Properties and analytical applications of the heteropolymolybdates of phosphorus, arsenic, silicon and germanium-I Spectrophotometric examination of the heteropoly acids

Spectrophotometric studies have been made of the heteropoly acids of phosphorus, arsenic, silicon and germanium, formed at molybdate concentrations of 10(-1)-10(-3)M. It was found that the heteropoly anion is quantitatively produced at a Z-value of 1.60 in the case of a quinquevalent central atom and 1.50 for a quadrivalent central atom, if the amount of the latter is not higher than 50% of the stoichiometric (Z is the number of moles of protons taken up by one mole of molybdenum.) On addition of further acid the anion takes up protons, but its absorbance remains unchanged if measured at a wavelength at which the isopolymolybdates show no absorption. At Z-values higher than 2.2-2.3, i.e., in highly acidic media, a decomposition reaction starts; its products are octamolybdate and molybdenyl ions. The different molar absorptivities and other "irregularities" found in the various analytical procedures in the literature are due not to the heteropoly acids but to the isopolymolybdate formed together with the former.     

Planar Chiral,Ferrocene‐Stabilized Silicon Cations

The preparation of a series of planar chiral, ferrocenyl‐substituted hydrosilanes as precursors of ferrocene‐stabilized silicon cations is described. These molecules also feature stereogenicity at the silicon atom. The generation and ²⁹Si NMR spectroscopic characterization of the corresponding silicon cations is reported, and problems arising from interactions of the electron‐deficient silicon atom and adjacent C(sp³)?H bonds or aromatic π donors are discussed. These issues are overcome by tethering another substituent at the silicon atom to the ferrocene backbone. The resulting annulation also imparts conformational rigidity and steric hindrance in such a way that the central chirality at the silicon atom is set with complete diastereocontrol. These chiral Lewis acid catalysts were then tested in difficult Diels–Alder reactions, but no enantioinduction was seen.     

Anodic oxidation of methyl alpha-dimethylsilyldihydrocinnamate. A novel silicon gamma-aryl effect

The anodic oxidation of methyl 3-phenyl-2-dimethylsilylpropionate occurs at a potential almost 1 V positive of that required to oxidize other alpha-silyl esters. Semiempirical and ab initio calculations on the model compound 1-phenyl-2-trimethylsilylethane indicate that electron removal from these two compounds is highly stereoelectronically dependent. Both molecules exist almost exclusively in a conformation in which the phenyl group and silicon atom are anti and the side chain is perpendicular to the aromatic ring. This conformation has a higher energy HOMO orbital and lower computed ionization potential than the only other significantly populated conformation of 1-phenyl-2-trimethylsilylethane. Finally, the ab initio calculations show that in the cation radical of this model compound the ipso carbon of the aromatic ring and the side chain carbon bound to silicon draw significantly closer together than in the neutral species; an electrostatic potential map of the cation radical shows that the ipso carbon bears the highest degree of positive charge of any of the benzenoid carbons. We interpret these data, taken together, as an indication that this cation radical is stabilized by overlap of the rear lobe of the carbon-silicon bond with the p-orbital of the ipso carbon.     

An Isolable Silicon Analogue of a Ketone that Contains an Unperturbed Si=O Double Bond

Despite tremendous efforts to synthesize isolable compounds with an Si=O bond, silicon analogues of ketones that contain an unperturbed Si=O bond have remained elusive for more than 100 years. Herein, we report the synthesis of an isolable silicon analogue of a ketone that exhibits a three‐coordinate silicon center and an unperturbed Si=O bond, thus representing the first example of a genuine silanone. Most importantly, this silanone does not require coordination by Lewis bases and acids and/or the introduction of electron‐donating groups to stabilize the Si=O bond. The structure and properties of this unperturbed Si=O bond were examined by a single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis, NMR spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations. Bimolecular reactions revealed high electrophilicity on the Si atom and high nucleophilicity on the O atom of this genuine Si=O bond.     

