杂原子(Zr,Y)掺杂的铈基催化剂中氧物种与其催化CH_3SH分解的活性/稳定性之间的关系（英文）

铈基催化剂因其优异的储放氧能力被广泛地应用于多种催化反应.铈基材料作为催化剂在CH_3SH(甲硫醇)分解反应中的应用也因其产物简单、易处理而受到越来越多的关注.本课题组在前期研究中发现,纳米二氧化铈在CH_3SH催化分解反应中表现出较高的催化活性,然而催化剂却在很短时间内快速失活.为进一步提高铈基氧化物的稳定性,我们通过引入稀土元素对氧化铈催化剂进行改性,结果发现其稳定性明显提高;同时催化剂稳定性与氧空位数量有关,氧空位数量越多,催化剂越稳定.然而,目前关于氧空位对催化CH_3SH分解反应的具体作用,CH_3SH在铈基材料上的失活机理以及氧物种与催化行为之间的相互关系尚不清楚.因此,有必要进一步研究氧空位对提高催化稳定性的贡献并揭示催化行为与氧物种之间的相互关系.本文通过微波辅助柠檬酸络合法制备一系列杂原子(Zr,Y)掺杂的铈基催化剂CeO_2,Ce_(1-x)Z_rxO_2,Ce_(1-x)Y_xO_2-δ(x=0.25,0.50,0.75,1.00),通过考察锆、钇杂原子价态和离子半径对CH_3SH催化分解活性和稳定性的影响来探索铈基催化剂中氧空位的作用及氧物种与催化行为之间的关系.其中,氧物种与催化行为之间的关系可包括两类:(1)表面晶格氧与催化活性之间的关系;(2)体相晶格氧迁移与催化稳定性之间的关系.催化性能和表征结果表明,铈基氧化物中表面晶格氧对CH_3SH催化转化起着至关重要的作用.Ce_(0.75)Zr_(0.25)O_2在CH_3SH的催化分解中表现出更高的催化活性,这是由于Ce_(0.75)Zr_(0.25)O_2有更多的表面晶格氧、活性氧物种及良好的氧化还原性能.Ce_(0.75)Y_(0.25)O_2-δ也表现出更好的催化稳定性,这是由于催化剂中有更多的氧空位,它们会促进体相晶格氧迁移到催化剂表面以补充表面晶格氧.此外,Ce与杂原子之间化学价差极大地影响着表面晶格氧含量以及催化剂中体相氧的迁移率,进而影响铈基催化剂的活性和稳定性.     

过渡金属-铈基复合氧化物的制备与碳烟燃烧催化性能

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了不同过渡金属TM(Fe,Co,Ni,Mn)-Ce复合氧化物,并经800℃水热处理20 h后得到老化样品。利用XRD,BET对样品结构进行了表征,并采用CO-TPR和TPO分别考察了样品的还原性能和碳烟催化燃烧活性。结果表明,复合氧化物通过过渡金属和铈离子的变价和协同作用,有效地提高了催化剂的碳烟燃烧催化活性。在催化剂-碳烟松散接触条件和含NO+O2气氛下,由于催化剂表面氧的活化和硝酸盐分解释放的NO2,Co-Ce和Mn-Ce具有良好的碳烟燃烧活性。催化剂-碳烟紧密接触和含O2气氛中的活性则与催化剂的比表面积成正比关系,并受活性氧释放能力的影响。     

γ-Al2O3表面Co物种状态对苯催化燃烧性能的影响研究

采用浸渍法在γ-Al2O3载体上制备了不同形态的Co物种,并利用苯的催化燃烧反应考察了各不同物种对苯催化燃烧活性差别.研究结果表明:Co在γ-Al2O3载体表面的分散形态表现出显著的阈值效应.当担载量处于在分散阈值以下时,Co以氧化物形式单层分散于载体表面;当担载量大于分散阈值时,Co团聚为团簇或者多层结晶体形式存在于γ-Al2O3表面.分散阈值效应直接影响着催化剂的催化燃烧活性.焙烧温度对Co在γ-Al2O3表面的存在状态也起着决定性作用.高温焙烧主要导致CoAl2O4尖晶石相生成,而低温焙烧有利于Co3O4物相生成.对于苯催化燃烧反应而言,Co3O4表现出比CoAl2O4高的多的催化活性.     

