A variable relaxation scheme for multiphase,multicomponent flow

We propose a variable relaxation scheme for the simulation of 1D, two-phase, multicomponent flow in porous media. For these strongly nonlinear systems, traditional high order upwind schemes are impractical: Riemann solutions are not directly available when the phase behavior is complex, and the systems are weakly hyperbolic at isolated points. Relaxation schemes avoid the dependency on the eigenstructure and nonlinear Riemann solvers by approximating the original system with a strongly hyperbolic linear system. We exploit the known information about the eigenvalues to construct first order and second order variable relaxation schemes with much reduced numerical diffusion as compared to the standard relaxation formulations. The proposed second order variable relaxation scheme is competitive in accuracy and efficiency with a third order component-wise ENO reconstruction, and performs at least as well as second order component-wise TVD schemes.     

New optimized flux difference schemes for improving high-order weighted compact nonlinear scheme with applications

To improve the spectral characteristics of the high-order weighted compact nonlinear scheme(WCNS), optimized flux difference schemes are proposed. The disadvantages in previous optimization routines, i.e., reducing formal orders, or extending stencil widths, are avoided in the new optimized schemes by utilizing fluxes from both cell-edges and cell-nodes. Optimizations are implemented with Fourier analysis for linear schemes and the approximate dispersion relation(ADR) for nonlinear schemes. Clas...     

一类三维时空二阶精度高分辨率MmB差分格式

直接把Nessyahu和Tadmor^[1,2]的思想推广到三维非线性双曲型守恒律情形，以交错形式Lax—Friedrichs格式为基本模块，使用二阶分片线性逼近代替一阶分片常数逼近，减少了Lax—Friedrichs格式的过多数值粘性，通过对混合导数离散形式的适当处理，构造了一类不须解Riemann问题、具有时空二阶精度高分辨率的MmB差分格式。这些差分格式很容易推广到向量系统中去。最后，一些数值模拟计算结果也证明了这些差分格式的有效性。     

尺度无关高阶WCNS格式

高速流场的数值模拟中, 既要保证对小尺度结构的高保真分辨, 又要实现对激波稳定、无振荡地捕捉.当前工程中广泛应用的高精度数值格式虽然都能一定程度地满足上述两种要求, 但仍与理想目标存在较大差距.例如, 模拟雷诺应力模型等小尺度问题时, 高精度格式在间断解附近易产生数值振荡.基于高精度格式所存在的上述问题, 本文引入去尺度函数, 探索了一种更加简单稳定的非线性权重构造方法, 并将其应用于7阶精度加权紧致非线性格式WCNS, 提出了一种尺度无关的7阶WCNS格式.该格式的性能与灵敏度参数和尺度因子的选择无关, 并且在小尺度下仍可以有效捕捉流场激波.同时, 该格式在间断处具有基本无振荡性质, 且在任意尺度函数下保持尺度无关, 并且在极值点处也能保持最优精度.本文还推导了7阶D权函数的形式.最后, 在一维线性对流方程中验证了新格式在流场光滑区能够达到设计精度, 并通过一系列数值实验证明了尺度无关的7阶WCNS格式在激波捕捉能力上具有良好表现, 为WCNS格式改进和解决可压缩湍流等非线性问题提供了一种新途径.      

An explicit level set approach for generalized shape optimization of fluids with the lattice Boltzmann method

This study is concerned with a generalized shape optimization approach for finding the geometry of fluidic devices and obstacles immersed in flows. Our approach is based on a level set representation of the fluid–solid interface and a hydrodynamic lattice Boltzmann method to predict the flow field. We present an explicit level set method that does not involve the solution of the Hamilton–Jacobi equation and allows using standard nonlinear programming methods. In contrast to previous works, the boundary conditions along the fluid–structure interface are enforced by second‐order accurate interpolation schemes, overcoming shortcomings of flow penalization methods and Brinkman formulations frequently used in topology optimization. To ensure smooth boundaries and mesh‐independent results, we introduce a simple, computationally inexpensive filtering method to regularize the level set field. Furthermore, we define box constraints for the design variables that guarantee a continuous evolution of the boundaries. The features of the proposed method are studied by two numeric examples of two‐dimensional steady‐state flow problems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非线性双曲型守恒律的两步二阶TVD差分格式

通过Mac Cormack格式和Warming-Beam的结合,构造了一种非常简单的两步二阶TVD差分格式,该差分格式更适合于使用分量形式差分计算而无须对欧拉方程组进行特征解耦。通过对流体力学方程组的大量数值试验,并与二阶ENO格式进行了比较,充分显示了该格式高精度、高分辨并且极其简单的优良特性。     

