漫射近似在测量生物组织光学性质中的适用范围

漫射近似理论经常被用来作为测量生物组织光学特性参数实验和方法的理论基础,但是漫射近似理论只是一种对辐射传输理论的近似结果,在一定条件下有其特定的适用范围.为了确定漫射近似理论在活体非侵入式无损测量要求下的适用范围,本文采用Monte Carlo模拟校验的方法,对漫射近似理论和Monte Carlo模拟计算的结果进行了比较,给出了基于单散射反照率a和各向异性因子g的漫射近似理论适用范围数值标准.这一标准为漫射理论的应用提供了参考依据.     

标量衍射理论的非傍轴近似及其有效性

当光束束腰（或衍射孔孔径）可与波长相比拟或光束具有较大的发散角时,傍轴近似不再成立.在标量瑞利.索末菲衍射积分的基础上,进一步研究了衍射场的非傍轴近似解,并详细分析了解的有效性.以平面波圆孔衍射为例,对衍射场的精确解、非傍轴近似解以及菲涅耳近似解进行了详细的数值计算和比较研究.结果表明,非傍轴近似对微小孔衍射非常精确、有效.     

THE VALIDITY OF HIGH TEMPERATURE APPROXIMATION IN NMR SPECTROSCOPY AND ITS RELATED PROBLEMS

A large body of conspicuous publications [1] in recent years asserts that the high temperature approximation (HTA), a mostly tested and most widely used assumption in NMR spectroscopy and MRI technology, is invalid for concentrated samples in high magnetic fields such as for a proton COSY spectrum of water [1].     

Examination of Validity of Paraxial Approximation in Second Harmonic Generation Microscopy under Low Numerical Aperture

By using a vectorial approach, the validity of paraxial approximation in second harmonic generation （SHG） microscopy under low numerical aperture （NA） is examined when the sample is a collagen fibril. Due to the larger value of dzzz and tensorial nature of SHG, the component Ez of the focused fieM may have strong effect on the radiation pattern of SHG. Numerical results indicate that when the value of NA exceeds 0.3, the effect of Ez can not be neglected, which results in the invalidation of paraxial approximation in SHG microscopy despite the fact that SHG microscopy is still under low NA focusing.     

高频强场中Kramers-Henneberger变换在狄拉克方程中的应用

在强激光场中,通过Kramers-Henneberger(KH)变换和高频近似可以将狄拉克方程的求解从一个含时问题转换成一个稳态问题来研究。以氢原子为例,详细研究了相对论框架下该稳态问题中的有效库仑势的特点,并和非相对论框架下的结果进行了比较。研究发现,由于相对论有效质量的引入,有效库仑势的分布范围并不像非相对论条件下随着激光场强度的增强单调变大,而是增加到一定值后不再变化。另外,通过比较偶极近似和非偶极近似下有效库仑势的分布,发现对高频强场,偶极近似不再适用。     

Exact nondipole Kramers-Henneberger form of the light-atom hamiltonian: an application to atomic stabilization and photoelectron energy spectra

The exact nondipole minimal-coupling Hamiltonian for an atom interacting with an explicitly time- and space-dependent laser field is transformed into the rest frame of a classical free electron in the laser field, i.e., into the Kramers-Henneberger frame. The new form of the Hamiltonian is used to study nondipole effects in the high-intensity, high-frequency regime. Fully three-dimensional nondipole ab initio wave packet calculations show that the ionization probability may decrease for increasing field strength. We identify a unique signature for the onset of this dynamical stabilization effect in the photoelectron spectrum.     

Emergence of a stabilization regime in quantum systems subject to a strong laser field and the Kramers-Henneberger approximation

We use the Kramers-Henneberger approximation to investigate the phenomenon of stabilization of quantum systems with short-range potentials in a strong electromagnetic field. We identify the physical limits imposed on our investigation by the use of this approximation, and the ranges of parameter values of the system and external field that lead to stabilization. We analyze the dependence of the stabilization threshold on the frequency of the laser light. The conclusions obtained from our analytic investigation are confirmed by numerical calculations. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 111, 1194–1206 (April 1997)     

Approximation of the n-Vicinity Method

Doklady Physics - The smallness parameter determining the possibility of application of the n-vicinity method for calculating the free energy of a spin system has been found. The types of spin...     

Validity of the Debye approximation

The validity of the Debye approximation is reexamined. It is shown that for paraxial systems with strong aberrations the Debye approximation may not be valid, even for systems with a large Fresnel number. The particular case of spherical aberration is considered. Extension to high-aperture systems is discussed.     

Applications of the Stochastic Adiabatic Approximation

In the previous paperi^[1], we have studied a class of nonlinear stochastic dynamical systems using the stochastic adiabatic approximation. A closed evolution equation for the slow variable u^t is obtained. In the present study, we use the methods proposed by the authors in Refs. [2] and [3] to treat the closed u^t equation which is derived by means of the new eliminating technique developed in Ref. [1] recently. Two important stochastic dynamical models, the simplified single-mode laser model and the stochastic Haken model, are treated concretely. The coupling effect of the additive and the multiplicative noise is found.     

Approximation of the naive black hole degeneracy

In 1996, Rovelli suggested a connection between black hole entropy and the area spectrum. Using this formalism and a theorem we prove in this paper, we briefly show the procedure to calculate the quantum corrections to the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy. One can do this by two steps. First, one can calculate the “naive” black hole degeneracy without the projection constraint (in case of the $U(1)$ symmetry reduced framework) or the $SU(2)$ invariant subspace constraint (in case of the fully $SU(2)$ framework). Second, then one can impose the projection constraint or the $SU(2)$ invariant subspace constraint, obtaining logarithmic corrections to the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy. In this paper, we focus on the first step and show that we obtain infinite relations between the area spectrum and the naive black hole degeneracy. Promoting the naive black hole degeneracy into its approximation, we obtain the full solution to the infinite relations.     

Approximation to the susceptibilities of three-dimensional antiferromagnets

Approximate susceptibilities of simple cubic S=∞ Heisenberg and $\text{S=}\text{1}\text{2}$ Ising antiferromagnets are calculated by using the new expansion method reported previously for the case of a square-plane S=∞ Heisenberg antiferromagnet. The present method gives a good approximation to the susceptibilities of both of the Heisenberg and Ising antiferromagnets above the Néel temperature.     

On the Approximation of the Stochastic Burgers Equation

 We prove mathematical approximation results for the (hyperviscous) Burgers equation driven by additive Gaussian noise. In particular we show that solutions of ``approximating equations' driven by a discretized noise converge towards the solution of the original equation when the discretization parameter gets small. The convergence takes place in the expected value of arbitrary powers of certain norms; i.e., all moments of the difference of the solutions tend to zero in certain function spaces. For the hyperviscous Burgers equation, these results are applied to justify the approximation of certain correlation functions that play a major role in statistical turbulence theory. Received: 10 October 2001 / Accepted: 21 May 2002 Published online: 6 August 2002     

Approximation to the susceptibilities of two-dimensional antiferromagnets

Approximate susceptibilities of square-plane S = ∞ XY and $\text{S =}\text{1}\text{2}$ Ising antiferromagnets are calculated by using the new expansion method reported previously for the case of a square-plane S = ∞ Heisenberg antiferromagnet. The convergence of the new expansion is examined and it is shown that the present method gives a good approximation to the susceptibilities of all of the Heisenberg, XY and Ising antiferromagnets even below the temperature range where the result exhibits a pronounced broad maximum.