperatures of succinonitrile dendrites growing in space and on earth

The theoretically estimated tip temperatures of “freely” growing, high purity succinonitrile dendrites, based on the widely used Ivantsov paraboloidal approximation, are shown to exceed the known equilibrium melting point of the material. It is suggested that these discrepancies are due to side-branching activity, and that future experimental work be devoted to an accurate determination of the tip temperatures, in a material with an known amount of impurity, or solute.     

Diffusionless crystal growth in rapidly solidifying eutectic systems

Using a local nonequilibrium model of solidification, experiments on rapid eutectic growth are analyzed. An analytical solution of a problem of rapid lamellar eutectic growth under local nonequilibrium conditions in the solute diffusion field is found. It is shown that solute diffusion-limited growth of a eutectic pattern is completely finished, and diffusionless growth of the chemically homogeneous crystalline phase begins to proceed at a critical point V = V(D), where V is the solid-liquid interface velocity and V(D) is the solute diffusion speed in bulk liquid. A suppression of eutectic decomposition occurs in the range V > or = V(D) that results in a growth of homogeneous crystal phase with the initial (nominal) chemical composition of the binary system.     

Instability and freezing in a solidifying melt conduit

Previous works have shown that when liquid flows in a pipe whose boundary temperature is below freezing, a tubular drainage conduit forms surrounded by solidified material that freezes shut under the appropriate combination of forcing conditions. We conduct laboratory experiments with wax in which the tube freezes shut below a certain value of flux from a pump. As the flux is gradually decreased to this value, the total pressure drop across the length of the tube first decreases to a minimum value and then rises before freezing. Previous theoretical models of a tube driven by a constant pressure drop suggest that once the pressure minimum is reached, the states for a lower flux should be unstable and the tube should therefore freeze-up. In our experiments, flux and pressure drop were coupled, and this motivates us to extend the theory for low Reynolds number flow through a tube with solidification to incorporate a simple pressure-drop-flux relationship. Our model predicts a steady-state relationship between flux and pressure drop that has a minimum pressure as the flux is varied. The stability properties of these steady states depend on the boundary conditions: for a fixed flux, they are all stable, whereas for fixed pressure drop, only those with a flux larger than that at the pressure drop minimum are stable. For a mixed pressure-flux condition, the stability threshold of the steady states lies between these two end members. This provides a possible mechanism for the experimental observations.     

Molecular motions in plastic succinonitrile: correlation times from incoherent neutron scattering

In the plastic phase (233 K < T < 331 K), the succinonitrile molecule N≡C-(CH₂)₂-C≡N undergoes motions of isomerization between two gauche and a trans conformations and, when in its transform, rotational motions of reorientation from a diagonal of the b.c.c. unit cell to another. After an evaluation of the multiple scattering correction using both a Monte Carlo simulation technique and a semianalytical calculation, the experimental quasi-elastic neutron spectra measured at 302 K were corrected and a comparison is made to a model taking into account the two coupled molecular motions.

The correlation times found by fitting this model to the corrected data are: for the rotational motion, and for the reaction of isomerization gauche?trans.     

晶体熔解和凝固实验的小改进

将一团蓬松的细铁丝或铜丝先放到试管的底端,以增加海波的导热性能,使海波在48℃开始熔解,直到全部熔解温度仍保持48℃.     

Action of high intensity ultrasound on solidifying metal

The mechanism of metal solidification in an ultrasonic field and associated structure changes in ingots is described. Development of cavitation and acoustic flow in melts, and the nucleation and dispersion of growing crystals are discussed. The effects of material properties and solidification conditions on the effectiveness of structure refinement during ultrasonic treatment are evaluated. As an example, the structure changes in steels treated by ultrasound are examined.     

Convergent instability in the ionosphere

A linear theory of the convergent instability (CI) of ionospheric plasma associated with the nonuniform nature of its regular motion is examined. The conditions under which CI appears in the E- and F-layers for vertical ion motion caused by various physical factors are analyzed. The possibility of small-scale strongly geomagnetic-field-aligned nonuniformities of electron concentration (l_min 10–30 m) is demonstrated. The altitude dependence of collision frequency is shown to play a large role in CI.Scientific-Research Radio-Physics Institute. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 36, No. 10, pp. 921–928, October, 1993.     

On the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in superfluids

The Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in superfluids is discussed on the basis of the first experimental observation of such an instability at the interface between superfluid ³He-A and superfluid ³He-B (R. Blaauwgeers, V. B. Eltsov, G. Eska et al., cond-mat/0111343). We discuss why the Kelvin-Helmholtz criterion, the Landau critical velocity for nucleation of ripplons, and the free-energy consideration all give different values for the instability threshold.     

On the back-firing instability

The onset of the back-firing instability is studied in a one-dimensional spatially extended and dissipative system, where propagating localized solutions become unstable. It corresponds to the emission in the tail of a solitary wave of a new wave propagating in the opposite direction. The transition is illustrated, in geometrical terms, using a model normal form equation. (c) 2004 American Institute of Physics.     

Surface free energy of polypropylene and polycarbonate solidifying at different solid surfaces

Advancing and receding contact angles of water, formamide, glycerol and diiodomethane were measured on polypropylene (PP) and polycarbonate (PC) sample surfaces which solidified at Teflon, glass or stainless steel as matrix surfaces. Then from the contact angle hystereses (CAH) the apparent free energies of the surfaces were evaluated. The original PP surface is practically nonpolar, possessing small electron donor interaction (), as determined from the advancing contact angles of these liquids. It may result from impurities of the polymerization process. However, it increases up to 8-10 mJ/m² for PP surfaces contacted with the solids. The PC surfaces both original and modified show practically the same . No electron acceptor interaction is found on the surfaces.The of modified PP and PC surfaces depend on the kind of probe liquid and contacted solid surface. The modified PP values determined from CAH of polar liquids are greater than that of original surface and they increase in the sequence: Teflon, glass, stainless steel surface, at which they solidified. No clear dependence is observed between and dielectric constant or dipole moment of the polar probe liquids. The changes in of the polymer surfaces are due to the polymer nature and changes in its surface structure caused by the structure and force field of the contacting solid. It has been confirmed by AFM images.     

Evolution of surface plasmon–polariton wave in a thin metal film: The modulation‐instability effect

The modulation instability development of intensive surface plasmon–polariton waves in a thin metal film is studied. It is shown both analytically and numerically that the modulation‐instability effect can give rise to spatial redistribution and longitudinal localization of surface plasmon–polariton wave energy on the subwavelength scale. Analytical expressions for the driving parameters of the modulation instability process ? nonlinearity and dispersion ? are derived. The impact of the film thickness and dielectric permittivities of constituents on the dynamics of surface plasmon–polariton wave transformation is considered. Numerical simulations show that in the layer structure comprising a silver film of subwavelength thickness a train of subpicosecond optical pulses with high repetition rate can be generated.

     

Kinetics of the Raman instability in laser plasma

The phase-space evolution in a non-relativistic and homogeneous laser plasma in the presence of the stimulated Raman scattering is studied. Transform method is used for a solution of the set of partial differential equations which consists of the Vlasov equation and of the full set of Maxwell equations in a 1D model. Numerical instability of the Fourier-Hermite representation is described and discussed. To overcome numerical instabilities during the simulation, a simplified Fokker-Planck collision term is employed. In the collisionless case the solution is pushed to the practicable limit and the initial phase of particle trapping and acceleration in the potential wells of the electrostatic wave accompanying the Raman backscattered wave was recorded. Also the growth of the electrostatic partner of the Raman forward scattered wave was observed.