Complexation of crown ethers and heteroanalogs of 18-crown-6 with alkali and alkaline earth metal cations in dichloroethane

Data on the complexing ability of a series of crown ethers and heteroanalogs of 18-crown-6, containing S-, SO-, SO₂- and SONH fragments at the 1- and 10-positions of the macrocyclic ring, with Li, Na, K, Mg and Ba picrates in dichloroethane were obtained from the solubility of the salts in the presence of the crown compounds. It was found that 18-crown-6 is the best but the least selective ligand of all the picrates, while polyethers with SO- and SONH fragments show an appreciable selectivity toward Li⁺, and to a lesser extent, toward Mg⁺. The complexing ability of the disulfone ligand is inappreciable under the conditions studied. A 11 stoichiometry of the complexes has been found for the individual crown-picrate pairs.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 191–196, March–April, 1988.     

Crystal and molecular structures of the olefin complexes trichloro(π-allylammonium)platinum(II), trichloro(π-but-3-enylammonium)platinum(II) and trichloro(π-hex-5-enylammonium)platinum(II)

The crystal and molecular structures of the title compounds, [PtCl₃(C₃H₈N)] (I), [PtCl₃(C₄H₁₀N)] (II), and [PtCl₃(C₆H₁₄N)] (III) have been determined by single-crystal X-ray methods. I crystallizes in the orthorombic system (Pbca) with a 10.444(3), b 8.782(2), c 17.036(5)Å, Z 8; II is monoclinic (P2₁/n) with a 7.953(5), b 11.254(6), c 10.722(6)Å, β 111.07(4)°, Z 4; III is orthorombic (P2₁2₁2₁) with a 17.080(6), b 6.768(2), c 9.541(4)Å, Z 4. Full-matrix least-squares refinements have given final R-factors of 0.051 (1077 reflections for I), 0.043 (1325 reflections for II) and 0.041 (1123 reflections for III). The reflections were collected by counter methods and only those having I τ 3σ(I) were used in the analyses.In all three complexes platinum is four-coordinate, having as ligands the three chlorine atoms and the double bond of the

(n=1, 2 or 4) cationic species. The structures are discussed, and compared with that of the analogous complex containing the pent-4-enylammonium cation,

.     

Complexation properties of monoaza crown ethers

A series of five monoaza crown ethers with 12-crown-4 and 15-crown-5 rings were studied with respect to their complexation of Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Sr²⁺ ions in 95/5 (v/v) methanol/ water. The complexes were studied by potentiometric titrations, with pH and sodium ion-selective electrodes. The acidity constants of the protonated ligands, and the stability constants of the 1:1 metal complexes were determined. The results show that the stability constants increase with the total number of oxygen atoms in the ligand, and mostly also in the sequence Li⁺ < K⁺ < Na⁺ < Ca²⁺ < Sr²⁺.     

Complexation of metal ions in Langmuir films formed with two amphiphilic dioxadithia crown ethers

The two new crown ethers presented in this study were synthesized in order to investigate two important features of ionophores, namely metal cation complexation and interfacial properties, and the way in which they interrelate. The two derivatives were conceived as analogs of membrane phospholipids with respect to their amphiphilicity and geometry. They contain a hydrophilic 1,1'-dioxo-3,3'-dithio-14-crown ether headgroup and bear two myristoyl or stearoyl lateral chains. The length of the myristoyl and stearoyl derivatives in an extended conformation is comparable with the thickness of the individual leaflets of cell membranes. The membrane-related and complexation properties of the two crown ether derivatives were studied in monomolecular films spread on pure water and on aqueous solutions of mono-, di-, and trivalent metal salts. The properties of the monolayers are described quantitatively using thermodynamic models. The compression isotherms of the monolayers formed on different subphases show a clear-cut differentiation of the monovalent and di- or trivalent cations with both ligands. This differentiation was interpreted in terms of conformational changes occurring in the crown ether derivatives upon complexation. Molecular modeling indicates that the mono- and divalent cations are coordinated differently by the ligands, yielding complexes with different conformations. The differences of the conformations of the mono- and di- or trivalent cation complexes may be important from the point of view of the interactions with lipid membranes and the biological activity of these potential ionophores.     

