Catalytic cycloaddition of diazo amides to fullerene C60

An efficient catalytic method for cycloaddition of diazo amides to fullerene C₆₀ in the presence of the three-component catalyst Pd(acac)₂-PPh₃-Et₃Al was developed. The yields and selective formation of the target cycloadducts do not depend on the structure of the starting diazo compound.     

Synthesis of functionally substituted methanofullerenes and study of their tribological properties

Possibility of synthesizing functionally substituted methanofullerenes by cycloaddition of diazo derivatives of methionine and threonine to C₆₀ fullerene in the presence of a three-component catalytic system Pd(acac)₂-PPh₃-Et₃Al was examined. Tribological characteristics of the resulting compound as an additive to an industrial oil were studied.     

Cycloaddition of diazocycloalkanes to [60]fullerene in the presence of Pd-containing complex catalyst

A catalytic method for the selective and efficient synthesis of cycloalkylidenehomofullerenes by cycloaddition of [60]fullerene to diazocycloalkanes generated in situ from the corresponding hydrazones in the presence of a complex catalytic system [Pd(acac)₂-PPh₃-Et₃Al] has been developed.     

Catalytic cycloaddition of diazoalkanes with heterocyclic substituents to fullerene C<Subscript>60</Subscript>

Methanofullerenes were directly synthesized under mild conditions by cycloaddition to fullerene C₆₀ of diazoalkanes generated in situ by oxidation of ketone hydrazones containing a heterocyclic fragment with manganese(IV) oxide in the presence of the catalytic system Pd(acac)₂-2 PPh₃-4 Et₃Al.     

Synthesis of fullerene epoxide (C<Subscript>60</Subscript>O) by oxidation of fullerene C<Subscript>60</Subscript> with oxygen catalyzed by Mn(III), Ni(II), and Co(II) acetylacetonates

A procedure has been developed for the synthesis of fullerene monoepoxide C₆₀O via liquid-phase oxidation of fullerene C₆₀ in the presence of accessible catalysts [(Mn(acac)₃, Ni(acac)₂, and Co(acac)₂].     

Chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization and the mechanism of the reaction of Et<Subscript>3</Subscript>Al with CCl<Subscript>4</Subscript> in the presence of transition metal complexes

Integral effects of chemically induced ¹H and ¹³C nuclear polarization are reported for the reaction of Et₃Al with CCl₄ catalyzed by Pd(acac)₂, Cu(acac)₂, and Cp₂TiCl₂; for the reaction of (n-C₈H₁₇)₃Al with CCl₄ in the absence of a catalyst and in the presence of Ni(acac)₂; and for the reaction of the cyclic organoaluminum compound 1-ethyl-3-butylaluminacyclopentane with CCl₄ in the presence of Pd(acac)₂. A scheme of the catalytic cycle of this reaction predicting the formation of both radical and nonradical products is derived from the observed chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP) effects and from data on the products of the reaction between Et₃Al and CCl₄ in the presence of Pd(acac)₂. According to the results of qualitative analysis of the CIDNP effects, the reactions of the trialkylalanes and the cyclic organoaluminum compound with CCl₄ in the presence of various metal complexes proceeded via similar mechanisms.     

Catalytic cycloaddition of diazoalkanes to fullerene C60

Cycloaddition to fullerene C₆₀ of monosubstituted diazomethanes generated in situ by oxidation of aldehyde hydrazones in the presence of Pd(acac)₂-2 PPh₃-4 Et₃Al as catalytic system resulted in selective formation of homofullerenes in which the alkyl substituent is located above the plane of the five-membered ring in C₆₀. Under analogous conditions, unsymmetrical disubstituted diazomethanes generated from the corresponding ketone hydrazones gave rise to mixtures of stereoisomeric 5,6-open adducts.     

Reaction of 2-vinylfuran with formaldehyde catalyzed by palladium complexes

Conclusion 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-vinylfuran is formed when 2-vinylfuran reacts with formaldehyde in the presence of Pd(acac)₂-PPh₃-Al(C₂H₅)₃ catalyst (1:3:4) in a 70% yield.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 3, pp. 693–695, March, 1976.     

Catalytic [2+1] cycloaddition of diazo compounds to [60]fullerene

A catalytic method for the efficient synthesis of 5,6-open and 6,6-closed (2π+1π) fullerene adducts by [2+1] cycloaddition of ethyl 2-alkyl(hetaryl)-2-diazoacetates to [60]fullerene in the presence of a three-component catalyst Pd(acac)₂—PPh₃—Et₃Al have been developed.     

Cycloaddition of diazoketones to [60]fullerene in the presence of the catalytic system Pd(acac)2—PPh3—Et3Al

A method for the selective and efficient synthesis of methanofullerenes by cycloaddition of diazoketones to [60]fullerene in the presence of a three-component catalytic system Pd(acac)₂—PPh₃—Et₃Al has been developed.     