Ce1-xFexO2复合氧化物催化剂的制备及其对甲烷的催化燃烧性能

采用柠檬酸溶胶-凝胶法和微波技术制备了Ce1-x Fex O2复合氧化物,以甲烷催化燃烧为探针反应测定了催化剂的活性及XRD、DRS、BET和TPR进行了表征。结果表明,Ce1-x Fex O2复合氧化物为介孔材料,所制得的复合氧化物在x≤0．2时以单一立方萤石结构的Ce1-x Fex O2固溶体存在,x〉0．2时形成了立方萤石结构Ce1-x Fex O2固溶体和少量的CeFeO3混合相。Ce1-x Fex O2固溶体的甲烷催化燃烧活性高于单组分CeO2,且随着x的不同而变化,其中以Ce0.9 Fe0.1 O2固溶体的催化活性最高。     

稀土A-Ce-O催化剂的合成及性能研究

采用改进的溶胶-凝胶法合成出了几种含铈稀土复合氧化物催化剂,运用XRD,IR等不同测试手段对复合氧化物催化剂进行了表征,测试了甲烷催化燃烧活性.XRD分析结果表明:经1200 ℃焙烧3 h后4种催化剂中Ba-Ce-O,Sr-Ce-O主要以单一相钙钛矿结构BaCeO3和SrCeO3的形式存在,La-Ce-O体系催化剂呈现面心立方晶体结构特征衍射峰,与立方结构CeO2的衍射峰相似,只是峰的位置偏向低角度;Mg-Ce-O主要以简单氧化物CeO2的相存在,在甲烷催化燃烧反应中La-Ce-O显示出了良好的催化活性,T10为510 ℃,T90为670 ℃;主相为SrCeO3的Sr-Ce-O体系催化剂的甲烷催化活性最差,T10为570 ℃,T90为743 ℃.     

松散接触下 Au-Ce强相互作用对 Au/CeO2/3DOM Al2O3催化剂催化柴油炭烟燃烧活性的影响

与汽油发动机相比,柴油发动机具有热效率高、CO2排放低、寿命长、续航距离远和经济性好等优点,可大大缓解能源短缺,降低 CO2排放量.因此,机动车柴油化是当前发展趋势.然而,柴油发动机在使用过程中会排放大量炭烟颗粒物,对人体危害极大.因此,控制炭烟颗粒排放成为环境催化研究的重点之一.
　　炭烟颗粒物催化燃烧反应是典型的固(炭烟颗粒)-固(催化剂)-气(O2)多相催化反应.三维有序大孔氧化物(3DOM)具有大孔径和内部贯通的孔道结构,能有效提高炭烟颗粒与催化活性中心的接触性能.同时,纳米 Au颗粒在大孔氧化物表面的负载可有效提高催化剂本征活性,但纳米 Au颗粒催化剂热稳定性较差. CeO2具有较好的储放氧性能,可与贵金属活性组分发生相互作用,从而提高贵金属纳米颗粒的分散度和稳定性.因此,本文从柴油炭烟颗粒物催化燃烧反应本质出发,设计制备了高炭烟燃烧催化活性的3DOM氧化物担载 Au基催化剂,研究了 Au与 CeO2强相互作用对炭烟燃烧活性的影响.
　　采用胶体晶体模板法制备3DOM Al2O3载体,由微孔膜氨沉淀法制备 CeO2/3DOM Al2O3催化剂,以还原-沉积法制备 Au/3DOM Al2O3和 Au/CeO2/3DOM Al2O3催化剂,并利用扫描电镜、N2物理吸附-脱附、X射线衍射、透射电镜、紫外漫反射光谱、H2程序升温还原和 X射线光电子能谱等手段对催化剂形貌、比表面积、物理化学性质和氧化还原性进行了表征.结果表明,在 CeO2/3DOM Al2O3中, Al3+可进入到氧化铈晶格内,形成 Al-Ce-O固溶体,产生氧空位,这有利于氧物种转移.此外, Au/CeO2/3DOM Al2O3催化剂中 Au和 CeO2之间的强相互作用能增加 Au纳米颗粒表面活性氧物种数量,从而促进柴油炭烟燃烧反应.纳米颗粒 Au的担载使得催化柴油炭烟燃烧的起燃温度明显降低,其中 Au/CeO2/3DOM Al2O3催化剂表现出最高的催化活性,T10,T50和T90分别为273,364和412oC.     

