Ultrasonic absorption in polymer gel dosimeters

Ultrasonic absorption in polymer gel dosimeters was investigated. An ultrasonic interferometer was used to study the frequency (f) dependence of the absorption coefficient (alpha) in a polyacrylamide gel dosimeter (PAG) in the frequency range 5-20 MHz. The frequency dependence of ultrasonic absorption deviated from that of an ideal viscous fluid. The presence of relaxation mechanisms was evidenced by the frequency dependence of alpha/f(2) and the dispersion in ultrasonic velocity. It was concluded that absorption in polymer gel dosimeters is due to a number of relaxation processes which may include polymer-solvent interactions as well as relaxation due to motion of polymer side groups.The dependence of ultrasonic absorption on absorbed dose and formulation was also investigated in polymer gel dosimeters as a function of pH and chemical composition. Changes in dosimeter pH and chemical composition resulted in a variation in ultrasonic dose response curves. The observed dependence on pH was considered to be due to pH induced modifications in the radiation yield while changes in chemical composition resulted in differences in polymerisation kinetics.     

PdSiAg非晶合金中切变波的超声衰减

一、引言 在迅速发展的非晶态金属材料中,钯硅系合金由于具有低声速、低声损耗特性而引起人们的很大兴趣。M.Dutoit和H.S.Chen(陈鹤寿)首先研究了φ1～2.5mm杆状PdSiAg样品中的超声衰减,G.Bellessa等测量了PdSiCu样品中纵波超声衰减和声速的温度关系,M.Bavmatz等测量了PdSi非晶合金的杨氏模量和低频内耗,这些实验研究工作对正确使用这类新材料和发展非晶固体理论无疑都有重要意义。但PdSiAg非晶合金中切变波超声衰减的温度关系和冷轧带状样品中的超声特性至今未见报道。     

超声在人的正常与病变组织中的衰减

本文在2-9.3MHz和5-40℃的频率与温度范围内,利用脉冲传输法,测量了五人离体状态下的五种正常组织,和三种病变组织中的超声衰减系数。进而研究了衰减系数同频率与温度间的依赖关系;特别是研究了几种病变组织的声衰减特性;也对超声在同一人体的正常与病变组织中的衰减系数进行了对比,表明:病变组织中的衰减系数比正常组织中的偏大,最后给出了几点实验研究结论。     

超声波在乙酸乙酯和乙酸甲酯中的弛豫吸收

关于超声波在乙酸乙酯和乙酸甲酯中的吸收问题曾引起了多次热烈的争论,为此,作者采用了行波中的光衍射法做了进一步的实验研究。在实验过程中,特别注意了仪器的精确度问题,并且对许多种吸收系数已知的标准液体进行了多次重复的测量,结果很好地符合于一般的公认值,且误差不超出5％。对于两种乙酸酯,测量的频率范围是3-30Mc,温度保持20℃。测量结果表明,在实验的误差范围内,吸收的实验值很好地落在唯象单弛豫理论所预期的曲线上,弛豫频率对乙酸乙酯约在12Mc附近,对乙酸甲酯约在7Mc附近。并且通过对不同纯度的乙酸乙酯进行重复的测量,表示杂质引起的附加吸收并不影响吸收曲线的特性。因此也就明某些作者测量得到两个弛豫频率的结果是不真实的。作者并认为Karpovich首先提出的旋转异构的理论是适合于解释这两种液体的驰豫吸收的机理的。     

用超声语参数对猪的病变肝组织进行定征

本文采用宽带超声脉冲测量系统,通过对散射回波高速数字采样,对猪的新鲜离体正常肝组织及若干病变肝组织(如水泡变性肝,脂肪变性肝及硬化肝)进行了分析研究。
通过在3MHz—7MHz的频域分析,获得了各组织样品的积分背向散射系数(IBSC)、背向散射系数的频率依赖关系(FDBSC)及组织内相邻散射元的平均间距(MS)等参数。
所获结果显示,组织的病变导致了上述参数的明显变化。这表明,超声谱分析技术,对于肝病变组织超声定征及临床定量诊断,具有令人鼓舞的发展前景。     

Development of non-destructive bond monitoring techniques for ultrasonic bonders

Simulation of an ultrasonic bonding tool was performed to formulate and analyse the relationships between the boundary conditions due to loading at the bond-tool interface and the measured parameters, such as the ultrasonic frequency and the input impedance variations during the bonding process. It is believed that improved process monitoring techniques can be developed based on the functional dependence between the ultrasonic frequency, input impedance variations and the boundary conditions at the bond-tool interface. Both experimental and simulation results obtained indicate that a strong dependence exists between the load, resonant frequency and the input impedance in an ultrasonic bonder. Resonant frequency was observed to increase as the loading on the bond surface increases.     