Numerical assessment of a shock‐detecting sensor for low dissipative high‐order simulation of shock–vortex interactions

Considering the importance of high‐order schemes implementation for the simulation of shock‐containing turbulent flows, the present work involves the assessment of a shock‐detecting sensor for filtering of high‐order compact finite‐difference schemes for simulation of this type of flows. To accomplish this, a sensor that controls the amount of numerical dissipation is applied to a sixth‐order compact scheme as well as a fourth‐order two‐register Runge–Kutta method for numerical simulation of various cases including inviscid and viscous shock–vortex and shock–mixing‐layer interactions. Detailed study is performed to investigate the performance of the sensor, that is, the effect of control parameters employed in the sensor are investigated in the long‐time integration. In addition, the effects of nonlinear weighting factors controlling the value of the second‐order and high‐order filters in fine and coarse non‐uniform grids are investigated. The results indicate the accuracy of the nonlinear filter along with the promising performance of the shock‐detecting sensor, which would pave the way for future simulations of turbulent flows containing shocks. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A class of higher order compact schemes for the unsteady two‐dimensional convection–diffusion equation with variable convection coefficients

A class of higher order compact (HOC) schemes has been developed with weighted time discretization for the two‐dimensional unsteady convection–diffusion equation with variable convection coefficients. The schemes are second or lower order accurate in time depending on the choice of the weighted average parameter μ and fourth order accurate in space. For 0.5?μ?1, the schemes are unconditionally stable. Unlike usual HOC schemes, these schemes are capable of using a grid aspect ratio other than unity. They efficiently capture both transient and steady solutions of linear and nonlinear convection–diffusion equations with Dirichlet as well as Neumann boundary condition. They are applied to one linear convection–diffusion problem and three flows of varying complexities governed by the two‐dimensional incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. Results obtained are in excellent agreement with analytical and established numerical results. Overall the schemes are found to be robust, efficient and accurate. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Efficient solution techniques for implicit finite element schemes with flux limiters

The algebraic flux correction (AFC) paradigm is equipped with efficient solution strategies for implicit time‐stepping schemes. It is shown that Newton‐like techniques can be applied to the nonlinear systems of equations resulting from the application of high‐resolution flux limiting schemes. To this end, the Jacobian matrix is approximated by means of first‐ or second‐order finite differences. The edge‐based formulation of AFC schemes can be exploited to devise an efficient assembly procedure for the Jacobian. Each matrix entry is constructed from a differential and an average contribution edge by edge. The perturbation of solution values affects the nodal correction factors at neighbouring vertices so that the stencil for each individual node needs to be extended. Two alternative strategies for constructing the corresponding sparsity pattern of the resulting Jacobian are proposed. For nonlinear governing equations, the contribution to the Newton matrix which is associated with the discrete transport operator is approximated by means of divided differences and assembled edge by edge. Numerical examples for both linear and nonlinear benchmark problems are presented to illustrate the superiority of Newton methods as compared to the standard defect correction approach. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Provably stable and time‐accurate extensions of Runge–Kutta schemes for CFD computations on moving grids

Extending fixed‐grid time integration schemes for unsteady CFD applications to moving grids, while formally preserving their numerical stability and time accuracy properties, is a nontrivial task. A general computational framework for constructing stability‐preserving ALE extensions of Eulerian multistep time integration schemes can be found in the literature. A complementary framework for designing accuracy‐preserving ALE extensions of such schemes is also available. However, the application of neither of these two computational frameworks to a multistage method such as a Runge–Kutta (RK) scheme is straightforward. Yet, the RK methods are an important family of explicit and implicit schemes for the approximation of solutions of ordinary differential equations in general and a popular one in CFD applications. This paper presents a methodology for filling this gap. It also applies it to the design of ALE extensions of fixed‐grid explicit and implicit second‐order time‐accurate RK (RK2) methods. To this end, it presents the discrete geometric conservation law associated with ALE RK2 schemes and a method for enforcing it. It also proves, in the context of the nonlinear scalar conservation law, that satisfying this discrete geometric conservation law is a necessary and sufficient condition for a proposed ALE extension of an RK2 scheme to preserve on moving grids the nonlinear stability properties of its fixed‐grid counterpart. All theoretical findings reported in this paper are illustrated with the ALE solution of inviscid and viscous unsteady, nonlinear flow problems associated with vibrations of the AGARD Wing 445.6. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

