端面受到空气阻力的弹性杆的振动

研究了一端固定、一端受到空气阻力的弹性杆的振动.建立了受阻力端的近似边界条件.本征振动模式含有阻尼振动特有的指数衰减因子,但不具有分离变量的形式.因为边界条件不属于斯特姆-刘维型,所以关于本征函数的完备性和正交性的一般定理不适用于本问题.用拉普拉斯变换法求解了任意给定初始条件下的振动.     

“端面受到空气阻力的弹性杆的振动”续谈

采用传统的分离变量法,讨论了端面受阻尼作用的弹性杆振动问题.分离变量得到了一种新类型的本征值问题:本征值为复数,相应的本征函数也是复函数.尽管本征函数本身不具有正交性,但是重新组合之后能够构造出一组正交完备函数组,从而为求解这一定解问题奠定了良好的理论基础.笔者分析了这一解法的理论含义,提出了一系列基本的理论问题,并回...     

空气阻力对复摆振动周期的影响

采用2种空气阻力模型,推导出考虑空气阻力时复摆振动周期的表达式.将理论结果与实验测量相结合,分析比较2种情况下空气阻力对复摆周期的影响.     

器壁滑动摩擦力对受振颗粒体系中冲击力倍周期分岔过程的影响

颗粒物质由离散的固体颗粒组成, 受到周期性振动时可以表现出复杂的动力学行为. 这些行为往往受众多因素的影响, 如空气阻力和器壁摩擦力等. 针对受振颗粒体系中冲击力的倍周期分岔现象, 通过抽真空或将容器底镂空消除空气阻力, 单独研究器壁滑动摩擦力的影响. 结果表明在仅有器壁摩擦力作用的情况下, 倍周期分岔过程仅受约化振动加速度的控制, 与颗粒的尺寸、颗粒层数及振动频率无关. 将器壁摩擦力处理成一个大小恒定、方向与颗粒和器壁相对速度反向的阻力, 并包含到完全非弹性蹦球模型中, 能够对所观察到的现象给出很好的解释. 通过对倍周期分岔点测量平均值的拟合, 得到器壁滑动摩擦力的大小约为颗粒总重量的10%. 关键词： 颗粒物质 器壁摩擦力 倍周期分岔 冲击力     

碰撞模型下的空气阻力及其两个实例

在空气中运动的物体必然会受到其阻力的作用,多数情况下这个阻力是有害的,如超音速飞机、高速运动的火箭就必须克服极大的空气阻力,但任何事物都具有两面性,降落伞就是利用空气阻力让跳伞者以一个很小的速度降落的.空气阻力的大小与运动物体的速度、形状、表面状况等诸多因素有关,其精确计算相当复杂.本文将以一种简化的空气分子碰撞模型来推导运动物体所受的空气阻力大小,这个模型将空气分子视为弹性小球,其基本假定如下.     

也谈不规范的斯特姆-刘维本征值问题

讨论了端点有集中载荷时弹性杆的纵振动问题．比较了现有的两种解法,分析了相关本征值问题的正交性问题．     

利用弦振动方程研究驻波特性

利用弦振动方程研究了弦振动驻波的形成过程,以及空气阻力、弦长度对驻波的影响.     

考虑空气阻力的抛体射程

空气阻力对抛体的运动可以产生显著的影响.运用近似的方法处理超越方程,给出了考虑空气阻力的抛体运动落地时间和射程与抛射角的近似解析关系,并且与数值解进行了比较.     

以弹跳机器人为背景的弹性环弹跳运动能量转换

文章以弹性环作为弹跳机器人的简单物理模型,研究弹性环对胡克定律的适用性以及弹性势能与初始动能的关系,在此基础上得出忽略空气阻力以及考虑空气阻力的理论弹起高度.文章利用高速摄像系统对弹性环运动过程进行观测,数据分析结果表明理论值与实验结果吻合较好.本文对于弹性环这种简单弹跳模型所得的研究结果有助于为弹跳机器人的能量转换效率及控制弹跳高度提供参考.     

抛体运动轨迹的数值分析

现行的多数大学物理教材中只讨论了忽略空气阻力或空气阻力与速度的大小成正比的情况, 没有讨论 空气阻力与速度的高次方成正比的情况. 主要的原因是空气阻力与速度的高次方成正比时, 动力学方程为超越方 程, 无法得到解析解. 本文通过数值求解在空气阻力作用下的抛体运动的动力学方程, 得到了空气阻力与速度的高 次方成正比时的抛体运动轨迹, 并分析了抛体质量、 抛射角、 初速度对运动轨迹的影响     

Conformal Symmetries of Spherical Spacetimes

We investigate the conformal geometry of spherically symmetric spacetimes in general without specifying the form of the matter distribution. The general conformal Killing symmetry is obtained subject to a number of integrability conditions. Previous results relating to static spacetimes are shown to be a special case of our solution. The general inheriting conformal symmetry vector, which maps fluid flow lines conformally onto fluid flow lines, is generated and the integrability conditions are shown to be satisfied. We show that there exists a hypersurface orthogonal conformal Killing vector in an exact solution of Einstein’s equations for a relativistic fluid which is expanding, accelerating and shearing.     

