Modified Galerkin Method for Unsteady Two-Dimensional Viscous Fluid Flow Analysis

The Modified Galerkin Method (MGM) has been proposed as one of the most efficient methods for two-dimensional convection-diffusion equations. In the MGM, the non-symmetric matrices, which are derived from the convection term in the Galerkin formulation, are not used, and an artificial diffusion is introduced through an error analysis approach to improve its discretization accuracy in both time and space directions. In this study, the MGM is applied for two-dimensional viscous fluid flow analysis, and the driven cavity flow problems are solved up to Reynolds number of 10,000 using the vorticity-stream function formulation and non-uniform meshes. The results show the effectiveness of MGM.     

Large Eddy and Reynolds-Averaged Navier - Stokes Simulations of Turbulent Flow Over an Airfoil

A Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of turbulent flow over an airfoil near stall is performed. Results of the LES are compared with those of Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations using two well-known turbulence models, namely the Baldwin-Lomax model and the Spalart-Allmaras model. The subgrid scale model used for the LES is the filtered structure function model. All simulations are performed using the same structured multi-block code. In order to reduce the CPU time, an implicit time stepping method is used for the LES. The purpose of this study is to show the possibilities and limitations of LES of complex flows associated with aeronautical applications using state of the art simulation techniques. Typical flow features are captured by the LES such as the adverse-pressure gradient and flow retardation. Visualization of instantaneous flow fields shows the typical streaky structures in the near-wall region.     

A Helmholtz pressure equation method for the calculation of unsteady incompressibl eviscous flows

A time-implicit numerical method for solving unsteady incompressible viscous flow problems is introduced. The method is based on introducing intermediate compressibility into a projection scheme to obtain a Helmholtz equation for a pressure-type variable. The intermediate compressibility increases the diagonal dominance of the discretized pressure equation so that the Helmholtz pressure equation is relatively easy to solve numerically. The Helmholtz pressure equation provides an iterative method for satisfying the continuity equation for time-implicit Navier–Stokes algorithms. An iterative scheme is used to simultaneously satisfy, within a given tolerance, the velocity divergence-free condition and momentum equations at each time step. Collocated primitive variables on a non-staggered finite difference mesh are used. The method is applied to an unsteady Taylor problem and unsteady laminar flow past a circular cylinder.     

A Taylor-Galerkin Method for Modeling Unsteady Fluid Flow Under its Own Weight

The free fluid-surface of incompressible creeping flows is analyzed using a finite element method. A pseudo-concentration (PC) function is introduced to determine the position of the free surface. The Taylor-Galerkin finite element method (TGFEM) is applied to solve the equation of the PC function. Nine-node quadratic interpolation is used for both PC and velocity. The unsteady flows of fluids moving of their own weight are analyzed using the proposed method.     

结构粘弹性分析的线法

本文将以现代常微分方程求解器为支撑软件的线法推广应用于含时间变量的粘弹性力学问题。基基本思想是先用拦普拉斯积分变换把问题的控制偏微分方程组和定解条件进行交换,得到拉氏变换空间中的定常问题,然后用传统的线法借助于常微分方程求解器得到该变换空间中的数值解,再应用拉氏数值逆变换求得原时空域中的数值解。文中还给出方法的基本原理和实施过程。算例表明,采用拉普拉斯积分变换于线法分析结构粘弹性力学等含时间变量的     

二维定常不可压缩粘性流动N-S方程的数值流形方法

将流形方法应用于定常不可压缩粘性流动N-S方程的直接数值求解,建立基于Galerkin加权余量法的N-S方程数值流形格式,有限覆盖系统采用混合覆盖形式,即速度分量取1阶和压力取0阶多项式覆盖函数,非线性流形方程组采用直接线性化交替迭代方法和Nowton-Raphson迭代方法进行求解.将混合覆盖的四节点矩形流形单元用于阶梯流和方腔驱动流动的数值算例,以较少单元获得的数值解与经典数值解十分吻合.数值实验证明,流形方法是求解定常不可压缩粘性流动N-S方程有效的高精度数值方法.     

Effects of the side walls on the unsteady flow of a second-grade fluid in a duct of uniform cross-section

In this paper, the effects of the side walls on the unsteady flow of a second-grade fluid in a duct of rectangular cross-section are considered. Two types of unsteady flows are investigated. One of them is the unsteady flow in a duct of rectangular cross-section moving parallel to its length and the other is the unsteady flow due to an applied pressure gradient in a duct of rectangular cross-section whose sides are at rest. It is shown that a Newtonian fluid reaches steady-state earlier than a second-grade fluid and the effect of the side walls on a second-grade fluid is more effective than that on a Newtonian fluid.     