斜拉桥合理成桥状态确定的一阶分析法

本文建立了斜拉桥索力优化的非线性规划模型，其中以斜拉桥主梁和索塔的弯曲应变能为目标函数，以各斜拉索的索力为设计变量，结构的应力及索力为约束条件，采用一阶分析法进行求解，用以确定成桥合理状态的索力。在计算中，考虑大跨度斜拉桥各种几何非线性因素的影响，并列出了优化模型的具体表达式及优化过程中的关键求解策略。应用该法和空间非线性有限元分析程序分析了某千米级斜拉桥方案的合理成桥状态，计算结果表明：该方法简单、有效。     

A novel optimization technique for explicit finite‐difference schemes with application to AeroAcoustics

The present paper addresses the optimization of finite‐difference schemes when these are to be used for numerically approximating spatial derivatives in aeroacoustics evolution problems. With that view in mind, finite‐difference operators are firstly detailed from a theoretical point of view. Secondly, time, the way such operators can be optimized in a spectral‐like sense is recalled, before the main limitations of such an optimization are highlighted. This leads us to propose an alternative optimization approach of innovative character. Such a novel optimization technique consists of enhancing the scheme's formal accuracy through a minimization of its leading‐order truncation error. This so‐called intrinsic optimization procedure is first detailed, before it is thoroughly analyzed, from both a theoretical and a practical point of view. The second part of the paper focuses on two particular intrinsically optimized schemes, which are carefully assessed via a direct comparison against their standard and/or spectral‐like optimized counterparts, such a comparative exercise being conducted utilizing several academic test cases of increasing complexity. There, it is shown how intrinsically optimized schemes indeed constitute an advantageous alternative to either the standard or the spectral‐like optimized ones, being allotted with both (i) the better scalability of the former scheme with respect to grid convergence effects when the grid density increases and (ii) the higher accuracy of the latter scheme when the discretization level becomes marginal. Thanks to that, such intrinsically optimized schemes offer very good trade‐offs in terms of (i) accuracy; (ii) robustness; and (iii) numerical efficiency (CPU cost). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

通量限制器对算法性能的影响

在非正交曹线坐标系下,本文给出了求解非线性双曲型Ｅｕｌｅｒ方程的ＬＵ－ＡＵＳＭＬＷ算法。为了改进该算法的性能,将高分辨率ＡＵＳＭＰＷ格式的空间精度由一阶精度扩展到三阶精度。分析了选择通量限制器对算法稳定性、收敛性和精度的影响,并构造了一种新的能量限制器。本文数值结果表明,通量限制器是决定ＬＵ－ＡＵＳＭＰＷ算法性能的关键因素,并且该算法采用本文构造的通量限制器,求解非线性双曲型Ｅｕｌｅｒ方程,具有较     

Numerical approximation of parabolic problems by residual distribution schemes

We are interested in the numerical approximation of steady scalar convection–diffusion problems by means of high order schemes called Residual Distribution schemes. In the inviscid case, one can develop nonlinear Residual Distribution schemes that are nonoscillatory, even in the case of very strong discontinuities, while having the most possible compact stencil, on hybrid unstructured meshes. This paper proposes and compare extensions of these schemes for the convection–diffusion problem. This methodology, in particular in terms of accuracy, is evaluated on problem with exact solutions. Its nonoscillatory behavior is tested against the Smith and Hutton problem. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于区间的不确定多目标优化方法研究

基于非线性区间优化,提出了一种不确定多目标优化方法.基于区间序关系和区间可能度,把不确定多目标的目标函数和约束转化为确定性的目标函数和确定性的约束.对于复杂的工程优化问题,为了提高效率,采用拉丁方试验设计方法,构建响应面近似模型,并基于近似模型进行不确定多目标优化,从而形成了非线性区间优化方法与近似模型相结合的高效不确定多目标优化方法.数值算例表明了该方法的有效性和工程实用性.     

基于模式联想的结构布局优化方法

本文把结构布局优化问题分为两个阶段，即基于模式联想的方案优选和基于数值模型的几何优化和参数优化。提出运用模式联想方法产生出多个结构布局方案然后优选出一个或多个可行性实用的方案，再由基于数值模型的几何优化和参数优化方法获得优化的结构布局。运用人工神经网络技术，通过对大量已成功的结构布局实例的实习，获得具有知识和经验的神经网络系统，然后使用网络可对某个输入集实现模式联想，产生初步布局，进而结合人工智能     

Stability analysis of duffing oscillator with time delayed and/or fractional derivatives

The periodic motions of the fractional order and/or delayed nonlinear systems are investigated in the frequency domain using a harmonic balance method with the analytical gradients of the nonlinear quality constraints and the sensitivity information of the Fourier coefficients can also obtained. The properties of fractional order derivatives and trigonometric functions are utilized to construct the fractional order derivatives, delayed and product operational matrices. The operational matrices are used to derive the analytical formulae of nonlinear systems of algebraic equations. The stability of periodic solutions for the delayed nonlinear systems is identified by an eigenvalue analysis of quasi-polynomials characteristic equations. Sensitivity analysis is performed to study the influence of the structural parameters on the system responses. Finally, three numerical examples are presented to illustrate the validity and feasibility of the developed method. It is concluded that the proposed methodology has the potential to facilitate highly efficient optimization, as well as sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of nonlinear systems with fractional derivatives and/or time delayed.     