Stereoselective Alcohol Silylation by Dehydrogenative Si–O Coupling: Scope,Limitations, and Mechanism of the Cu–H‐Catalyzed Non‐Enzymatic Kinetic Resolution with Silicon‐Stereogenic Silanes

Ligand‐stabilized copper(I)–hydride catalyzes the dehydrogenative Si–O coupling of alcohols and silanes—a process that was found to proceed without racemization at the silicon atom if asymmetrically substituted. The present investigation starts from this pivotal observation since silicon‐stereogenic silanes are thereby suitable for the reagent‐controlled kinetic resolution of racemic alcohols, in which asymmetry at the silicon atom enables discrimination of enantiomeric alcohols. In this full account, we summarize our efforts to systematically examine this unusual strategy of diastereoselective alcohol silylation. Ligand (sufficient reactivity with moderately electron‐rich monophosphines), silane (reasonable diastereocontrol with cyclic silanes having a distinct substitution pattern) as well as substrate identification (chelating donor as a requirement) are introductorily described. With these basic data at hand, the substrate scope was defined employing enantiomerically enriched tert‐butyl‐substituted 1‐silatetraline and highly reactive 1‐silaindane. The synthetic part is complemented by the determination of the stereochemical course at the silicon atom in the Si–O coupling step followed by its quantum‐chemical analysis thus providing a solid mechanistic picture of this remarkable transformation.     

The pristine and carbon,silicon or germanium-substituted (10, 0) BN nanotube: A computational DFT study of NMR parameters

The geometrical structure and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) parameters of the pristine as well as carbon, silicon and germanium-doped (10, 0) boron-nitride (BN) nanotubes have been studied using a DFT-B3LYP method for the first time. When either a Ge, C or Si atom is substituted for a single B or N in the BN nanotube, the dopant atom extends outward from the surface of the nanotube. Our results show that Ge extends more from the surface than C or Si. It was found that the NMR parameters are significantly changed for those B and N nuclei that bond directly to C, Si or a Ge dopant. The calculations were carried out using the Gaussian 03 software package.     

SiOM(M=Li,Be,B,Na,Mg,Al)分子结构的DFT研究

利用Gaussian-94计算程序,B3LYP方法,6-311+G(2d)6d基组,对SiOM(M=Li,Be,B,Na,Mg,Al)诸体系的几何结构进行优化.结果表明,M既可与SiO中的Si键合,也可与O键合.第一和第二主族的SiOM体系以折线形构型为最稳定构型,而第三主族则以近直线形或直线形构型为最稳定构型.从Si-O间键长R_SiO、力常数f_SiO及自然键轨道分析可知,第一主族的SiOLi和SiONa的最稳定构型中SiO-M间的离子键成分较大,可近似看作离子键;而对SiOLi,SiOBe,SiOB和SiOMg体系的以Si为中心的构型,M-SiO间的离子键成分很小,不能看作离子键,可认为M与SiO之间存在着弱相互作用     

Geometry of simple molecules: nonbonded interactions, not bonding orbitals, and primarily determine observed geometries.

The forces responsible for the observed geometries of the YX(3) (Y = N or P; X = H, F, or Cl) molecules were studied through ab initio computations at the HF-SCF/6-31G level. The calculated molecular orbitals were grouped as contributing primarily to (a) the covalent bonds, (b) the terminal atom nonbonding electrons (for X = F or Cl), and (c) the central atom nonbonding electrons. This grouping was accomplished through 3-D plotting and an atomic population analysis of the molecular orbitals. The molecules were then moved through a X-Y-X angular range from 90 degrees to 119 degrees, in four or five degree increments. Single-point calculations were done at each increment, so as to quantify the energy changes in the molecular orbital groups as a function of geometry. These calculations show that the nonbonding electrons are much more sensitive to geometry change than are the bonding orbitals, particularly in the trihalide compounds. The molecular orbitals representing the nonbonding electrons on the terminal atoms (both valence and core electrons) contribute to the spreading forces, as they favor a wider X-Y-X angle. The contracting forces, which favor a smaller X-Y-X angle, consist of the orbitals comprising the nonbonding electrons on the central atom (again, both valence and core electrons). The observed geometry is seen as the balance point between these two sets of forces. A simple interaction-distance model of spreading and contracting forces supports this hypothesis. Highly linear trends are obtained for both the nitrogen trihalides (R(2) = 0.981) and phosphorus trihalides (R(2) = 0.992) when the opposing forces are plotted against each other. These results suggest that a revision of the popular conceptual models (hybridization and VSEPR) of molecular geometry might be appropriate.     

