采用多波段θ调制器作多光谱照像技术的研究

提出了一种用多波段θ调制的白光光学／数字图像处理作多光谱照相的技术,即通过使用多波段θ调制器对目标的某几个波段信息进行调制,使用傅里叶变换技术对各个多波段图像解调,可分别得到目标各波段的图像信息,然后通过假彩色融合得到目标多波段假彩色图像。从理论和实验上论证了使用多波段θ调制器与单个CCD探测器组成的多光谱照相系统,代替传统的多个相机构成的多光谱照相系统的可行性和优越性。该技术与传统多光谱照相技术相比,具有体积小、重量轻和假彩色融合操作简单方便等优点。     

基于多光谱图像颜色特征的茶叶分类研究

提出了一种利用多光谱图像颜色特征进行茶叶分类的新方法,对两种颜色几乎一样用肉眼几乎不能分辨的茶叶进行了分类。图像由MS3100-3CCD光谱成像仪和普通数码相机同时获得,光谱成像仪提供3个波段的图像,由近红外(NIR)、红色(R)和绿色(G)组成,因此它比普通数码照相机包含更丰富的信息,特别NIR波段的图像对有机物的颜色比可见光敏感。提取3CCD光谱成像仪和普通数码照相机各个波段图像颜色的特征即像素偏方差值和平均值进行统计分析,用多光谱图像的NIR图像所提供颜色信息能够辨别这两种颜色几乎一样的茶叶,而普通数码相机无法提供信息进行识别。然后应用人工神经网络技术,对NIR图像像素偏方差值和平均值这两个参数进行建模,建模样本40个,每个样本为20个,预测样本20个,每个样本为10个。结果表明,在阈值为0.3,对两种茶叶进行分类得到了100%识别率,此研究为茶叶的分类提供一种快速和无损的新方法。     

基于高光谱的颜色辨别方法研究

在颜色测量领域区分相似颜色的样品是非常困难的。测量颜色的准确性和高效性对于工业上的应用非常重要。提出了一种基于超光谱成像技术的色彩测量的方法,并设计制成原理样机系统。该系统能够快速准确的测量彩色样品的光谱,并在分析后可得丰富的颜色数据与颜色坐标。该方法克服了传统测色方法“测谱不成像,成像不测谱”的局限性。为了评估系统的性能,进行分析和实验：比较细分的每个波段的信噪比,并使用光谱匹配技术来比较彩色照相机和所设计的系统在颜色测量方面的优缺点。结果表明,本系统提供了一种更精确的颜色测量方法,可以有效地测试产品颜色的质量。     

High-resolution two-dimensional image upconversion of incoherent light

We consider a technique for high-resolution image upconversion of thermal light. Experimentally, we demonstrate cw upconversion with a resolution of more than 200 × 1000 pixels of thermally illuminated objects. This is the first demonstration (to our knowledge) of high-resolution cw image upconversion. The upconversion method promises an alternative route to high-quantum-efficiency all-optical imaging in the mid-IR wavelength region and beyond using standard CCD cameras. A particular advantage of CCD cameras compared to state-of-the-art thermal cameras is the possibility to tailor and tune the spectral response leading to functional spectral imaging.     

用于植物病虫害诊断的多光谱成像系统

准确重建被测目标的颜色信息对实现可靠的植物病虫害诊断具有十分重要的意义。文章提出把多光谱成像技术应用于植物病虫害诊断,所采集的多光谱图像可以从光谱维和图像维反映被测目标的特征信息。在此基础上,实验采用16个窄带滤色片、单色面阵CCD、积分球混合光源照明和标准观测环境建立了能进行适时、无损检测的多光谱成像系统。并利用该设备对Macbeth色卡中8个色卡进行光谱和颜色重建,重建的结果与光谱辐射度计的测量结果进行了比较。通过对光谱匹配角度和CIE标准色差分析,证明这种多光谱成像系统能够准确、稳定地重建出目标的光谱信息和颜色信息。     