氧化铈在非贵金属氧化物催化剂中的作用 Ⅳ.在负载型Cu-Mn-Ce-O催化剂上甲苯的催化燃烧

作者研究了负载型的Cu-O,Mn-O,Cu-Mn-O加入氧化铈后的氧性质和固相结构,表明铈可加速催化剂中体相氧的迁移,提高表面氧的稳定性,改善催化剂的贮氧性能和氧化-还原可复性能,抑制活性相的聚集以提高其分散度.铈的存在还能改善铜基负载型催化剂的性能,提高2NO+CO→N_2O+CO_2反应的速度.本文以甲苯的催化燃烧作为研究对象,考察了甲苯在Cu-Mn-Ce-O催化剂上的催化氧化性能和氧化铈对其催化行为的影响.     

草酸盐凝胶共沉淀法制备Ni-Ce-O甲烷催化燃烧催化剂

 采用草酸盐凝胶共沉淀法制备了系列Ni-Ce-O复合氧化物催化剂,考察了制备方法及催化剂组成对其催化甲烷燃烧性能的影响. 结果表明,草酸盐凝胶共沉淀法制备的Ni-Ce-O催化剂上甲烷的催化燃烧活性明显高于常规方法制备的Ni-Ce-O催化剂; Ni-Ce-O催化剂的组成显著影响其催化性能. 当镍/铈比值为4时,在406 ℃时即可使50%甲烷转化. Ni-Ce-O复合氧化物中NiO的晶格微应变是影响其催化甲烷燃烧性能的重要因素.     