The interaction between atoms of Au and Cu with clean Si(1 1 1) surface: A study combining synchrotron radiation grazing incidence X-ray fluorescence analysis and theoretical calculations

In order to evaluate the interactions between Au/Cu atoms and clean Si(1 1 1) surface, we used synchrotron radiation grazing incidence X-ray fluorescence analysis and theoretical calculations. Optimized geometries and energies on different adsorption sites indicate that the binding energies at different adsorption sites are high, suggesting a strong interaction between metal atom and silicon surface. The Au atom showed higher interaction than Cu atom. The theoretical and experimental data showed good agreement.     

Tautomerism in alloxan

Ab initio STO-3G, 3-21G and 6-31G calculations have been used to investigate the energetics of the tautomerism in alloxan. The geometries of the tautomers have been fully optimized at STO-3G level. The results indicate that tautomerism in alloxan in the vapour is highly unlikely, the trioxo structure being by far the most stable structure. The population analysis of the alloxan anion gives evidence that the preferred protonation site is offered by the central oxygen atom, and rules out the opposite oxygen atom as a possible protonation site.     

Synthesis and structure of (O → Si)-chelate fluorosilane,a novel complex of pentacoordinate silicon with N-acetylvaline

A novel organosilicon complex of N-acetylvaline was synthesized by the reaction of the relative disiloxane derivative with BF3 etherate. According to X-ray and NMR data, the silicon atom of the final product is pentacoordinated in both the solid state and solution. The coordination state of silicon was correctly predicted by quantum-chemical calculations.     

Hemispiroalkaplanes: hydrocarbon cage systems with a pyramidal-tetracoordinate carbon atom and remarkable basicity

A new class of saturated hydrocarbons, in which a spiropentane-type unit is bound by a cyclic hydrocarbon, has been investigated by using ab initio molecular orbital calculations at the B3-LYP and MP2 levels. These molecules have been given the trivial name hemispiroalkaplanes. Hemialkaplanes, which are analogous molecules built-up from a neopentane-type unit and a cyclic hydrocarbon, have also been examined. The hemispiroalkaplanes are predicted to contain a pyramidal-tetracoordinate carbon atom that possesses a lone pair of electrons. Protonation at this apical carbon atom is found to be highly favourable, resulting in a remarkably high basicity for a saturated hydrocarbon. The proton affinities of the hemispiroalkaplanes are calculated to be more than 1170 kJmol(-1), even greater than that of the diamine "proton sponges". Structural parameters, heats of formation and strain energies for the novel hydrocarbons are detailed.     

Silicon – single molecule – silicon circuits

In 2020, silicon – molecule – silicon junctions were fabricated and shown to be on average one third as conductive as traditional junctions made using gold electrodes, but in some instances to be even more conductive, and significantly 3 times more extendable and 5 times more mechanically stable. Herein, calculations are performed of single-molecule junction structure and conductivity pertaining to blinking and scanning-tunnelling-microscopy (STM) break junction (STMBJ) experiments performed using chemisorbed 1,6-hexanedithiol linkers. Some strikingly different characteristics are found compared to analogous junctions formed using the metals which, to date, have dominated the field of molecular electronics. In the STMBJ experiment, following retraction of the STM tip after collision with the substrate, unterminated silicon surface dangling bonds are predicted to remain after reaction of the fresh tips with the dithiol solute. These dangling bonds occupy the silicon band gap and are predicted to facilitate extraordinary single-molecule conductivity. Enhanced junction extendibility is attributed to junction flexibility and the translation of adsorbed molecules between silicon dangling bonds. The calculations investigate a range of junction atomic-structural models using density-functional-theory (DFT) calculations of structure, often explored at 300 K using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. These are aided by DFT calculations of barriers for passivation reactions of the dangling bonds. Thermally averaged conductivities are then evaluated using non-equilibrium Green''s function (NEGF) methods. Countless applications through electronics, nanotechnology, photonics, and sensing are envisaged for this technology.

