爱因斯坦与广义相对论

文章介绍了爱因斯坦建立相对论,特别是广义相对论的伟大贡献。爱因斯坦提出了光速不变原理、广义相对性原理、马赫原理和等效原理。他不仅首先指出万有引力本质上是时空弯曲的几何效应,而且首先给出了广义相对论的基本方程。文章还讨论了为什么爱因斯坦是狭义相对论和广义相对论的唯一创建者。     

广义相对论简介之一：广义相对论的基本原理

大大学物理的层次上介绍广义相对论的等效原理和广义相对性原理，讨论局域惯性系，时空弯曲和引力几何化。     

广义相对论浅释（1）

本文用通俗的方法介绍了广义相对论的基本思想,并得到了史瓦西场时空弯曲的规律及质点在史瓦西场中自由运动的规律,从而解决了引力红移,Ｃｓ原子种钟环地球飞行后与地面上Ｃｓ原子种的时差,行星进动,光子经过太阳表面时的偏转角,雷达回波延迟等问题。     

在普物力学中开一个通往广义相对论的窗口──《新概念物理教程──力学》中对广义相对论内容的处理

介绍作者在《新概念物理教程──力学》中处理广义相对论材料的一些思考，着重分析了浅显讲解广义相对论时容易出现的某些错误．     

广义相对论中的等效原理与时空观

等效原理是广义相对论建立的基本思想实验原理, 它指出引力场和加速度的效应等价. 在等效原理中 有弱等效原理和强等效原理两个层次, 弱等效原理和强等效原理之间存在一定的联系. 以等效原理为基础将有助于 理解爱因斯坦的时空观     

广义相对论简介之三——广义相对论的空间和时间（二）

介绍引力频移、雷达回波延迟简化计算以及广义相对论普遍的时空概念。     

等效原理与双生子问题

爱因斯坦等效原理是广义相对论的基石,引力场的钟慢效应和引力红移效应是等效原理的两个基本推论;双生子问题属于狭义相对论的范畴.等效原理与双生子问题间的联系在相对论的教学中常被忽视.文章基于爱因斯坦等效原理,将匀加速系统与一个均匀引力场等效起来,详细地推导出引力场的钟慢效应,并证明了与之本质相同的引力红移效应;最后根据等效原理的这些基本推论在广义相对论框架下讨论了双生子问题,并用一个清晰的物理图像给出了双生子问题的广义相对论解释.     

广义相对论的实验验证

 自1687年《自然哲学的数学原理》问世以来,牛顿力学取得了很大的成功与发展。很少有理论能和万有引力定律的预言的准确性相比拟。但即使如此,牛顿的理论也不是十分完善的。一个例子是水星的近日点的进动。水星轨道长轴的方向在空间不是固定的,在一世纪内会转动5601秒弧度。用牛顿理论计算出所有行星对它的影响后,还差43秒弧度与观测不符,另外,牛顿引力理论有一个很严重的缺陷,就是它认为引力的传播不需要时间。例如,如果太阳表面某处突然爆发日珥(喷出明亮的气团),按牛顿理论,其引力变化在地球上即时即可发现,这一点直接违反了狭义相对论.     

利用爱因斯坦转盘推求中心引力场中的光频红移--在普通物理教学中讲解等效原理的一种尝试

通过球对称引力场与爱因斯坦转盘上的惯性离心力场的对比，利用强等效原理导出光频的引力红移。     

Some applications of differential topology in general relativity

Recently, there have been several applications of differential and algebraic topology to problems concerned with the global structure of spacetimes. In this paper, we derive obstructions to the existence of spin-Lorentz and pin-Lorentz cobordisms and we show that for compact spacetimes with non-empty boundary there is no relationship between the homotopy type of the Lorentz metric and the casual structure. We also point out that spin-Lorentz and tetrad cobordisms are equivalent. Furthermore, because the original work on metric homotopy and causality may not be known to a wide audience, we present an overview of the results here.     

Non-local equations for general relativity

The field equations for two non-local variables, equivalent to the Einstein vacuum equations, are presented. These variables are the holonomy operator associated with special paths and the light cone cut function.

Starting from these equations, one shows via a perturbation argument that a single, fourth-order equation for the cut function can be derived. This single equation encodes the entire conformal structure of a vacuum space—time. The same perturbation technique yields, via quadratures, solutions to the vacuum Einstein equations to any order.     

The confrontation between general relativity and experiment

We review the experimental evidence for Einstein’s general relativity. Tests of the Einstein equivalence principle support the postulates of curved space-time and bound variations of fundamental constants in space and time, while solar system experiments strongly confirm weak-field general relativity. The binary pulsar provides tests of gravitational wave damping and of strong-field general relativity. Future experiments, such as the gravity probe B gyroscope experiment, a satellite test of the equivalence principle, and tests of gravity at short distance to look for extra spatial dimensions could further constrain alternatives to general relativity. Laser Interferometric Gravitational Wave Observatories on Earth and in space may provide new tests of scalar-tensor gravity and graviton-mass theories via the properties of gravitational waves.     

耗散系统不可逆过程中的可拓展广义相对论时空关系

在引入非保守非惯性系的基础上对不可逆过程建立非保守系等效性假设，在引入广域度规的基础上对具有复杂行为的时空建立非保守系协变性假设；利用密度分布的不均匀度h(ρ)和粗粒熵S（ρtε）及推导的多标度因数η*计算式，引入非保守惯性质量和非保守引力质量.分析表明，新结果使引力理论与非平衡态统计理论和非线性动力学达到应有的谐和，发展并修正广义相对论. 关键词： 时空关系 耗散系统 不可逆性 可拓展广义相对论 非保守引力质量     

On the inertial mass concept in special and general relativity

Inertial mass in relativity theory is discussed from a conceptual view. It is shown that though relativistic dynamics implies a particular dependence of the momentum of a free particle on its velocityin special relativity, which diverges as v approaches c, the inertial mass itself of a moving body remains constant, from any frame of observation. However, extension to general relativity does conceptually introduce variability of the inertial mass of a body, through a necessarily generally covariant field theory of inertia, when the Mach principle is incorporated into the theory of general relativity, as a theory of matter.     

Summary of classical general relativity workshop

This is a summary of the presentations at the parallel session in the classical general relativity workshop of the ICGC-2004.     

Algebraically special hypersurface-homogeneous Einstein spaces in general relativity

This paper illustrates the value of the Newman—Penrose complex null tetrad formalism by using it to obtain all algebraically special Einstein spaces admitting three-parameter groups of motions acting on timelike surfaces containing the repeated principal null direction. Taken together with earlier work, this enables us to give a complete list of Einstein spaces which are both algebraically special and hypersurface-homogeneous or homogeneous.