钾掺杂三维有序大孔结构Mn0.5Ce0.5Oδ催化剂合成及其催化燃烧炭烟性能

柴油发动机是一种高效耐用的发动机,具有广阔的应用前景.但柴油车尾气中的炭烟颗粒吸附了许多有毒有害物质,也是城市PM2.5的主要来源之一,对人类生命安全造成极大威胁.因此,降低和消除柴油车尾气中的炭烟颗粒是柴油车尾气净化的重要任务.尾气后处理是炭烟颗粒进入大气环境前的最后一道程序,可有效控制柴油车尾气中炭烟颗粒排放.其中,催化净化催化剂是尾气后处理技术的核心.研究表明,炭烟颗粒催化燃烧是一个气-固-固三相深度氧化反应,因此开发新型催化剂体系,改善催化剂与炭烟颗粒的接触,提高催化剂的本征活性,对于研制高活性炭烟燃烧催化剂具有重要的实际意义. 对于三维有序大孔(3DOM)结构催化剂,大孔有利于炭烟颗粒进入催化剂内部并与活性位点接触,而有序的孔道结构可以促进炭烟颗粒在催化剂孔道内传输.因此,将催化炭烟颗粒燃烧催化剂设计成3DOM结构,可促进炭烟颗粒催化燃烧,提高催化剂活性.研究表明,锰铈复合氧化物材料在炭烟颗粒催化燃烧中表现出比单一的锰氧化物和铈氧化物更好的性能.而将K与Ce和Mn形成复合氧化物,利用三者之间的协同作用,将可使K掺杂3DOM结构Mn0.5Ce0.5Oδ催化剂具有更高的催化活性.本文利用胶体晶体模板法成功制备了3DOM结构的Mn0.5Ce0.5Oδ复合氧化物,并采用简单的等体积浸渍方法成功制备了不同K担载量的K掺杂3DOM结构Mn0.5Ce0.5Oδ催化剂(K-MCO).表征结果表明, K-MCO催化剂具有贯通有序的大孔结构,但焙烧温度和焙烧时间会对大孔结构的规整性有一定影响;催化剂中K含量、焙烧温度和焙烧时间对K-MCO的晶型影响较大,催化剂中出现了一个新的晶相K2Mn4O8.另外, K含量、焙烧温度和焙烧时间对催化剂的氧化还原性能也有较大影响.评价结果表明,所制催化剂对炭烟催化燃烧均具有较高活性,其中20% K-MCO-4h催化剂活性最高,催化燃烧炭烟的T50(炭烟的最大燃烧峰值)为331oC, CO2选择性为95.3%.催化剂的大孔结构效应以及K, Mn和Ce三者间的协同作用有利于提高催化剂催化燃烧炭烟的活性.另外,由于柴油车尾气排气口温度范围为175–400 oC,而本文所制催化剂催化燃烧炭烟的温度低于400 oC,因此该催化剂可以在柴油车尾气排气口温度范围内进行炭烟催化燃烧.由于具有合成步骤简单、活性高以及成本低等优点,该催化剂在实际应用方面具有广阔前景.     

CuO-ZrO_2-CeO_2复合氧化物的催化性能研究

研究了氧化铜的加入对锆铈复合氧化物的结构与性能的影响 ,发现氧化铜的加入可降低氧化铈的还原温度 ,稳定复合氧化物的立方结构 ,提高对CO氧化的催化活性。增加铈含量能提高催化剂的活性 ,而硫酸盐等可使催化剂的活性降低。掺铜锆铈复合氧化物催化剂的活性几乎不受高温灼烧的影响 ,是一种具有较高热稳定性的催化剂。     

A Rapid Microwave-Induced Solution Combustion Synthesis of Ceria-Based Mixed Oxides for Catalytic Applications

We have been exploring the utilization of a simple and fast microwave-induced solution combustion synthesis technique for the preparation of various ceria-based mixed oxides for different catalytic applications. In our comprehensive investigation, CeO₂–SiO₂ (MWCS), CeO₂–TiO₂ (MWCT), CeO₂–ZrO₂ (MWCZ) and CeO₂–Al₂O₃ (MWCA) mixed oxides were synthesized by solution combustion synthesis method using microwave dielectric heating and employed for CO and soot oxidation applications. The intricate relationship between ceria and other supporting oxides has been explored with the help of various analytical techniques namely, X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed reduction/oxidation (TPR/TPO), temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of ammonia and CO₂, Raman spectroscopy (RS), UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–vis DRS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), BET surface area and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) methods. XRD results revealed amorphous nature of the material in case of ceria-silica mixed oxide and formation of a specific cubic fluorite type Ce_0.5Zr_0.5O₂ solid solution in the case of ceria-zirconia mixed oxide. Ceria-titania and ceria-alumina mixed oxides exhibited diffraction lines only due to crystalline ceria. Zirconia-based mixed oxide exhibited a lower reduction temperature and better redox properties compared to other samples. TPD of ammonia and CO₂ results revealed superior acid–base properties for MWCS mixed oxide. TGA measurements indicated a complete combustion in all preparations. RS results suggested defective structure of mixed oxides resulting in the formation of oxygen vacancies. XPS results revealed that ceria-zirconia mixed oxide contained more Ce³⁺ compared to other oxides. Among all the mixed oxides, the MWCZ sample exhibited a higher oxygen storage capacity, and better CO and soot oxidation activities. All these interesting findings have been elaborated in this publication.     

