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1.
We discuss three Hamiltonians, each with a central-field part H0 and a PT-symmetric perturbation igz. When H0 is the isotropic Harmonic oscillator the spectrum is real for all g because H is isospectral to H0+g2/2. When H0 is the Hydrogen atom then infinitely many eigenvalues are complex for all g. If the potential in H0 is linear in the radial variable r then the spectrum of H exhibits real eigenvalues for 0<g<gc and a PT phase transition at gc. 相似文献
2.
We demonstrate the emergence of non-Abelian fusion rules for excitations of a two dimensional lattice model built out of Abelian degrees of freedom. It can be considered as an extension of the usual toric code model on a two dimensional lattice augmented with matter fields. It consists of the usual C(Zp) gauge degrees of freedom living on the links together with matter degrees of freedom living on the vertices. The matter part is described by a n dimensional vector space which we call Hn. The Zp gauge particles act on the vertex particles and thus Hn can be thought of as a C(Zp) module. An exactly solvable model is built with operators acting in this Hilbert space. The vertex excitations for this model are studied and shown to obey non-Abelian fusion rules. We will show this for specific values of n and p, though we believe this feature holds for all n>p. We will see that non-Abelian anyons of the quantum double of C(S3) are obtained as part of the vertex excitations of the model with n=6 and p=3. Ising anyons are obtained in the model with n=4 and p=2. The n=3 and p=2 case is also worked out as this is the simplest model exhibiting non-Abelian fusion rules. Another common feature shared by these models is that the ground states have a higher symmetry than Zp. This makes them possible candidates for realizing quantum computation. 相似文献
3.
As a calcium oscillations system is in steady state, the effects of colored noise and noise delay on the system is investigated using stochastic simulation methods. The results indicate that: (1) the colored noise can induce coherence bi-resonance phenomenon. (2) there exist three peaks in the R–τ0 (R is the reciprocal coefficient of variance, and τ0 is the self-correlation time of the colored noise) curves. For the same noise intensity Q=1, the Gaussian colored noise can induce calcium spikes but the white noise cannot do this. (3) the delay time can improve noise induced spikes regularity as τ0 is small, and R has a significant minimum with increasing τ as τ0 is large. (4) large values of ζ reduce noise induced spikes regularity. 相似文献
4.
We study reduction of generalized complex structures. More precisely, we investigate the following question. Let J be a generalized complex structure on a manifold M, which admits an action of a Lie group G preserving J. Assume that M0 is a G-invariant smooth submanifold and the G-action on M0 is proper and free so that MG?M0/G is a smooth manifold. Under what condition does J descend to a generalized complex structure on MG? We describe a sufficient condition for the reduction to hold, which includes the Marsden–Weinstein reduction of symplectic manifolds and the reduction of the complex structures in Kähler manifolds as special cases. As an application, we study reduction of generalized Kähler manifolds. 相似文献
5.
We have studied the anisotropic two-dimensional nearest-neighbor Ising model with competitive interactions in both uniform longitudinal field H and transverse magnetic field Ω. Using the effective-field theory (EFT) with correlation in cluster with N=1 spin we calculate the thermodynamic properties as a function of temperature with values H and Ω fixed. The model consists of ferromagnetic interaction Jx in the x direction and antiferromagnetic interaction Jy in the y direction, and it is found that for H/Jy∈[0,2] the system exhibits a second-order phase transition. The thermodynamic properties are obtained for the particular case of λ=Jx/Jy=1 (isotropic square lattice). 相似文献
6.
A.P. Moina 《Physica B: Condensed Matter》2012,407(23):4550-4556
Within the framework of two-sublattice Mitsui model with taking into account the shear strain ε4 and the diagonal strains ε2 and ε3, a dynamic dielectric response of Rochelle salt X-cuts is considered. Experimentally observed phenomena of crystal clamping by high frequency electric field, piezoelectric resonance, and microwave dispersion are described. Analytical expressions for the resonant frequencies of these cuts, associated with the shear vibration mode of ε4 and with the extensional in-plane modes of ε2, ε3, are derived. It is shown that the lowest resonant frequency is always associated with the ε4 shear mode. 相似文献
7.
We discuss space-time symmetric Hamiltonian operators of the form H=H0+igH′, where H0 is Hermitian and g real. H0 is invariant under the unitary operations of a point group G while H′ is invariant under transformation by elements of a subgroup G′ of G. If G exhibits irreducible representations of dimension greater than unity, then it is possible that H has complex eigenvalues for sufficiently small nonzero values of g. In the particular case that H is parity-time symmetric then it appears to exhibit real eigenvalues for all 0<g<gc, where gc is the exceptional point closest to the origin. Point-group symmetry and perturbation theory enable one to predict whether H may exhibit real or complex eigenvalues for g>0. We illustrate the main theoretical results and conclusions of this paper by means of two- and three-dimensional Hamiltonians exhibiting a variety of different point-group symmetries. 相似文献
8.