Ultrasonic spectrum characterization of pig''''s pathological liver tissues

I.IntroductionCurrent1ythemajorityofcommcrcialultrasonicscannersutilizeon1ytheamplitudcinformationcarriedbytheechoesbackscatteredfrombiologicaltissuestoproduccandriageintimedomain.Potentia1lyusefulinformationinfrequencyd0maincontainedbytheechoesiscomp1ete1ydiscarded.Theu1trasonicspectrumanalysistechnique,whichcancompensatethislack,canpresentsomeusefulparametcrsinfrcqucncydomainusedinultrasonictissuecharacterization.Onthisbackgroud,asericsofworksonthisficldhavcbeendoneduringthepastdecadell-5l.…     

Sound absorption by a solution of nanoparticles

Absorption of an acoustic wave in a colloidal solution via two mechanisms: due to viscous friction in the liquid and due to energy dissipation on nanoparticles is studied. The dependence of the imaginary part of the wave vector on the frequency is estimated in both cases. It is shown that in typical colloidal solutions, the first absorption mechanism dominates at low frequencies, and the second one, at higher, ultrasonic frequencies.     

Ultrasound absorption in liquid metals

The excess longitudinal ultrasonic absorption over and above the classical value has been attributed to the solid-like mechanisms of the interaction of sound waves with the conduction electrons and the thermal phonons in liquid metals, both exhibiting a quadratic dependence on the sound frequency.     

离体猪淋巴结组织的高频成像研究

用C扫的超声显微镜系统对猪的淋巴结组织进行了研究,得到了猪的正常淋巴结和出血性淋巴结组织的高频超声图像和声参量值,结果表明:高频超声图像能反映组织结构的变化;猪的出血性淋巴结组织的声散射系数比正常淋巴结组织的小,且随频率的变化而变化,背向散射技术是在高频段进行组织定征的有效手段。     

Ultrasonic studies on polystyrene/styrene butadiene rubber polymer blends filled with glass fiber and talc

The compatibility of solid blends: PS/SBR, PS/SBR filled with glass fiber and PS/SBR filled with talc were studied using ultrasonic pulse echo technique. Measurements were carried out at room temperature (298 K) and a frequency of 3 MHz. The ultrasonic velocity for the compressional wave and that for shear wave have been measured to obtain the elastic moduli data by knowing of density. The variation of ultrasonic wave velocities and elastic moduli with weight percent of the blend was found to be linear in PS/SBR blend, indicating some degree of compatibility but the drawback of elastic moduli indicate incompatibility of the system blend, while it deviates from linearity in blends of PS/SBR filled with glass fiber and talc but the increase in elastic moduli indicates that there is an increase in degree of compatibility between PS and SBR due to adding of glass fiber or talc. The ultrasonic absorptions for longitudinal wave in the temperature range from 298 to 423 K in the studied system were measured using ultrasonic pulse echo technique. Typical results showing the temperature dependence of the ultrasonic absorption at frequencies of 1, 2, 3 and 5 MHz are illustrated for all samples of the different compositions. The study of compositional and temperature dependence of the ultrasonic absorption in the present studied blends reveals the same behavior of the compatibility degree of the blends. Density data of the blends confirmed the ultrasonic results. Also the correlation between hardness and elastic moduli for the present blend systems has been studied.     

High frequency ultrasonic-assisted CO2 absorption in a high pressure water batch system

Physical absorption process is always nullified by the presence of cavitation under low frequency ultrasonic irradiation. In the present study, high frequency ultrasonic of 1.7 MHz was used for the physical absorption of CO₂ in a water batch system under elevated pressure. The parameters including ultrasonic power and initial feed pressure for the system have been varied from 0 to 18 W and 6 to 41 bar, respectively. The mass transfer coefficient has been determined via the dynamic pressure-step method. Besides, the actual ultrasonic power that transmitted to the liquid was measured based on calorimetric method prior to the absorption study. Subsequently, desorption study was conducted as a comparison with the absorption process. The mechanism for the ultrasonic assisted absorption has also been discussed. Based on the results, the mass transfer coefficient has increased with the increasing of ultrasonic power. It means that, the presence of streaming effect and the formation of liquid fountain is more favorable under high frequency ultrasonic irradiation for the absorption process. Therefore, high frequency ultrasonic irradiation is suggested to be one of the potential alternatives for the gas separation process with its promising absorption enhancement and compact design.     

Frequency dependence of ultrasonic backscatter from human trabecular bone: theory and experiment

A model describing the frequency dependence of backscatter coefficient from trabecular bone is presented. Scattering is assumed to originate from the surfaces of trabeculae, which are modeled as long thin cylinders with radii small compared with the ultrasonic wavelength. Experimental ultrasonic measurements at 500 kHz, 1 MHz, and 2.25 MHz from a wire target and from trabecular bone samples from human calcaneus in vitro are reported. In both cases, measurements are in good agreement with theory. For mediolateral insonification of calcaneus at low frequencies, including the typical diagnostic range (near 500 kHz), backscatter coefficient is proportional to frequency cubed. At higher frequencies, the frequency response flattens out. The data also suggest that at diagnostic frequencies, multiple scattering effects on the average are relatively small for the samples investigated. Finally, at diagnostic frequencies, the data suggest that absorption is likely to be a larger component of attenuation than scattering.     