Role of yttrium loading in the physico-chemical properties and soot combustion activity of ceria and ceria–zirconia catalysts

Ce_1−xY_xO₂ and Ce_0.85−xZr_0.15Y_xO₂ mixed oxides have been prepared by 1000 °C-nitrates calcination to ensure thermally stable catalysts. The physico-chemical properties of the mixed oxides have been studied by N₂ adsorption at −196 °C, XPS, XRD, Raman spectroscopy and H₂-TPR, and the catalytic activity for soot oxidation in air has been studied by TG in the loose and tight contact modes. Yttrium is accumulated at the surface of Ce_1−xY_xO₂ and Ce_0.85−xZr_0.15Y_xO₂, and this accumulation is more pronounced for the former formulation than for the latter, because the deformation of the lattice due to zirconium doping favours yttrium incorporation. Yttrium and zirconium exhibit opposite effects on the surface concentration of cerium; while zirconium promotes the formation of cerium-rich surfaces, yttrium hinders the accumulation of cerium on the surface. For experiments in tight contact between soot and catalyst, all the Ce_1−xY_xO₂ catalysts are more active than bare CeO₂, and Ce_0.99Y_0.01O₂ is the most active catalyst. The benefit of yttrium doping in catalytic activity of ceria can be related to two facts: (i) the Y³⁺ surface enrichment hinders crystallite growth; (ii) the surface segregation of Y³⁺ promotes oxygen vacancies creation. High yttrium loading (x = 0.12) is less effective than low dosage (x = 0.01) because yttrium is mainly accumulated at the surface of the particles and hinders the participation of cerium in the soot oxidation reaction, which is the active component. For the mixed oxides with formulation Ce_0.85−xZr_0.15Y_xO₂ (operating in tight contact) the effect of zirconium on the catalytic activity prevails with respect to that of yttrium. For experiments in loose contact between soot and catalyst, the catalytic activity depends on their BET surface area, and the catalysts Ce_0.85−xZr_0.15Y_xO₂ (BET = 10–13 m²/g) are more active than the catalysts Ce_1−xY_xO₂ (BET = 2–3 m²/g). In the loose contact mode, the yttrium doping and loading have a minor or null affect on the activity, and the stabilising effect of the BET area due to zirconium doping prevails.     

Al NMR studies of Ce-Al mixed oxides: origin of 40 ppm peak

CeO₂-γ-Al₂O₃ mixed oxides have been prepared by using both co-precipitation and impregnation methods followed by calcination at 650°C and investigated by ²⁷Al MAS NMR, powder X-ray diffraction and temperature programmed reduction techniques to understand the nature of chemical interaction existing between CeO₂ and γ-Al₂O₃. The ²⁷Al NMR spectra of CeO₂-containing samples showed an additional peak placed at 40 ppm along with the two peaks at 68 and 6 ppm which originate from the tetrahedrally and octahedrally coordinated Al³⁺ ions present in γ-Al₂O₃. As the concentration of CeO₂ in the mixed oxide increased, the intensity of the 40 ppm peak increased and this was the prominent peak for CeO₂-rich mixed oxide samples. The origin of this 40 ppm peak is discussed and it is inferred that this peak is due to Al³⁺ ions, which are present in CeO₂ lattice, forming a solid solution.     