Interactions of nitrosonium salts with crown ethers

Interactions of nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate and hexafluorophosphate with 18-crown-6, 15-crown-5, and 12-crown-4 in dichloromethane, acetonitrile, and nitromethane have been probed by a combination of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and conductance measurements. The stoichiometrics of the crown ether-nitrosonium salt complexes were one mole of 18-crown-6 per mole of nitrosonium salt and two moles of 12-crown-4 per mole of nitrosonium salt in all solvents. For 15-crown-5, the one-to-one stoichiometry observed in acetonitrile and nitromethane changed to two moles of crown ether per mole of nitrosonium salt in dichloromethane. The nature of these complexes is discussed. Treatment of a solution of equimolar nitrosonium hexafluorophosphate and 18-crown-6 in dichloromethane with water produced hydronium hexafluorophosphate-18-crown-6 complex.     

Computerized conductometric determination of stability constants of complexes of crown ethers with alkali metal salts and with neutral molecules in polar solvents

A computerized conductometric procedure for the determination of stability constants of the complexes of crown ethers (15-crown-5, benzo-15-crown-5 and 12-crown-4) with alkali metal salts in polar solvents is described, based on a microcomputer-controlled titration system. For the control of the experiments from software, a modular computer program was written in FORTH computer language. The procedure is especially suitable for the study of 1:2 metal ion/ligand complexes, which occur frequently with the compounds used. For the study of the interaction between crown ethers and neutral molecules, an indirect procedure is outlined.     

Ion conductivity of poly(ethylene oxide)-based polyurethane networks containing alkali metal salts

Ion conductivity of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based polyurethane networks containing alkali metal salts has been investigated. Consequently, it has been revealed that the conductivity is dependent on the following parameters: lattice energy of the alkali metal salt, concentration of alkali metal salt, and the cross-linking density of the network polymer (which is a function both of the amount of cross-linking agent and the molecular weight of PEO). Under optimal conditions, the conductivity at ambient temperature corresponded to 2.51 × 10^?5 Scm^?1, which is greater than that of a typical alkali metal-PEO system by a factor of about 10² to 10³. Moreover, from the standpoint of the application to electrochromic displays (ECD), tensile bond strength between the polymer electrolytes and tungsten trioxide (WO₃), which is the most promising electrochromic material, has been evaluated. The bonding strength of the bond of WO₃ with the present electrolyte has been found to be much larger than that of the alkali metal-PEO system.     

Complexation of poly(ethylene glycol) with some salts of alkali-earth metals

The interaction of poly(ethylene glycol) with some salts of alkali-earth metals (Mg(ClO₄)₂, BaCl₂, SrCl₂, SrBr₂ and CaCl₂) in methanolic solutions was investigated by electroconductivity, viscometry, X-ray diffractometry and NMR. It was established that the conformation of macromolecules is strongly changed in the presence of Mg(ClO₄)₂. Chlorides and bromides of alkali-earth metals have a weak influence on macromolecule size. The formation of amorphous complexes in the PEG–Mg(ClO₄)₂ system and crystalline complexes in PEG–chloride systems of alkali-earth metals was shown.     

The complexation of alkali metal ions by crown ethers,aza crown ethers,and cryptands in propylene carbonate

The reactions between alkali metal ions and crown ethers, aza crown ethers, and cryptands in propylene carbonate were studied by potentiometric and calorimetric titrations. The most stable complexes formed by macrocyclic and macrobicyclic ligands are when the ligand and cation dimensions are comparable. On comparing the complex stabilities of crown ethers and aza crown ethers of the same size, crown ethers were, on the whole, found to form the most stable complexes, with the exception of the lithium cation. Enthalpic factors are responsible. Substitution of the amino group protons of the aza crown ethers by benzyl groups leads to a high increase in values of the reaction enthalpy. This effect is partly compensated by entropic contributions. The bulky benzyl groups reduce the ligand solvent interactions and induce a ligand conformation with the lone pair of electrons from the nitrogen donor atoms which are more or less directed inside the cavity. The thermodynamic data for the transfer from methanol to propylene carbonate indicate that the ligands containing nitrogen show specific interactions with methanol.This paper is dedicated to Professor H. Strehlow on the occasion of his 70th birthday.     