用三维半人工瞬变法计算圆管内圆柱绕流

本文提出一种计算三维定常流动的半人工瞬变法,本方法的特点是直接利用流体力学的原始基本方程组进行数值计算。运动方程中的一个分量方程被用于计算压力,另外两个分量方程被加入人工瞬变项而成为人工瞬变方程,这两个人工瞬变方程被用于计算速度的两个分量,第三个速度分量则通过连续性方程进行计算得到。根据半人工瞬变方程组的特点和流动区域的特性,本方法采用半交错不等距非正交曲线贴体混合网格系进行数值计算,并利用质点导数差分格式使计算更简便。本文以圆管中不可压缩流体对圆柱的三维定常绕流问题为算例,具体画出计算用的半交错不等距非正交曲线贴体混合网格系,介绍三维半人工瞬变法的计算方法和步骤,并通过数值计算得到了此算例的计算结果。     

METHOD–OF–LINES SOLUTION OF TIME–DEPENDENT TWO–DIMENSIONAL NAVIER–STOKES EQUATIONS

A novel approach to the development of a code for the solution of the time-dependent two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations is described. The code involves coupling between the method of lines (MOL) for the solution of partial differential equations and a parabolic algorithm which removes the necessity of iterative solution on pressure and solution of a Poisson-type equation for the pressure. The code is applied to a test problem involving the solution of transient laminar flow in a short pipe for an incompressible Newtonian fluid. Comparisons show that the MOL solutions are in good agreement with the previously reported values. The proposed method described in this paper demonstrates the ease with which the Navier–Stokes equations can be solved in an accurate manner using sophisticated numerical algorithms for the solution of ordinary differential equations (ODEs).     

Penalty Methods for Numerical Approximations of Optimal Boundary Flow Control Problems

Abstract

This article is concerned with penalty methods for solving optimal Dirichlet control problems governed by the steady-state and time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations. We present, in two different versions, the penalized methods for solving the steady-slate Dirichlet control problems. These approaches are implemented and compared numerically. We also generalize the penalty methods to the time-dependent case. Scmidiscrete and fully discrete approximations of time-dependent Dirichlet control problems are discussed and implemented. Numerical results for solving both the steady-state and the time dependent Dirichlet control problems are reported.     

Turbulent Channel Flow with an Artificial Two-Dimensional Wall Layer

Turbulent flow of an incompressible fluid in a plane channel with parallel walls is considered. The three-dimensional time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations are solved numerically using the spectral finite-difference method. An artificial force which completely suppresses lateral oscillations of the velocity is introduced in the near-wall zone (10 % of the channel half-width in the neighborhood of each wall). Thus, the three-dimensional flow zone, in which turbulent oscillations can develop, is separated from the wall by a fluid layer. It is found that the elimination of three-dimensionality in the neighborhood of the walls leads to a significant reduction in the drag. However, complete laminarization does not occur. The flow in the stream core remains turbulent and can be interpreted as a turbulent flow in a channel with walls located on the boundary of the two-dimensional layer and traveling at the local mean-flow velocity. The oscillations developing inside the two-dimensional layer, which have significant amplitude, distort the flow only in the adjacent zone. Beyond this zone the distributions of the mean characteristics and the structure of instantaneous fields completely correspond to ordinary turbulent flow in a channel with rigid walls. The results obtained confirm the hypothesis of the unimportance of the no-slip boundary conditions for the fluctuating velocity component in the mechanism of onset and self-maintenance of turbulence in wall flows.     

On identification of flow separation and vortices in internal periodic flows

To permit simplified analysis of complex time-dependent flows, possible relationship between the near-wall flow, flow separation and vortices are studied numerically for a flow in a constricted two-dimensional channel. The pulsating incoming wave-form consists of a steady flow, followed by a half-sinus flow superimposed on the steady component. One pair of vortices is created in each cycle, one vortex near each wall. The vortices propagate downstream in the next cycles, promoting flow separation as they move. Existing flow separation criteria were not found to be uniformly valid. A relation between the near-wall flow and the vortical system exists only during the steady incoming flow phase of the cycle. It seems that local criteria of flow separation cannot be found for complex internal pulsating flow fields. However, the vorticity field can be utilized, even in complex time-periodic flows, for identifying vortices that have been formed by the roll-up of shear layers.     