Color Enhancement in Multispectral Image Using the Karhunen-Loeve Transform

We propose a new method for the color enhancement of multispectral image in the visible wavelength region. The purpose of the proposed method is to explore the weak features contained in a specific wavelength by discounting the major color distribution. Such examination will be valuable in visual inspection applications, for example, a medical examination using color image to find a small spectral change of an abnormal part. In this method, Karhunen-Loeve (KL) transform is applied to multispectral data, and specific wavelength components of only high-order KL coefficients are amplified while low-order coefficients are not changed to retain the major color distribution. In the experiment, this method was applied to multispectral images: a printed test image and a human skin image of a bruised arm were captured by a 16-band multispectral camera. The resultant images were compared with the images obtained by saturation enhancement and that obtained by applying the proposed method to the 3-band image. The method successfully visualized the features, which are almost invisible in natural color images, with less change in background color than saturation enhancement.     

一种突出目标的多光谱遥感信息提取方法

为了突出目标在多光谱遥感图像中的信息,克服由阈值法所带来的人为误差,提出了一种突出遥感目标信息的方法。利用光谱能级匹配法提取目标在图像中的相似度,并将其作为目标信息波段加入到原始数据中去,进行波段归一化处理,以减少不同波段数据的量纲或数量级的影响,进行MNF变换并合成RGB假彩色图像。以新疆哈图地区的重点成矿岩性——凝灰质粉砂岩为例,进行重点目标突出的结果表明,信息增强后的图像颜色更加丰富,与原始假彩色合成图像相比,可以识别出更多的岩石类型,比原始图像的MNF变换划分出更多地物类型。     

黑白CCD摄像机的近红外特性和应用

本文对黑白ＣＣＤ摄像机的光谱响应特性进行了具体的分析，讨论了近红外光谱特性和低照度下ＣＣＤ摄像机的光谱响应之间的关系，介绍了在低照度下和近红外照明下，黑白ＣＣＤ摄像机的使用条件。     

Luminance adaptation model for increasing the dynamic range of an imaging system based on a CCD camera

We propose a luminance adaptation model (LAM) to increase the dynamic range of an imaging system when scenes containing areas of low and high illumination are imaged. The LAM that we developed is based on capturing images at different exposure times to obtain digital levels within the linear response zone for all the pixels in the image. The levels are subsequently transformed to a reference exposure time that is common to all pixels. We use a linear transformation whose coefficients are determined by the digital levels obtained for a set of flat-spectrum samples. In this study, the LAM is applied to a multispectral imaging system that is based on a CCD camera used for color measurements and spectral reconstructions. It is shown to be a very useful method for increasing the dynamic range of the system, whilst maintaining its accuracy.     

一个评价光谱估计精度的新参数

研究了对多光谱成像系统进行光谱估计的精度评价的问题。在给出光谱估计偏指数定义的基础上,提出了多光谱图像获取系统的光谱估计性能的评价的新方法——系统光谱匹配偏度指数法。该方法用一个指标来定量评价两光谱向量的光谱匹配程度,避免了以往评价参数的复杂性,同时反映了光谱反射率估计曲线实际测量曲线之间的差异程度。采用一典型多光谱相机对Macbeth色卡的24个典型光谱仿真估计所得的24个光谱对数值模拟,验证了光谱反射率估计匹配偏度指数能全面的反映光谱反射率的估计精度的设想;并拿17个多光谱估计系统的仿真估计的光谱数据,计算了它们的系统光谱估计偏度指数,计算结果有很好的一致性。结果还显示,系统光谱估计偏度指数还可用作对多光谱相机光谱估计性能进行等级划分的依据。     

Infrared Multispectral Imaging: Principles and Instrumentation

Abstract

A multispectral imaging spectrometer is an instrument that can simultaneously record spectral and spatial information of a samples. Chemical and physical properties of the sample can be elucidated from such images. In a multispectral imaging instrument, a camera is used to record the spatial distribution of the sample, and the spectral information is gained by scanning a dispersive device to record spectra for each image. This overview article describes operational principles and recent development of various components used in infrared multispectral imaging instruments including the electronic dispersive devices (acousto-optic tunable filter and liquid crystal tunable filter) and IR cameras (InGaAs, InSb, HgCdTe and QWIP cameras).     