Synthesis of chromogenic crown ethers and liquid-liquid extraction of alkali metal ions

New crown ethers carrying a pendent phenolic chromophore were synthesized. These crown ethers, on dissociation of the phenolic proton, provide lipophilic anions which can extract alkali metal cations into 1,2-dichloroethane by forming highly-colored uncharged metal complexes. Structural effects on the extraction were studied for possible use of these crown ethers as extraction—spectrophotometric reagents selective for alkali metals. The following factors are discussed in detail: (i) nature of the crown ether ring (ring size. aza-crown or standard crown ether), (ii) nature of the pendent phenolic group, and (iii) geometry between the crown ether center and pendent phenolic group. 15-Crown-5 or smaller ring-sized reagents favored the extraction of lithium ion when the basicity of the pendent phenolate was relatively high and a six-membered “chelate” ring was possible for the phenolate and the crown ether-bound metal. 15-Crown-5 type reagents were sodium-selective when an eight-membered “chelate” ring was possible between the phenolate and the crown ether-bound metal. 18-Crown-6 type reagents were generally potassium-selective. However, these selectivities were not absolute, and other structural parameters, steric and conformational, must be considered to explain in detail the selectivities of the individual reagents.     

New lipophilic crown ethers with intraannular carboxylic acid groups: Synthesis and alkali metal cation extraction

A six‐step synthetic route to four lipophilic crown ethers with intraannular carboxylic acid groups and ring sizes of 15‐crown‐4, 18‐crown‐5, 21‐crown‐6 and 24‐crown‐7 is described. Eight new polyether compounds that bear inward‐facing bromo and formate ester substituents are prepared as synthetic intermediates. Selectivities and efficiencies of the four new lipophilic crown ether carboxylic acids in competitive alkali metal cation extraction from aqueous solutions into chloroform are evaluated.     

Complexation of metal ions with the novel diazadithia crown ethers carrying two pyrene pendants in acetonitrile-tetrahydrofuran

Two crown ethers carrying pyrene side arms with nitrogen-sulfur donor atom were designed and synthesized by the reaction of the corresponding macrocyclic compounds and 1-bromomethyl-pyrene. The influence of metal cations such as Al³⁺, Zn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Mn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, Hg²⁺ and Pb²⁺ on the spectroscopic properties of the ligands was investigated in acetonitrile-tetrahydrofuran (1:1) by means of absorption and emission spectrometry. Absorption spectra show isosbestic points in the spectrophotometric titration of Al³⁺, Zn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Pb²⁺ with 16-membered crown ether. Similar results were obtained for Al³⁺, Fe²⁺, Hg²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Pb²⁺ with 14-membered crown ether. The results of spectrophotometric titration experiments disclosed the complexation stoichiometry and complex stability constants of the novel ligands with these cations. According to spectrofluorimetric titration measurements the 14-membered diazadithia crown ether showed sensitivity for Pb²⁺ with linear range and detection limit of 1.3 × 10^?6 to 5.2 × 10^?5 M and 5.2 × 10^?7 M, respectively. The 16-membered diazadithia crown ether showed sensitivity for Ni²⁺ with linear range and detection limit of 1.3 × 10^?7 to 5.2 × 10^?6 M and 4.1 × 10^?8 M, respectively.     

Extraction of alkali metal picrates by crown ethers having uncharged coordinating flexible side-chains

Crown ethers were synthesized which have a flexible, neutral side-chain capable of providing the crown ether-bound metal with an additional binding site from the axial direction. Liquid—liquid extraction of alkali metal picrates with these crown ethers was studied; the extraction is compared with that of the normal crown ethers as well as those crown ethers with a proton-dissociable side-chain. The neutral side-chain may assist or suppress the ease of metal extraction depending on the site of the ligating atom on the chain. An anionic ligating side-chain interacts favorably with the lighter metals, resulting in a net decrease in the metal extraction selectivity.     