Single-molecule circuits using silicon contacts are robust, conductive, controllable, and highly reproducible in blinking experiments, with enhanced conductance in break-junctions owing to residual dangling bonds.     

Mechanisms of interactions between atomic hydrogen and vacancies in the silicon crystal lattice

SCF-MO-LCAO calculations in the MINDO/3 approximation were used to determine some mechanisms of interactions between atomic hydrogen and silicon lattice vacancies and between interstitial silicon atoms and hydrogen-charged lattice vacancies. In a completely hydrogen-charged vacancy, hydrogen atoms are localized on the Si−Si bond of the second coordination sphere with respect to the vacancy, so that the crystal lattice is ordered around the vacancy. The capture of atomic hydrogen in any charge state by a vacancy significantly decreases the potential barriers of the annihilation of the Frenkel pairs. After an interstitial atom has been captured by a hydrogen-charged vacancy, it is energetically profitable for the hydrogen atom to transfer to a neighboring vacancy. The interaction mechanisms revealed are consistent with the model of the accelerated annealing of lattice vacancy defects by high-frequency plasma treatment. In addition, the calculation results suggest that materials with hydrogen-charged silicon should be more stable to ionizing radiation than materials with hydrogen-free silicon, since the probability that the interstitial silicon involved in the Frenkel pair will be recaptured by the lattice point is rather high. Kiev Polytechnical Institute. Translated fromZhurnal Strukturmoi Khimii, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 22–28, January–Feburary, 1996. Translated by I. Izvekova     

Mechanism of the hydrosilylation reaction of alkenes at porous silicon: experimental and computational deuterium labeling studies

The mechanism of the formation of Si-C bonded monolayers on silicon by reaction of 1-alkenes with hydrogen-terminated porous silicon surfaces has been studied by both experimental and computational means. We propose that monolayer formation occurs via the same radical chain process as at single-crystal surfaces: a silyl radical attacks the 1-alkene to form both the Si-C bond and a radical center on the beta-carbon atom. This carbon radical may then abstract a hydrogen atom from a neighboring Si-H bond to propagate the chain. Highly deuterated porous silicon and FTIR spectroscopy were used to provide evidence for this mechanism by identifying the IR bands associated with the C-D bond formed in the proposed propagation step. Deuterated porous silicon surfaces formed by galvanostatic etching in 48% DF/D2O:EtOD (1:1) electrolytes showed a 30% greater density of Si-D sites on the surface than Si-H sites on hydrogen-terminated porous silicon surfaces prepared in the equivalent H-electrolyte. The thermal reaction of undec-1-ene and the Lewis acid catalyzed reaction of styrene on a deuterated surface both resulted in alkylated surfaces with the same C-C and C-H vibrational features as formed in the corresponding reactions at a hydrogen-terminated surface. However, a broad band around 2100 cm(-1) was observed upon alkylating the deuterated surfaces. Ab initio and density functional theory calculations on small molecule models showed that the integrated absorbance of this band was comparable to the intensity expected for the C-D stretches predicted by the chain mechanism. The calculations also indicate that there is substantial interaction between the hydrogen atoms on the beta-carbons and the hydrogen atoms on the Si(111)-H surface. These broad 2100 cm(-1) features are therefore assigned to C-D bands arising from the involvement of surface D atoms in the hydrosilylation reactions, while the line broadening can be explained partly by interaction with neighboring surface atoms/groups.     