We construct a natural L2-metric on the perturbed Seiberg–Witten moduli spaces Mμ+ of a compact 4-manifold M, and we study the resulting Riemannian geometry of Mμ+. We derive a formula which expresses the sectional curvature of Mμ+ in terms of the Green operators of the deformation complex of the Seiberg–Witten equations. In case M is simply connected, we construct a Riemannian metric on the Seiberg–Witten principal U(1) bundle P→Mμ+ such that the bundle projection becomes a Riemannian submersion. On a Kähler surface M, the L2-metric on Mμ+ coincides with the natural Kähler metric on moduli spaces of vortices. 相似文献
9.
The sound attenuation phenomena is investigated for a spin- 3/2 Ising model on the Bethe lattice in terms of the recursion relations by using the Onsager theory of irreversible thermodynamics. The dependencies of sound attenuation on the temperature (T), frequency (w), Onsager coefficient (γ) and external magnetic field (H) near the second-order (Tc) and first-order (Tt) phase transition temperatures are examined for given coordination numbers q on the Bethe lattice. It is assumed that the sound wave couples to the order-parameter fluctuations which decay mainly via the order-parameter relaxation process, thus two relaxation times are obtained and which are used to obtain an expression for the sound attenuation coefficient (α). Our investigations revealed that only one peak is obtained near Tt and three peaks are found near Tc when the Onsager coefficient is varied at a given constant frequency for q=3. Fixing the Onsager coefficient and varying the frequency always leads to two peaks for q=3,4 and 6 near Tc. The sound attenuation peaks are observed near Tt at lower values of external magnetic field, but as it increases the sound attenuation peaks decrease and eventually disappear. 相似文献
10.
The aim of this paper is to develop local theory of future timelike, nonspacelike and null reachable sets from a given point q0 in the sub-Lorentzian geometry. In particular, we prove that if U is a normal neighbourhood of q0 then the three reachable sets, computed relative to U, have identical interiors and boundaries with respect to U. Further, among other things, we show that for Lorentzian metrics on contact distributions on R2n+1, n≥1, the boundary of reachable sets from q0 is, in a neighbourhood of q0, made up of null future directed curves starting from q0. Every such curve has only a finite number of non-smooth points; smooth pieces of every such curve are Hamiltonian geodesics. For general sub-Lorentzian structures, contrary to the Lorentzian case, timelike curves may appear on the boundary. It turns out that such curves are always Goh curves. We also generalize a classical result on null Lorentzian geodesics: every null future directed Hamiltonian sub-Lorentzian geodesic initiating at q0 is contained, at least to a certain moment of time, in the boundary of the reachable set from q0. 相似文献
11.
We study the oil displacement and production behavior in an isothermal thin layered reservoir model subjected to water flooding. We use the CMG’s (Computer Modelling Group ) numerical simulators to solve mass balance equations. The influences of the viscosity ratio (m≡μoil/μwater) and the inter-well (injector-producer) distance r on the oil production rate C(t) and the breakthrough time tbr are investigated. Two types of reservoir configuration are used, namely one with random porosities and another with a percolation cluster structure. We observe that the breakthrough time follows a power-law of m and r, tbr∝rαmβ, with α=1.8 and β=−0.25 for the random porosity type, and α=1.0 and β=−0.2 for the percolation cluster type. Moreover, our results indicate that the oil production rate is a power law of time. In the percolation cluster type of reservoir, we observe that P(t)∝tγ, with γ=−1.81, where P(t) is the time derivative of C(t). The curves related to different values of m and r may be collapsed suggesting a universal behavior for the oil production rate. 相似文献
12.
The magnetization reversal behavior of Permalloy nanowires has been investigated using a magneto-optic Kerr effect setup. Nanowires with various widths, w=250 nm to 3 μm and a thickness of t=10 nm were fabricated by electron-beam lithography and subsequent lift-off. Furthermore, similar nanowires but with a thickness gradient along the nanowire axis have been prepared to investigate the influence of the gradient on the magnetic domain wall propagation. Magnetization hysteresis loops recorded on individual nanowires without a gradient are compared to corresponding wires with a thickness gradient. The dependence of the coercive field, Hc vs. t/w shows a linear behavior for wires without a gradient. However, wires with a gradient display a more complex crossover behavior. We find a plateau in the Hc vs. t/w curve at values of w, where a transformation from transverse to vortex domain wall type is expected. 相似文献
13.