高速多光谱 TDI CCD 成像电路系统

为实现多光谱TDI CCD的高速高信噪比成像,利用可空间应用的多光谱TDI CCD传感器研制出了高性能成像电路系统。该系统以现场可编程门阵列（ FPGA）为核心逻辑单元,带有RS422外围通信控制接口,并采用CAMERALINK接口输出图像数据。系统具有动态推扫成像的能力,可同时输出全色和彩色两种模式的图像数据。利用灰度条纹的靶标对传感器的3个多光谱（ R、G、B）感光区标定白平衡,利用彩色条纹的靶标对系统进行成像测试,在驱动频率为15 MHz的情况下,系统单片CCD输出的图像数据率达到1.2 Gbps。试验结果表明,获取全色图像的信噪比达到了53.56 dB,各多光谱图像的信噪比较高的也在40 dB以上,满足空间对地高分辨多光谱遥感成像的技术指标要求,对高速空间多光谱遥感相机的研制具有借鉴意义。     

Multispectral Image Compression for Improvement of Colorimetric and Spectral Reproducibility by Nonlinear Spectral Transform

The article proposes a multispectral image compression scheme using nonlinear spectral transform for better colorimetric and spectral reproducibility. In the method, we show the reduction of colorimetric error under a defined viewing illuminant and also that spectral accuracy can be improved simultaneously using a nonlinear spectral transform called Labplus, which takes into account the nonlinearity of human color vision. Moreover, we show that the addition of diagonal matrices to Labplus can further preserve the spectral accuracy and has a generalized effect of improving the colorimetric accuracy under other viewing illuminants than the defined one. Finally, we discuss the usage of the first-order Markov model to form the analysis vectors for the higher order channels in Labplus to reduce the computational complexity. We implement a multispectral image compression system that integrates Labplus with JPEG2000 for high colorimetric and spectral reproducibility. Experimental results for a 16-band multispectral image show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

利用AOTF多光谱成像系统实现伪装目标的识别

针对传统分光器件存在移动部件以及不能快速实时选择波长的不足,搭建了用声光可调滤光器(AOTF)作为分光器件的多光谱成像系统。系统由光学镜头、AOTF、AOTF驱动器、CCD摄像机和图像采集系统组成。本系统能够在(500~1000)nm的光谱范围内成像。通过对AOTF的控制可以任意选择系统的光谱,从而有目的地选择具有典型目标特性的不同波段的光谱波长,形成同一目标在不同光谱波长下的不同图像。采用迷彩布、头盔以及自然花草进行多次目标特性识别试验,得到了能突出目标特性的具有典型光谱特性的图像。证实了基于AOTF的多光谱成像系统灵敏度高、体积小、无移动部件,并且能够快速实时地改变和选择光谱波段,在所成的多光谱图像中能提高目标与背景的对比度,对伪装目标有明显的探测和识别能力,能将伪装目标与背景区分开。     

三维多光谱数据压缩的新方法

提出了一种三维多光谱图像数据压缩的新方法，在对多光变图像数据进行了Ｋａｒｈｕｎｅｎ－Ｌｅｏｖｅ变换Ｋ－Ｌ变换后，再对变换后的多光谱图像数据进行静止图像方法压缩编码，消除谱和空间相关性。     

基于LCTF的便携式多光谱成像仪

选用商品化照相机镜头、液晶可调谐滤光片（Liquid Crystal Tunable Filter,LCTF）和单色面阵CCD相机,将LCTF置于由镜头和CCD相机组成的照相光路中构成便携式多光谱成像仪,该多光谱成像仪能够在被动和主动光源下进行多光谱图像数据采集,工作波长范围是400-720nm,光谱分辨率为10nm,建立了多光谱成像仪系统多光谱图像采集数值模型,分析了误差源,为系统定标提供了理论依据。最后在自然光照条件下进行了盆景植物的多光谱图像采集试验,重建出多光谱数据立方体,绘制了典型目标点的光谱曲线。     

基于多光谱和sRGB空间的自然植物色的重现

多光谱成像技术在颜色科学方面的应用主要在于准确的记录和复制拍摄场景的颜色信息。针对目前基于光谱的颜色重现设备昂贵、复杂和实现起来困难的问题,提出了物体颜色从反射光谱空间向sRGB颜色空间变换的方案。在遵循sRGB标准的设备上重现了D65光源下的218种自然植物颜色,所显示的颜色与植物反射光谱实物对应的名称一致。对8个自然植物在9种不同光源下和在sRGB空间下的颜色进行了预测显示。所提出的方案对在网络环境下实现相同实物在不同照明环境下的场景显示提供了可行的途径。     