Synthesis of a heptacoordinate trichlorosilane with a tetradentate ligand and unusual stability for nucleophilic substitution

A trichlorosilane bearing a tetradentate ligand with three coordinating arms was synthesized by the reaction of triarylmethyllithium with tetrachlorosilane. Its heptacoordinate structure around the central silicon atom has been revealed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Three methoxy oxygen atoms are located at the opposite side to the chlorine atoms,and the average Si ··· O interatomic distance is 2.807Å, shorter than the sum of van der Waals radii (Si··· O: 3.40 Å). Chlorine atoms on the central silicon atom were not replaced by any nucleophiles such as alkyllithium, hydride anion, and alcohols. Effective suppression of nucleophilic attack is attributed to the intramolecular interactions of lone pairs of oxygen atoms with σ^* _Si?Cl antibonding orbital aswell as steric hindrance.     

酚氧桥联铜钴异双核配合物的密度泛函研究

用密度泛函方法,在ROB3LYP/SDD//ROB3LYP/LanL2MB水平上,对酚氧桥联CuⅡ-CoⅡ异双核配合物CuCo(TS)(H2O),进行了理论计算.优化得到了它的单、三重态的平衡几何构型,计算了它们的谐振动频率.结果表明,该配合物分子的三重态比单重态稳定;电子自旋布居高度集中在Co(6)及其周围的配体原子上,而Cu（1）则没有发现电子自旋布居; 体系中存在较强的自旋离域效应.体系的前线分子轨道主要由Co(6)的d轨道和配体原子的p轨道组成,这有利于配体原子与Co(6)之间的电子转移.计算结果与实验符合得很好.     

The silicon effect on the regioselectivity of the Tsuji-Trost reaction. Experimental and theoretical approaches

Regioselectivity of the Tsuji-Trost reaction on allyl acetates and carbonates substituted with silyl groups at the olefinic moiety has been analyzed. Silicon atom in the central carbon atom increases the stability of the intermediate π-allylpalladium cation with respect to the isomeric π-allylpalladium cation featuring the silicon in a terminal carbon atom.     

Theoretical investigation of lone pair inversions, ring openings, and hydride shifts in O-methylated epoxides

Mechanisms associated with the isomerization of the O-methylethylene oxonium ion and its tetramethyl-substituted analogue have been explored using correlated electronic structure calculations. The minima and transition states associated with inversion at the oxygen atom, as well as those associated with opening of the epoxide ring, have been characterized. The calculated barrier to inversion at the oxygen atom for the O-methylethylene oxonium ion, 15.7 kcal/mol, agrees well with the experimentally determined value, 10+/-2 kcal/mol. Our calculations indicate that a significantly higher barrier exists for the ring-opening mechanism that leads to more thermodynamically stable structures. This work includes the first known calculations on the O-methyl-2,3-dimethyl-2-butene oxonium ion along with transition states and intermediates associated with ring opening and inversion at the oxygen atom. Results show that there is a significantly lower barrier to ring opening as compared to the O-methylethylene oxonium ion species, leading to a lower probability of isolating this species. The effects of basis sets and correlation techniques on these ions were also analyzed in this work. Our results indicate that the B3LYP/6-31G* level is reliable for obtaining molecular geometries for both minima and transition states on the C3H7O+ and C7H15O+ potential energy surfaces.     

Donor-Stabilized Silylene/Phosphine-Supported Carbon(0) Center with High Electron Density

An isolable donor-stabilized silavinylidene phosphorane was synthesized. This molecule, which can also be regarded as a new carbon(0) complex featuring a phosphine and a donor-stabilized silylene ligand, presents a central carbon atom with a remarkably high electron density (−1.82). Furthermore, the experimental electron-density study of this compound demonstrates the delocalization of the σ-lone pair at the central carbon atom toward the silicon center, a feature which is remarkably different from electronic situation of other bent-allene-type molecules. This result clearly demonstrates the powerful electron-donating ability of donor-stabilized silylene ligands, as well as their excellent electron-acceptor properties.