We analyse the phase diagram of a quantum mean spherical model in terms of the temperature T, a quantum parameter g, and the ratio p=−J2/J1, where J1>0 refers to ferromagnetic interactions between first-neighbour sites along the d directions of a hypercubic lattice, and J2<0 is associated with competing antiferromagnetic interactions between second neighbours along m≤d directions. We regain a number of known results for the classical version of this model, including the topology of the critical line in the g=0 space, with a Lifshitz point at p=1/4, for d>2, and closed-form expressions for the decay of the pair correlations in one dimension. In the T=0 phase diagram, there is a critical border, gc=gc(p) for d≥2, with a singularity at the Lifshitz point if d<(m+4)/2. We also establish upper and lower critical dimensions, and analyse the quantum critical behavior in the neighborhood of p=1/4. 相似文献
14.
We introduce a network evolution process motivated by the network of citations in the scientific literature. In each iteration of the process a node is born and directed links are created from the new node to a set of target nodes already in the network. This set includes m “ambassador” nodes and l of each ambassador’s descendants where m and l are random variables selected from any choice of distributions pl and qm. The process mimics the tendency of authors to cite varying numbers of papers included in the bibliographies of the other papers they cite. We show that the degree distributions of the networks generated after a large number of iterations are scale-free and derive an expression for the power-law exponent. In a particular case of the model where the number of ambassadors is always the constant m and the number of selected descendants from each ambassador is the constant l, the power-law exponent is (2l+1)/l. For this example we derive expressions for the degree distribution and clustering coefficient in terms of l and m. We conclude that the proposed model can be tuned to have the same power law exponent and clustering coefficient of a broad range of the scale-free distributions that have been studied empirically. 相似文献
15.
We consider a Schrödinger-type differential expression HV=∇∗∇+V, where ∇ is a Hermitian connection on a Hermitian vector bundle E over a complete Riemannian manifold (M,g) with metric g and positive smooth measure dμ, and V is a locally integrable section of the bundle of endomorphisms of E. We give a sufficient condition for m-accretivity of a realization of HV in L2(E). 相似文献
16.
In this paper, we try to propose a toy model, which follows the majority rule with the Fermi function, to uncover the role of the heterogeneous interaction between individuals in opinion formation. In order to do this, we define the impact factor IFi, says individual i, as the exponential function of its connectivity ki with the tunable parameter β. β also shows the public information that can be collected by individuals in the system. We realize our model in scale-free networks with mean connectivity 〈k〉. We find that much more public information (β>β2) and less public information (β<β1) cannot let either of the two opinions be the majority during the opinion formation. Furthermore, β1 is a constant and equal to −0.76(±0.04), and β2 decreases as a power-law function of the mean connectivity 〈k〉 of the network. Our work can provide some perspectives and tools to understand the diversity of opinion in social networks. 相似文献
17.
In order to explain the occurrence of a minimum in firing rate which occurs for certain mean input levels μ as noise level σ increases (inverse stochastic resonance, ISR) in Hodgkin–Huxley (HH) systems, we analyze the underlying transitions from a stable equilibrium point to limit cycle and vice-versa. For a value of μ at which ISR is pronounced, properties of the corresponding stable equilibrium point are found. A linearized approximation around this point has oscillatory solutions from whose maxima spikes tend to occur. A one dimensional diffusion is also constructed for small noise. Properties of the basin of attraction of the limit cycle (spike) are investigated heuristically. Long term trials of duration 500000 ms are carried out for values of σ from 0 to 2.0. The graph of mean spike count versus σ is divided into 4 regions R1,…,R4, where R3 contains the minimum associated with ISR. In R1 transitions to the basin of attraction of the rest point are not observed until a small critical value of σ=σc1 is reached, at the beginning of R2. The sudden decline in firing rate when σ is just greater than σc1 implies that there is only a small range of noise levels 0<σ<σc1 where repetitive spiking is safe from annihilation by noise. The firing rate remains small throughout R3. At a larger critical value σ=σc2 which signals the beginning of R4, the probability of transitions from the basin of attraction of the equilibrium point to that of the limit cycle apparently becomes greater than zero and the spike rate thereafter increases with increasing σ. The quantitative scheme underlying the ISR curve is outlined in terms of the properties of exit time random variables. In the final subsection, several statistical properties of the main random variables associated with long term spiking activity are given, including distributions of exit times from the two relevant basins of attraction and the interspike interval. 相似文献
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Fluxmetric and magnetometric demagnetizing factors, Nf and Nm, for cylinders along the axial direction are numerically calculated as functions of material susceptibility χ and the ratio γ of length to diameter. The results have an accuracy better than 0.1% with respect to min(Nf,m,1-Nf,m) and are tabulated in the range of 0.01?γ?500 and -1?χ<∞. Nm along the radial direction is evaluated with a lower accuracy from Nm along the axis and tabulated in the range of 0.01?γ?1 and -1?χ<∞. Some previous results are discussed and several applications are explained based on the new results. 相似文献