A Chebyshev–Lagrangian method for acoustic analysis of a rectangular cavity with arbitrary impedance walls

A general Chebyshev–Lagrangian method is proposed to obtain the analytical solution for a rectangular acoustic cavity with arbitrary impedance boundary conditions. The originality of the present paper is the successful attempt of applying orthogonal polynomials, such as Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind, to the analysis of a rectangular sound field with general wall impedance. The sound pressure is uniformly expressed as triplicate Chebyshev polynomial series which is independent in each direction. The Chebyshev polynomial series solution is obtained using the Rayleigh–Ritz procedure after considering the influence of boundary impedance on the cavity as the work done by the impedance surfaces in the Lagrangian function. The accuracy and reliability of the proposed method are validated against the analytical solutions and some numerical results available in the literature. Excellent orthogonality and complete properties of the Chebyshev polynomials ensure the rapid convergence, numerical stability, high accuracy of the current solution. The simplicity and low computational cost of the present approach make it preferable to obtain the results of complex models even in the relative high frequency range by choosing enough truncated terms in the sound pressure expression. Numerous cases with various uniform or non-uniform impedance boundary conditions are analyzed numerically and some of the results can be used as benchmark. It is shown that the impedance boundary condition can effectively influence or modify the acoustic characteristics and response of a cavity.     

带边界条件复标量场的正则量子化

研究了带边界条件有质量复标量场的量子化. 与把边界条件当作Dirac约束方法不同, 我们在经典解空间研究这个问题, 利用Fadeev-Jackiw(FJ)方法获得所有傅里叶模的对易关系, 避免用Dirac方法而产生的问题.     

刚体一般运动的描述

刚体的一般运动是刚体运动学中最复杂的一类运动,其求解通常需要借助欧拉定理或沙勒定理.通过这两个定理,我们可以把刚体的一般运动分解成较简单的定轴转动和平动.本文主要应用代数理论中的正交矩阵描述刚体的运动,并用代数语言分析了定点转动的本征问题,证明了欧拉定理.随后,将刚体的定点转动进行分解,并给出了物理图像和推导结论,完成...     

Design of shaped piezoelectric modal sensor for beam with arbitrary boundary conditions by using Adomian decomposition method

The theory for designing distributed piezoelectric modal sensors is well established for beam structures. However, the current modal sensor theory is limited in scope in that it can only be applied in the case of classical boundary conditions (i.e., either clamped, free, simply supported or sliding). In this paper a solution to the problem of finding the shape of piezoelectric modal sensors for a beam with arbitrary boundary conditions is proposed, using the Adomian decomposition method (ADM). A general expression for designing the shape of a piezoelectric modal sensor is presented, in which the output signal of the designed sensor is proportional to the response of the target mode. Other modes are filtered out. The modal sensor shape is expressed as a function of the second spatial derivative of the structural mode shape function. Based on the ADM and employing some simple mathematical operations, the closed-form series solution of the second spatial derivative of the mode shapes can be determined. Then the shapes of the designed modal sensors are obtained. Finally, some numerical examples are given to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed modal sensors. It is shown that, for classical boundary conditions, the shapes of the modal sensors based on the ADM agree well with analytical and numerical results given in the literature. For general boundary conditions it is found that the shape of the modal sensors is influenced by the number of modes of interest because the second spatial derivatives of the mode shapes are not orthogonal to one another. The modal sensors for general boundary conditions can be considered as modal filters within a limited frequency band.     

Extension of Operational Matrix Technique for the Solution of Nonlinear System of Caputo Fractional Differential Equations Subjected to Integral Type Boundary Constrains

We extend the operational matrices technique to design a spectral solution of nonlinear fractional differential equations (FDEs). The derivative is considered in the Caputo sense. The coupled system of two FDEs is considered, subjected to more generalized integral type conditions. The basis of our approach is the most simple orthogonal polynomials. Several new matrices are derived that have strong applications in the development of computational scheme. The scheme presented in this article is able to convert nonlinear coupled system of FDEs to an equivalent S-lvester type algebraic equation. The solution of the algebraic structure is constructed by converting the system into a complex Schur form. After conversion, the solution of the resultant triangular system is obtained and transformed back to construct the solution of algebraic structure. The solution of the matrix equation is used to construct the solution of the related nonlinear system of FDEs. The convergence of the proposed method is investigated analytically and verified experimentally through a wide variety of test problems.     

A new differencing scheme for the discrete-ordinates method in complex geometries

This paper is an assessment of a new discrete-ordinates algorithm recently developed by the authors for the numerical treatment of radiative participating media in both two- and three-dimensional enclosures. The algorithm is based on the utilization of general characteristic relations instead of the traditional differencing schemes for the spatial marching procedure. It is ideally suited for the treatment of complex geometries, the grid being formed from triangles (2D) or tetrahedra (3D). The method is exempt of any numerical oscillation and may be readily interfaced with the finite-element method for the solution of problems involving other modes of heat transfer. The mathematical derivation is detailed in the text and several examples are given for complex enclosures. The method proves to be very accurate and of good flexibility.     

Solution of dispersion relations for planar waveguides in the case of complex roots

A method for calculating the complex roots of a nonlinear equation is described whereby the solution of the problem is reduced to quadratures. Applications of the method to the investigation of dispersion relations for various open waveguide structures with a complex dielectric permittivity are discussed. The possibilities of the prismatic excitation of modes corresponding to the roots of the dispersion relations on different Riemann sheets are analyzed. Solutions are obtained for the inverse problems of reconstructing complex mode propagation constants and determining the parameters of films that guide waveguide and leaky modes. The solution is based on processing of the angular dependence of the reflection coefficient in a prismatic excitation scheme. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 68, 88–95 (April 1998)     

表面沸腾中接触角对液体过热度的影响

表面沸腾中接触角对液体过热度的影响刘朝，曾丹苓（重庆大学热力工程系重庆６３００４４）关键词液体过热度；接触角；涨落；统计系综１引言液体极限过热度的研究是研究沸腾热物理过程的基础。更为重要的是，液体的过热现象直接涉及到许多工程问题和技术安全问题。在实际...