Physical properties of the catalyst used for partial oxidation of anthracene to anthraquinone. II. Electron paramagnetic resonance study

Electron paramagnetic resonance studies on intermediates and final active catalyst material used for partial oxidation of anthracene to anthraquinone are reported.

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, .

     

Molecular-weight dependence of the glass transition temperatures of rigid SIS triblock copolymers studied by DSC

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements have been carried out on a series of ABA poly(styrene-b-isoprene) triblock copolymers with 30% polyisoprene content and various molecular weights. The DSC data show an inward shift for the glass transition temperatures (T _g) of the blocks compared to the corresponding homopolymers. As a function of the molecular weight, one to three transitions were found. The additional thirdT _g gives some further evidence of the existence of an interphase between the microdomains.

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Zusammenfassung DSC wurden an einer Reihe von ABA Poly(styrol-b-isopren) Dreiblock-Kopolymeren mit 30% Polyisoprengehalt und verschiedenen Molekulargewichten durchgeführt. Die DSC-Daten zeigen eine innere Verschiebung der Glas-Übergangstemperaturen (T _g) der Blöcke im Vergleich zu den entsprechenden Homopolymeren. Als Funktion des Molekulargewichts wurden ein bis drei Übergänge gefunden. Die zusätzliche dritteT _gerbringt weitere Beweise bezüglich der Existenz einer Interphase zwischen den Mikrodomänen.

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- (--) 30% . (T _g) . . _g - .

     

Polyfunctional zeolite catalysts in the benzene-olefin-hydrogen system

Benzene alkylation by C₂–C₄ olefins in the presence of hydrogen over a steam-treated zeolite catalyst containing lanthanum and nickel, has been studied. The promoting action of hydrogen on benzene alkylation by propylene has been established.

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C₂–C₄ , . .

     

Catalytic activity of high-silicon TsVK and Y type zeolites

Conversion of paraffins on TsVK and Y zeolites follow a similar mechanism yielding the same intermediates. Low selectivity of Y zeolites with respect to aromatic hydrocarbons is attributed to the strong adsorption of these hydrocarbons on zeolites. It is assumed that the centers of strong adsorption are Al³⁺ ions in cationic positions in zeolite.

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, . . , Al³⁺ .

     

Vapor phase oxidation of methylpyridines on zeolite catalysts

It has been established that zeolites containing Pd and Cu ions catalyze the vapor phase oxidation of methylpyridines. In oxidation of 2-methylpyridine on PdCuNa-mordenite at 375 °C the yield of 2-pyridinecarbaldehyde is 40 % of its theoretical values.

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, , Pd Cu, . 2- PdCuNa- 2- 375°C 40% .

     

Some aspects of the heterogeneously catalyzed epoxidation of olefins in the presence of a modified cation exchange resin

A modification of a weakly acidic cation exchange resin Wofatit CA-20 has been carried out by using inorganic molybdenum salts in ethylene glycol and water solutions. The modified cation exchanger was used as a polymeric catalyst in the epoxidation of various olefins by 1-phenylethyl hydroperoxide (PEHP) at 368 K in ethylbenzene solution. The catalytic efficiency of a homogeneous (molybdenum naphthenate) and the polymeric complexes so prepared as well as the reactivity of the olefins have been compared.

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- Wofatit CA-20 , , . - 1- 368 . ( ) , , , .

     

Acidic and catalytic properties of boron-containing porous glasses

Heat treatment of porous glasses results in a migration of boron to the surface changing surface acidity. The surface acidity of thermally modified porous glasses was characterized by NH₃ desorption and the catalytic activity for conversion of alcohols was investigated.

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, . NH₃, .

     

Evaluation of quantum yields in the presence of an absorbing additive

A method is proposed for the evaluation of quantum yields of photochemical reactions studied in the presence of absorbing additives using cylindrical sample tubes.

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Physico-chemical transformations during heating of phosphorites

The thermal behaviour of phosphorites in an oxygen or helium atmosphere was studied by means of simultaneous TG-DTG-DTA-gas titrimetric EGA. Thermal oxidation and/or decomposition steps of the contaminating organic materials, carbonate minerals and pyrite, and of the fluorocarbonate-apatite were identified. The evolution of CO₂ from the latter has its maximum at 750–850 °C and is accompanied by an increase in the lattice parametera ₀.