基于提升方案的多光谱遥感图像有损压缩算法

在分析多光谱遥感图像谱间和空间数据特点的基础上,提出了一种DPCM线性预测与基于提升方案的整数小波变换相结合的多光谱遥感图像有损压缩算法。在谱间采用DPCM预测去除谱间相关性;在谱内采用整数小波变换去除空间相关性,根据不同子带对目标识别的重要程度,选择不同的量化阈值和量化步长进行量化,并分别对各个子带量化后的数据和重要图表采用固定比特平面编码和游程编码,实现高效的多光谱遥感图像压缩。实验结果表明,该算法在一定的压缩比下,重构图像具有较高的峰值信噪比,并且算法硬件实现简单,对内存的需求低。     

基于无人机多光谱图像的土壤水分检测方法研究

以表层土壤为对象,探究土壤的多光谱反射率与土壤水分含量相关性,进行基于无人机多光谱图像的土壤水分含量预测模型方法的探究。选取中国农业大学通州实验站为研究区域,实地采集试验田的土壤样本100组,按照一定梯度配制土壤含水量,配成的土壤含水率为10%~50%之间,土壤含量的真实值采用土壤烘干法进行测定。多光谱相机灵巧便捷,可搭载在无人机上对土壤进行监测。将RedEdged-M型多光谱相机搭载在Phantom 3型无人机上,选择阳光充足的采集环境,实时采集土壤样本的多光谱图像,建立土壤多光谱信息与水分含量之间的模型。利用处理光谱数据的ENVI5.3软件提取土壤样本多光谱信息,以多光谱相机自带的标准白板反射率为100%,计算出土壤样本在蓝、绿、红、红边、近红外五个波段的光谱反射率。采用BP神经网络算法、支持向量机算法、偏最小二乘算法分别建立基于无人机多光谱图像的土壤水分含量的预测模型。以80组土壤样本数据作为训练集,建立基于多光谱图像的土壤水分含量预测模型。采用莱文贝格-马夸特算法对BPNN进行改进,提高了其训练速度,当网络结构为5-10-1时,训练效果最好,本文选择该网络结构;SVM采取高斯核函数,当参数为0.56时,模型效果最好。本研究采用归一化均方根误差(NRMSE)和决策系数(R 2)对三种土壤水分含量的预测模型进行定量对比。以20组土壤样本数据作为测试集,结果可知,基于BP神经网络土壤水分含量预测模型的NRMSE为0.268,R 2为0.872;基于支持向量机的土壤水分含量预测模型的NRMSE为0.298,R 2为0.821;基于偏最小二乘土壤水分含量预测模型的NRMSE为0.316,R 2为0.789。对三种模型分析可知,基于BPNN的土壤水分含量预测模型效果均较好。结果可知,土壤的光谱反射率与含水率间存在较密切的相关性,将多光谱相机搭载在无人机上可以对土壤水分含量进行有效的实时监测,对监测土壤墒情提供技术支持和理论支撑。     

Comparative Evaluation of Spectral Transforms for Multispectral Image Coding in Terms of Color Degradation

Recently, multispectral images have been utilized for high fidelity color reproduction through visual telecommunication systems and its compression schemes have been required. However multispectral image coding considering color degradation has not been established. This article presents a comparison of four spectral transforms presented before to find out which transform is more suitable to a spectral decorrelation scheme in transform coding of multispectral images. Transforms dealt with in this paper are Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT), weighted KLT (WKLT), one mode analysis (OMA) and a transform realizing compatibility to the conventional color systems, latter three of which are designed to represent spectral reflectance functions with small number of coefficients having small colorimetric errors. Through the theoretical and experimental comparisons, it is found that WKLT and OMA reduced colorimetric error compared to the others, where OMA is suitable when the rendering illuminations in the color reproduction can be assumed in advance and WKLT is applicable to other situations.