Caracterisation De Catalyseurs ZrxCe1–xO2 et Etude De Leur Reactivite Dans L'Oxydation Des Suies Par ATD/ATG

Thermal analysis has been used to investigate the crystallization of Zr_xCe_1-xO₂ mixed oxides, prepared by co-precipitation of corresponding hydroxides. For x≤0.5, small crystals of CeO₂, were formed at low temperatures (373 K). For x>0.5an exothermic peak at 420°C (693 K) was observed after calcination under a flow of air ofhydroxide samples. This peak was associated with the formation of a Zr_xCe_1-xO₂ solid solution (XRD) in a tetragonal phase (Raman). The solids calcined at 700°C (973 K) present a reactivity towards the carbon black oxidation. The thermal analysis coupled with a gas chromatograph (GC) were used to follow this reactivity. Simultaneous study of the activity (thermal analysis) and the selectivity (GC) in CO or CO₂ of the different catalysts revealed an important parameter: acatalyst-soot particle contact. We also obtained a more precise comparison of Zr_xCe_1-xO₂ oxides in the catalytic soot combustion. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

硫中毒对Co3O4/CeO2复合氧化物上炭黑催化燃烧的影响

采用共沉淀法制备了CeO₂,Co₃O₄和一系列Co₃O₄/CeO₂复合氧化物催化剂,在400 ℃下含SO₂的氧化气氛中对催化剂进行了硫中毒处理,通过原位红外光谱、X射线衍射、程序升温脱附和X射线光电子能谱对新鲜和硫中毒的样品进行了表征. 结果表明,所有测试的硫中毒样品上均形成了硫酸盐,CeO₂上累积的硫酸盐明显比Co₃O₄上的多,Co₃O₄/CeO₂复合氧化物在硫中毒过程中形成了硫酸钴和硫酸铈. 对新鲜和硫化样品在NO/O₂气氛下进行了催化炭黑燃烧实验,发现Co₃O₄/CeO₂复合氧化物的活性和抗硫性能优于CeO₂,但抗硫性能低于Co₃O₄.     

The influence of the active component and support nature, gas mixture composition on physicochemical and catalytic properties of catalysts for soot oxidation

Physicochemical and catalytic properties of compositions Fe(Ce)–Mn–O/support (gamma-, theta-, alpha-Al₂O₃, SiO₂ as the support) and Pt/CeO₂/theta-Al₂O₃ for oxidation of soot were characterized. It was established that the phase composition of the initial catalysts depended mainly on the nature of the active component and preparation conditions. Non-isothermal treatment of the soot–catalyst compositions at the temperature up to 1000 °C resulted in a change in the phase composition depending mainly on the final treatment temperature. The catalyst surface area was determined by the support nature. It was established that catalyst activities for oxidation of soot are determined by both catalyst nature and composition of gas mixture. The process of the soot oxidation is thought to involve oxygen from the catalyst surface. The higher proportion of weakly bound surface oxygen, the higher was the catalyst activity. An increase in the oxygen concentration from 5% O₂/N₂ to 15% O₂/N₂ is shown to lead to a decrease of the temperature of the soot oxidation. The influence of the oxygen concentration on the process of soot oxidation becomes weaker in the presence of water vapor. Results showed that the presence of NO in the gas mixture favors a decrease in the oxidation temperature of the soot, the higher being the nitrogen oxide concentration, the more pronounced effect. Introduction of SO₂ in amount of 50 ppm in the gas mixture has no noticeable effect on the process of the soot oxidation. Among the catalysts under study, Fe–Mn–K–O/gamma-Al₂O₃ is most effective to oxidation of the soot at otherwise identical conditions.     

Catalytic combustion of diesel soot over perovskite-type catalyst: Potassium titanates

Potassium titanates with a high crystallinity were successfully prepared by the sol-gel method and characterized by XRD, SEM, and BET surface area measurements. K₆Ti₄O₁₁, K₂Ti₂O₅, K₂Ti₄O₉ were found to have better soot oxidation performance compared with Pt/TiO₂ and CeO₂ based catalysts. K₂Ti₂O₅ may be an excellent candidate for soot oxidation due to its high oxidation activity, water-stability, resistance to sulfur poisoning and economical advantages. Certain amount of NO _x can contribute to the catalytic combustion of diesel over potassium titanates, implying that K₂TiO₅ may be a kind of catalyst for simultaneous removal of NO _x and soot.     