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Zusammenfassung Das thermische Verhalten von Phosphoriten in Sauerstoff- oder Heliumatmosphäre wurde durch simultane TG-DTG-DTA-EGA (mittels Gastitrimetrie) untersucht. Thermische Oxidations- und/oder Zersetzungsschritte der Verunreinigungen (organische Materialien, Carbonatminerale und Pyrit) und des Calcium-fluoro-carbonat-apatit wurden identifziert. Die CO₂-Abspaltung aus dem letzteren hat ihr Maximum bei 750–850 °C, sie ist begleitet von einer Vergrösserung des Gitterparametersa ₀.

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, , - . ( , , . 750–850° ₀.

     

Kinetic studies of thiolane synthesis from tetrahydrofurane and H2S

Kinetic studies of tetrahydrofuran reaction with H₂S were carried out in a flow-circulation reactor. Presumably, the reaction takes place through dissociative chemisorption of reactants and the interaction of surface structures formed to produce thiolane and water. A kinetic equation that agrees with the suggested mechanism has been derived.

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- H₂S. , . , .

     

Studies on the catalytic oxidation of propylene on ferric molybdate

Ferric molybdate is less selective in the partial oxidation of propylene than bismuth molybdate. Its catalytic behavior is similar to that observed on other transition metal molybdates. The intrafacial nature of the reaction is established through kinetic and adsorption measurements.

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, . . .

     

Catalytic epoxidation of propylene with tert-butyl peroxide in presence of molybdenum complexes on polymer carriers

A polymer catalyst has been synthesized on the basis of Amberlite IRA-45 anion-exchange resin modified with molybdenum hexacarbonyl. Its catalytic activity in the epoxidation of propylene with tert-butyl hydroperoxide is similar to the activity of Mo(CO)₆ used under homogeneous conditions.

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, - Amberlite IRA-45, . - Mo(CO)₆, .

     

Reactivity of coordinated O2? towards. One-electron oxidants

Ion-radical complexes Ti(IV) (O ₂ ^– ) are unreactive towards most oxidants except Ce(IV) and Cr₂O ₇ ^2– . The one-electron redox potential for the O_{2 coord.}/O _{2 coord.} ^– couple lies between 1 and 1.6 V.

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- O ₂ ^– Ti(IV) , Ce(IV) Cr₂ O ₇ ^2– . - O_{2 .}/O ₂ ^– . 1 1,6 .

     

On the relationship between the structures of Cu(II) complexes and their chemical transformations IX

The Stoichiometry and the kinetics of thermal decomposition of the title compounds were studied. The results were correlated with the structures of the Cu(II) coordination polyhedra, which have in general a 4+2 type of coordination. It was shown that the equatorial Cu-H₂O bond distances are important for the found decomposition stoichiometries. As an intermediate of thermal decomposition, Cu(H₂O)₅(CH₃C₆H₄SO₃)₂ was prepared and characterized via its IR and electronic spectra and powder X-ray diffractogram. The experimental activation energies increase with increasing degree of tetragonality of the Cu(II) coordination polyhedron forX ^–=C₆H₅SO₃ and D-C₁₀ H ₁₅OSO₃, but decrease forX ^–=4-CH₃C₆H₄SO₃. TheE ^* value found for the decomposition of the latter compound can not be attributed to the chemical reaction.

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Zusammenfassung Die Stöchiometrie und Kinetik der thermischen Zersetzung der Titelverbidungen wurde untersucht. Die Ergebnissen wurden auf die Strukturen der Cu(II) Koordinationspolyeder bezogen, die im allgemeinen eine 4+2 Koordination aufweisen. Die Länge der äquatorialen Cu-H₂O Bindung erwies sich als bedeutungsvoll für die ermittelte Stöchiometrie der Zersetzung. Das Zwischenprodukt Cu(H₂O)₅(CH₃C₆H₄SO₃)₂ der thermischen Zersetzung wurde dargestellt und mittels IR- und Elektronenspektren sowie Röntgenpulveraufnahmen beschrieben. Mit ansteigendem Tetragonalitätscharakter der Cu(II) Koordinationspolyeder wachsen die experimentell ermittelten Aktivierungsenergien fürX ^–=C₆H₅SO₃ und D-C₁₀H₁₅OSO₃ an, nehmen aber fürX ^–= 4-CH₃C₆H₄SO₃ ab. Der für letztere Verbindung ermittelteE ^* Wert kann der chemischen Reaktion nicht zugeschrieben werden.