Three-dimensional motion of a viscous incompressible fluid in a narrow tube

An approximate solution of the problem of unsteady motion of a viscous incompressible fluid in a long narrow deformable tube at low Reynolds numbers is obtained. Pressure oscillations and tube deformation are shown to be related by an integrodifferential equation. The solution obtained extends the Poiseuille solution in elliptic tubes to the case of comparatively arbitrary small deformations in terms of the tube length and angle. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 28–32, July–August, 2009.     

Start-up Flow of a Bingham Fluid in a Pipe

We present an analytical solution of axisymmetric motion for a Bingham fluid initially at rest subjected to a constant pressure gradient applied suddenly. Using the Laplace transform, we obtain expressions which allow the calculation of the instantaneous velocity, plug radius and rate of flow as a function of time. We also give a relation for the shear stress in the plug and in the region where the behaviour of the fluid is Newtonian.     

弹性力学轴对称问题的有限元线法

给出了解弹性力学空间轴对称问题的有限元线法的基本理论。该法包括了２－４条结线的等参数单元，沿结线方向的两点边值问题采用插值矩阵法解之。算例表明，本法具有良好的收敛性和较高的计算精度。     

Higher-order Upwind Distribution-formula Scheme for Structured and Unstructured Adaptive Flow Solvers

The development of inviscid and viscous flow solvers for both structured and unstructured meshes is presented in this paper. The solution method is the distribution-formula scheme. This is an explicit, cell-vertex, finite volume method which is essentially second-order accurate in both space and time. The Euler and Navier-Stokes equations are integrated over each finite volume cell to determine the change in flow properties (e.g. density) for the cell. Distribution formulas are then used to distribute such changes to the surrounding vertices. Increments in each vertex (which is a calculation point) thus consist of contributions from the surrounding cells. The original discretization technique involves central differencing and is simple, robust and computationally efficient. In this work, starting with inviscid flow simulations using the original scheme on structured grids, improvements are subsequently made to the scheme by replacing the central differencing portion with MUSCL type higher-order upwind differencing. Numerical investigations with the improved scheme are performed using inviscid flow simulations on structured grids. Upon establishing improved accuracy, stability and excellent shock capturing properties, further extension to viscous flow computations on unstructured adaptive meshes is implemented. Results are presented for laminar, viscous flow over a NACA 0012 airfoil.     

A Numerical Method of Moments for Solute Transport in Nonstationary Flow Fields

A Lagrangian perturbation approach has been applied to develop the method of moments for predicting mean and variance of solute flux through a three-dimensional nonstationary flow field. The flow nonstationarity may stem from medium nonstationarity, finite domain boundaries, and/or fluid pumping and injecting. The solute flux is described as a space–time process where time refers to the solute flux breakthrough and space refers to the transverse displacement distribution at the control plane. The analytically derived moment equations for solute transport in a nonstationary flow field are too complicated to solve analytically, a numerical finite difference method is implemented to obtain the solutions. This approach combines the stochastic model with the flexibility of the numerical method to boundary and initial conditions. This method is also compared with the numerical Monte Carlo method. The calculation results indicate the two methods match very well when the variance of log-conductivity is small, but the method of moment is more efficient in computation.     

Optimal Control of Turbulent Flow as Measure Solutions

Abstract

We use the concept of relaxed or measure-valued solutions for control problems of turbulent flow related to Navicr-Stokes equation. Sufficient conditions guaranteeing the existence of measure solutions arc presented. Results on existence of optimal controls for Blow up time and Bolza problems for such systems are also presented. New results on relaxed necessary conditions of optimality are proved. Further it is shown that the relaxed necessary conditions reduce to classical Pontryagin type necessary conditions if measure solutions degenerate into Dirac structure. The paper is concluded with an algorithm based on the new necessary conditions for computing optimal controls.     

Fractional step method for solution of incompressible Navier-Stokes equations on unstructured triangular meshes

In this paper an implicit fractional step method for the solution of the two-dimensional, time-dependent, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations is presented. The current method was developed for use on an unstructured grid made up of triangles. The basic principles of this method are that the evaluation of the time evolution is split into intermediate steps and that for the spatial discretization of the flow equations a finite volume discretization on an unstructured triangular mesh is used. The present approach has been used to simulate viscous, laminar flows for various Reynolds numbers in test cases such as a backward-facing step, a square cavity and a channel with wavy boundaries.