硬模板法制备铈基复合氧化物及其对甲苯燃烧的催化性能

采用硬模板法制得CeM-HT(M=Cu、Mn、Fe和Co)复合氧化物催化剂,借助XRD、BET、O₂-TPD和H₂-TPR研究了催化剂的物理化学性质,通过甲苯催化燃烧探针反应评价了催化剂的催化性能。结果表明,CuO、MnO_x、FeO_x和Co₃O₄能溶入CeO₂晶格形成Ce-O-Cu、Ce-O-Mn、Ce-O-Fe和Ce-O-Co固溶体,Cu和Mn离子的溶入导致CeO₂晶格发生了较大程度的晶格畸变,Fe和Co离子对CeO₂晶格的影响较小,且在CeCo-HT氧化物催化剂中还存在微量晶相Co₃O₄。所制得的CeM-HT氧化物催化剂表现出了优越的甲苯催化燃烧性能,在反应温度为300、270、260和230 ℃时,CeFe-HT、CeCo-HT、CeMn-HT和CeCu-HT氧化物催化剂上甲苯的催化燃烧转化率分别达93.7%、95.0%、96.5%和95.0%以上。Ce基复合氧化物催化剂的甲苯催化燃烧活性顺序与其氧脱附性能、储氧性能和可还原性能具有正相关性,遵从顺序为CeCu-HT > CeMn-HT > CeCo-HT > CeFe-HT。     

NOx-Sorbing Metal Oxides, MnOx–CeO2. Oxidative NO Adsorption and NOx–H2 Reaction

(n)MnO_x–(1–n)CeO₂ binary oxides have been studied for the sorptive NO removal and subsequent reduction of NO_x sorbed to N₂ at low temperatures (150 °C). The solid solution with a fluorite-type structure was found to be effective for oxidative NO adsorption, which yielded nitrate (NO^– ₃) and/or nitrite (NO^– ₂) species on the surface depending on temperature, O₂ concentration in the gas feed, and composition of the binary oxide (n). A surface reaction model was derived on the basis of XPS, TPD, and DRIFTS analyses. Redox of Mn accompanied by simultaneous oxygen equilibration between the surface and the gas phase promoted the oxidative NO adsorption. The reactivity of the adsorbed NO_x toward H₂ was examined for MnO_x–CeO₂ impregnated with Pd, which is known as a nonselective catalyst toward NO–H₂ reaction in the presence of excess oxygen. The Pd/MnO_x–CeO₂ catalyst after saturated by the NO uptake could be regenerated by micropulse injections of H₂ at 150 °C. Evidence was presented to show that the role of Pd is to generate reactive hydrogen atoms, which spillover onto the MnO_x–CeO₂ surface and reduce nitrite/nitrate adsorbing thereon. Because of the lower reducibility of nitrate and the competitive H₂–O₂ combustion, H₂–NO reaction was suppressed to a certain extent in the presence of O₂. Nevertheless, Pd/MnO_x–CeO₂ attained 65% NO-conversion in a steady stream of 0.08% NO, 2% H₂, and 6% O₂ in He at as low as 150 °C, compared to ca. 30% conversion for Pd/–Al₂O₃ at the same temperature. The combination of NO_x-sorbing materials and H₂-activation catalysts is expected to pave the way to development of novel NO_x-sorbing catalysts for selective deNO_x at very low temperatures.     

Structural and functional design of catalytic converters for emissions from internal combustion engines

We consider some features of technology for manufacturing advanced three-way (CO/NO _x /C _n H _m ) catalytic converters for emissions of internal combustion engines, namely, application, stabilization, and modification of γ-Al₂O₃ second supports on synthetic cordierite matrices and Pt, Pd, and Rh active components, as well as oxidation of finely divided carbon on the surface of soot filters coated with a catalyst coating in the form of binary oxide compositions (CuCr₂O₄ and CuCo₂O₄) using a number of oxidizers (O₂, O₃, NO, NO₂, H₂O, and CO₂).