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. , 4 + 2. , Cu-H₂O . Cu(H₂O)₅(CH₃C₆H₄SO₃)₂ , -. X ^–=C₆H₅SO₃ -C₁₀H₁₅OSO₃, X ^–= 4-CH₃C₆H₄SO₃. .

     

Kinetics of perborate oxidation of quinol

The perborate oxidation of quinol in aqueous acetic acid is first order with respect to perborate, zero order with respect to quinol, and first order with respect to H⁺. The oxidation is faster than H₂O₂ oxidation. Breakdown of protonated perboric acid is suggested as the rate-limiting step.

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, H⁺. . , , , .

     

Thermal investigation of the phase composition of poly(ethylene terephthalate). Analysis of different methods of determination of the degree of crystallinity of partially crystalline substances

The literature data on the degree of crystallinity of non-deformed poly(ethylene terephthalate) measured at various temperatures have been subjected to comparative analysis. There is no correlation between the results obtained by the different methods. The reason for this is shown to be the imperfections in the methods of determining the degree of crystallinity, which do not provide the true composition of the crystalline phase. Consideration has been paid to the validity of the main principles involved in the thermal method of determining the degree of crystallinity, so as to eliminate the imperfections in the existing methods and to provide the correct value of the mass of the crystalline phase. The phase composition of PET has been analyzed by the thermal method at different temperatures and conditions of crystallization. A marked difference from the literature data is observed in the range of low temperatures.

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Zusammenfassung Eine vergleichende Analyse der Literaturangaben bezüglich des bei verschiedenen Temperaturen gemessenen Kristallisationsgrades von nicht-deformiertem Poly(äthylen-terephthalat) wurde durchgeführt. Zwischen den mit verschiedenen Methoden erhaltenen Ergebnissen besteht keine Korrelation. Es wurde gezeigt, daß der Grund hierfür in der Unvollkommenheit der Methoden zur Bestimmung des Kristallisationsgrades liegt, da diese nicht die wahre Zusammensetzung der Kristallinen Phase angeben. Die Gültigkeit der wichtigsten Prinzipien, welche die thermische Bestimmung des Kristallisationsgrades unter Ausschaltung der Unvollkommenheit der bestehenden Methoden gewährleisten und den richtigen Wert der Masse der kristallinen Phase angeben, wurden in Erwägung gezogen. Die Analyse der Phasenzusammensetzung von PET wurde durch die thermische Methode bei verschiedenen Temperaturen und Kristallisationsbedingungen durchgeführt. Ein deutlicher Unterschied zu den Literaturangaben kann im Bereich der niedrigen Temperaturen beobachtet werden.

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. , , . , , . , , . . .

     

Influence of sodium salt addition on the morphological and catalytic properties (ethane hydrogenolysis) of aluminasupported cobalt

NaNO₃ addition to Co/Al₂O₃ results in an increase in the reducibility, in a smaller dispersity of the metal and in a decrease in the ethane hydrogenolysis rate due to a decorative effect.

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NaNO₃ Co/Al₂O₃ ,

     

Kinetics of evolution of individual gases in the course of shale thermal decomposition

The results are presented of an experimental investigation of the kinetics of evolution of C _n H _m , CH₄, CO and H₂ in the course of shale thermal decomposition. The experiments were carried out with a complex experimental set-up consisting of a derivatograph, a chromatograph and a spectrophotometer, with shale samples of different fractions from different seams of basic commercial deposits. In spite of the differences in the sites of taking the samples and in their characteristics, the reaction rate curves for each gas are close to one another.

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Zusammenfassung Ergebnisse einer experimentellen Untersuchung der Kinetik der Freisetzung von C _n H _m , CH₄, CO und H₂ im Verlaufe der thermischen Zersetzung von Schiefern werden mitgeteilt. Die Versuche wurden mit einer komplexen, aus einem Derivatograph, einem Chromatograph und einem Spektrophotometer bestehenden Ausrüstung vorgenommen. Untersucht wurden Schiefer von verschiedenen, kommerziell abgebauten Lagerstätten. Obwohl sich die Schieferproben hinsichtlich der Lage und der Charakteristik des Vorkommens unterscheiden, verlaufen doch die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeitskurven für jedes Gas nahezu gleich.

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_{n m} , ₄, , H₂ . , , , . , .