Two-grid methods for semi-linear elliptic interface problems by immersed finite element methods

In this paper, two-grid immersed finite element(IFE) algorithms are proposed and analyzed for semi-linear interface problems with discontinuous diffusion coefficients in two dimension. Because of the advantages of finite element(FE) formulation and the simple structure of Cartesian grids, the IFE discretization is used in this paper. Two-grid schemes are formulated to linearize the FE equations. It is theoretically and numerically illustrated that the coarse space can be selected as coarse asH= O(h~(1/4))(orH=O(h~(1/8))), and the asymptotically optimal approximation can be achieved as the nonlinear schemes. As a result, we can settle a great majority of nonlinear equations as easy as linearized problems. In order to estimate the present two-grid algorithms, we derive the optimal error estimates of the IFE solution in theL pnorm. Numerical experiments are given to verify the theorems and indicate that the present two-grid algorithms can greatly improve the computing efficiency.     

Evaluation of linear and nonlinear convection schemes on multidimensional non‐orthogonal grids with applications to KVLCC2 tanker

Almost all evaluations of convection schemes reported in the literature are conducted using simple problems on uniform orthogonal grids; thus, having limited contribution when solving industrial computational fluid dynamics (CFD), where the grids are usually non‐orthogonal with distortions. Herein, several convection schemes are assessed in uniform and distorted non‐orthogonal grids with emphasis on industrial applications. Linear and nonlinear (TVD) convection schemes are assessed on analytical benchmarks in both uniform and distorted grids. To evaluate the performance of the schemes, four error metrics are used: dissipation, phase and L₁ errors, and the schemes' effective order of accuracy. Qualitative and quantitative deterioration of these error metrics as a function of the grid distortion metrics are investigated, and rigorous verifications are performed. Recommendations for effective use of the convection schemes based on the range of grid aspect ratio (AR), expansion ratio (ER) and skewness (Q) are included. A ship hydrodynamics case is studied, involving a Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes simulation of a bare‐hull KVLCC2 tanker using linear and nonlinear convection schemes coupled with isotropic and anisotropic Reynolds‐stress (ARS) turbulence models using CFDShip‐Iowa v4. Predictions of local velocities and turbulent quantities from the midships to the nominal wake plane are compared with experimental fluid dynamics (EFD), and rigorous verification and validation analyses for integral forces and moments are performed for 0° and 12° drift angles. Best predictions are observed when coupling a second‐order TVD scheme with the anisotropic turbulence model. Further improvements are observed in terms of prediction of the vortical structures for 30° drift when using TVD2S‐ARS coupled with DES. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of central differencing and low‐dissipation weights in a weighted compact nonlinear scheme

This paper proposes WCNS‐CU‐Z, a weighted compact nonlinear scheme, that incorporates adapted central difference and low‐dissipative weights together with concepts of the adaptive central‐upwind sixth‐order weighted essentially non‐oscillatory scheme (WENO‐CU) and WENO‐Z schemes. The newly developed WCNS‐CU‐Z is a high‐resolution scheme, because interpolation of this scheme employs a central stencil constructed by upwind and downwind stencils. The smoothness indicator of the downwind stencil is calculated using the entire central stencil, and the downwind stencil is stopped around the discontinuity for stability. Moreover, interpolation of the sixth‐order WCNS‐CU‐Z exhibits sufficient accuracy in the smooth region through use of low‐dissipative weights. The sixth‐order WCNS‐CU‐Zs are implemented with a robust linear difference formulation (R‐WCNS‐CU6‐Z), and the resolution and robustness of this scheme were evaluated. These evaluations showed that R‐WCNS‐CU6‐Z is capable of achieving a higher resolution than the seventh‐order classical robust weighted compact nonlinear scheme and can provide a crisp result in terms of discontinuity. Among the schemes tested, R‐WCNS‐CU6‐Z has been shown to be robust, and variable interpolation type R‐WCNS‐CU6‐Z (R‐WCNS‐CU6‐Z‐V) provides a stable computation by modifying the first‐order interpolation when negative density or negative pressure arises after nonlinear interpolation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.