Montmorillonite-poly(ethylene oxide) nanocomposites: interlayer alkali metal behavior

Clay-PEO nanocomposites can have large electrical conductivities that make them potential electrolyte materials for rechargeable lithium batteries, but the origin of these large conductivities, especially for Li-containing materials, is poorly understood. This paper presents X-ray diffraction (XRD), TGA-DTA, and (7)Li and (23)Na NMR data for PEO nanocomposites made with natural (SWy-1) and synthetic (MNTS) montmorillonite clays that provide new insight into interlayer structure. An increase in basal d(001)-spacings demonstrates successful intercalation of PEO in all samples, and X-ray line narrowing shows that this intercalation improves the layer stacking order. The basal spacings of 17.9-19.4 A are consistent with a helical or bilayer structure of PEO in the interlayer. TGA-DTA provides quantitative results for the hydration state of the nanocomposites, demonstrates PEO intercalation, and shows that the composites prepared from the synthetic montmorillonite are less stable than those made with SWy-1. (7)Li NMR shows that the nearest neighbor hydration state of Li(+) is unaffected by PEO intercalation and suggests weak interaction of Li(+) with PEO. (23)Na NMR shows that PEO intercalation results in the conversion of the multiple Na(+) hydration states observed for the pristine clay into inner sphere sites most likely formed through coordination with the basal oxygens of the clay. These differences between lithium and sodium suggested that tighter binding of the Na to the clay may be the origin of the conductivity of Li-montmorillonite-PEO nanocomposites being as much as 2 orders of magnitude larger than those of Na-montmorillonite-PEO nanocomposites. The results confirm the idea that polymer oxygen atoms do not participate in sequestering the exchangeable cations and agree with the jump process for cation migration advanced by Kuppa and Manias (Kuppa, V.; Manias, E. Chem. Mater. 2002, 14, 2171).     

Luminescent terbium(III) complexes with pendant crown ethers responding to alkali metal ions and aromatic antennae in aqueous solution

The luminescence lifetime of TbL2 with a pendant 15-crown-5 increased by 65% to 2.95 ms with an [Na+] concentration of 0.13 M in aqueous solution; the maximum amplification of the luminescence intensity of TbL1 containing aza-15-crown-5 reached a factor of 47 upon addition of the aromatic antenna p-chlorobenzoate 1.     

N-(4-amino-7-nitrobenzaoxa-1,3-diazole)-substituted aza crown ethers: complexation with alkali, alkaline earth metal ions and ammonium

Three novel aza-crown ether derivatives incorporating 4-amino-7-nitrobenzaoxa-1,3-diazole (NBD) chromophore were synthesized and their structure confirmed by ¹H-NMR, IR and elemental analysis. The influence of the solvent polarity and protonation on the photophysical properties of NBD-15-crown-5 was studied by UV/Vis and fluorescence methods. The influence of the investigated cations on the absorption spectra of the ligands was negligible, however emission was strongly affected. Complexation and binding stability of NBD-aza-15-crown-5 and NBD-aza-18-crown-6 were studied using fluorescence spectroscopy. NBD-aza-18-crown-6 exhibits strong selectivity toward Ca²⁺ and Sr²⁺ ions with formation constants about 10³ times higher than the formation constants with the other ions included in the study.     

生色冠醚研究 I: 双偶氮开链冠醚的合成和与金属离子的配位性能

本文用邻苯二酚经过先桥接后偶联,用愈创木酚,水杨醛经过先偶联后桥接的方法,合成了三类双偶氮开链冠醚1,2和3.方法简便,产率较高,借助于可见光谱测定,考查了它们在溶液中与碱金属和碱士金属盐等的配位性能.结果表明,1在95:5四氢呋喃-水(v/v)中,对高氯酸锂和高氯酸钙有良好的选择性变色作用.本文对变色作用的反应机理进行了详细的讨论.可以认为,变色作用的产物是分子内配盐,这已由1与高氯酸钙制成的配合物的元素分析,可见光谱和红外光谱的测定所证明.