Low-frequency three-dimensional ultrasonic tomography

The possibility of making ultrasonic 3D tomographs for medical diagnostics of soft tissues was established. The choice of frequencies of ultrasonic pulses of 300–500 kHz was due to low absorption in soft tissues within this range. The reverse problems of ultrasonic tomography, which are three-dimensional and nonlinear, have been considered in a model that takes into account both wave effects and absorption. The effectiveness of algorithms to solve the reverse problems that were developed has been illustrated by model calculations. The velocity configuration has been shown to be recovered better than the function that describes absorption in soft tissues.     

Boundary element simulation of backscattering properties for red blood with high frequency ultrasonic transducers

High frequency ultrasonic imaging (e.g. >30 MHz) from blood is difficult due to its tenuous backscattered pressure and the interference from adjacent tissues as well. To increase the sensitivity focused transducer has to be used, thus raising the complexity of interpreting the received signals. A numerical simulation of the ultrasonic scattering property from erythrocyte and rouleaux based on boundary element method was performed with experimental results based on a modified substitution method. The results (proportional relationship between backscattered pressure and frequency and the frequency limit for Rayleigh scattering) closely coincide with experimental data for erythrocyte. Rouleaux model results also show the dependence of degree of red cell aggregation on backscattering properties. The boundary element method serves as a good means to calculate the acoustic scattering from blood cells under arbitrary incident waves.     

Ultrasonic absorption in aqueous solutions of amino acids at neutral pH

Ultrasonic absorption coefficients in aqueous solutions of glycine, L-alanine, imidazole, L-phenylalanine, L-histidine and L-tryptophan at neutral pH were measured in the range from 0.8 to 220 MHz at 25 degrees C. A characteristic ultrasonic relaxation phenomenon was observed only in the solution of L-histidine with a relaxation frequency at around 2 MHz at neutral pH. It was proposed from the concentration independent relaxation frequency and the linear concentration dependence of the maximum absorption per wavelength that the relaxation mechanism was associated with a perturbation of the rotational isomeric equilibrium of the L-histidine molecule. The existence of two rotational isomeric forms of L-histidine in water was examined by semiempirical quantum chemical methods, in order to determine the free energy difference between the two states. The forward and backward rate constants were determined from the relaxation frequency and the energy change. Also, the standard volume change of the reaction was estimated from the concentration dependence of the maximum absorption per wavelength. It was speculated that L-histidine fulfills a specific function among amino acids because of the rotational motion in the molecule, in addition to its well-established acid-base properties.     

极低频电磁场曝露对于大鼠敏感组织红外光谱特征的影响

极低频电磁场非热生物效应的发生与生物组织接受电磁辐射后微观结构的改变有关,利用红外光谱学分析方法可以有效的研究电磁辐射生物效应发生的微观机制。研究了极低频电磁场曝露对于大鼠电磁敏感组织红外光谱特征的影响,对曝露于50 Hz,0.75 mT极低频电磁场作用20天的大鼠的血液、脑和睾丸组织的红外光谱与正常大鼠组织的红外光谱进行比较分析,从分子水平阐述了极低频电磁场曝露作用生物效应的发生机制。实验结果表明极低频电磁场曝露可导致大鼠敏感组织某些特征吸收峰峰位和峰强产生了规律性的变化,说明傅里叶变换红外光谱方法是研究电磁场不同生物效应的发生机制的一种有效手段。     

Temperature effect on the threshold frequency of absorption in a quantum pseudodot

The threshold frequency of absorption in a quantum pseudodot under the influence of temperature and applied magnetic field is calculated. The threshold frequency of absorption is computed as a function of temperature and applied magnetic field. The linear and nonlinear dependence of the absorption threshold frequency on magnetic field and temperature has been showed. According to the results obtained from the present work, we find that the linear and nonlinear dependence of the absorption threshold frequency depends on used range of the temperatures and magnetic fields.     

分子晶体中超声弛豫吸收机理的探讨

本文考虑了分子晶体中内振子所有相邻能级之间存在的跃迁,给出了计算分子晶体中超声弛豫时间的新的表达式。对不同温度下萘单晶的超声吸收系数的计算表明,与Liebermann理论相比,我们得到的吸收随温度变化规律更符合实验结果。     

Dispersion und Absorption transversaler Schallwellen im Magnetfeld

The propagation velocity and absorption of transverse ultrasonic waves have bsen measured in a polycristalline metallic probe as functions of a magnetic field parallel to the direction of propagation. In agreement with the macroscopic theory, these measurements showed, that the propagation velocity was increased by the magnetic field for frequencies below a transition frequency characteristic for the medium. In case of high frequencies the magnetic field causes an absorption. In the dispersion region characterized by the transition frequency, the magnetohydrodynamic Reynolds number is of order one and the magnetically induced changes in propagation velocity and absorption are strongly frequency dependent.