Synthesis of optically active spiro homo- and methanofullerenes

The selective synthesis of optically active spiro homofullerenes via reaction between [60]fullerene and cyclic diazoalkanes, generated in situ by oxidation of (−)-menthone hydrazone and d-(+)-camphor hydrazone in the presence of MnO₂, and the Pd(acac)₂-2PPh₃-4Et₃Al catalytic system was implemented for the first time. The optical rotations of the synthesized cycloadducts have been determined.     

Octafluorocyclohexa derivatives of [60]fullerene: C<Subscript>60</Subscript>(C<Subscript>4</Subscript>F<Subscript>8</Subscript>)<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis></Subscript> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis> = 2, 3, 4, and 6)

Fluorocyclohexa adducts C₆₀(C₄F₈) _n were synthesized by high-temperature reaction of fullerene C₆₀ with 1,2-C₂F₄I₂ or 1,4-C₄F₈I₂ in sealed tubes. Their separation by HPLC allowed us to determine molecular structure (X-ray diffraction) of four new compounds C₆(C₄F₈) _n (n = 2, 3, 4, and 6). Structures of isomers C₆₀(C₄F₈) _n were discussed in terms of a concept of consecutive addition of C₄F₈ groups to the fullerene cage.     

Preparation of Pd(PPh<Subscript>2</Subscript>H)<Subscript>2</Subscript>(PPh<Subscript>3</Subscript>)<Subscript>2</Subscript> and its Role as a Precursor of a Dinuclear Complex with Bridging Phosphide Ligands

Reaction of PPh₂H with Pd(PPh₃)₄ in a 4:1 molar ratio produced the Pd complex with two diphenylphosphine ligands, Pd(PPh₂H)₂(PPh₃)₂ (1). Complex (1) was characterized by n.m.r. (¹H and ³¹P{¹H}) spectra as well as by elemental analysis. Reaction of (1) with RhCl(PPh₃)₃ yielded a Pd–Rh heterobimetallic complex with bridging phosphide ligands, formulated as [(Ph₃P)₂Pd(μ-PPh₂)₂Rh(PPh₃)₂]Cl (2).     

Organo‐Palladium(II)‐Verbindungen mit PdC4‐Koordination: Phenylethinyl‐ und Methylphenylethinylkomplexe

Tetrakis(p‐tolyl)oxalamidinato‐bis[acetylacetonatopalladium(II)] ([Pd₂(acac)₂(oxam)]) reacted with Li–C≡C–C₆H₅ in THF with formation of [Pd(C≡C–C₆H₅)₄Li₂(thf)₄] ( 1a ). Reaction of [Pd₂(acac)₂(oxam)] with a mixture of 6 equiv. Li–C≡C–C₆H₅ and 2 equiv. LiCH₃ resulted in the formation of [Pd(CH₃)(C≡C–C₆H₅)₃Li₂(thf)₄] ( 2 ), and the dimeric complex [Pd₂(CH₃)₄(C≡C–C₆H₅)₄Li₄(thf)₆] ( 3 ) was isolated upon reaction of [Pd₂(acac)₂(oxam)] with a mixture of 4 equiv. Li–C≡C–C₆H₅ and 4 equiv. LiCH₃. 1 – 3 are extremely reactive compounds, which were isolated as white needles in good yields (60–90%). They were fully characterized by IR, ¹H‐, ¹³C‐, ⁷Li‐NMR spectroscopy, and by X‐ray crystallography of single crystals. In these compounds Li ions are bonded to the two carbon atoms of the alkinyl ligand. 1a reacted with Pd(PPh₃)₄ in the presence of oxygen to form the already known complexes trans‐[Pd(C≡C–C₆H₅)₂(PPh₃)₂] and [Pd(η²‐O₂)(PPh₃)₂]. In addition, 1a is an active catalyst for the Heck coupling reaction, but less active in the catalytic Sonogashira reaction.     

Electron interactions in the (η<Superscript>2</Superscript>-C<Subscript>60</Subscript>)Pd[P(Ph<Subscript>2</Subscript>)C<Subscript>5</Subscript>H<Subscript>4</Subscript>]<Subscript>2</Subscript>Fe complex

The electronic structure of the (η²-C₆₀)Pd[P(Ph₂)C₅H₄]₂Fe complex was calculated by the “hybrid” B3LYP method. Comparison of the experimental X-ray emission C-Kα spectrum and theoretical spectrum of the compound demonstrated that the electron interactions between the C₆₀ core, palladium atom, and organometallic fragment are described correctly in the framework of the quantum chemical method used. The electronic structure of the organometallic fullerene complex can be presented as a set of blocks of orbitals corresponding to different types of chemical bond. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 12, pp. 2640–2644, December, 2005.     

Generation of fullerenyl radicals and chemiluminescence in the (C<Subscript>60</Subscript>—R<Subscript>3</Subscript>Al)—O<Subscript>2</Subscript> system

Fullerenyl radicals (FR) RC₆₀ ^· and chemiluminescence (CL) are generated in the presence of O₂ in C₆₀—R₃Al (R = Et, Buⁱ) solutions in toluene (T = 298 K). The FR are formed due to the addition of the R^· radical, which is an intermediate of R₃Al autooxidation, to C₆₀. Mass spectroscopy and HPLC were used to identify Et_nC₆₀H_m (n, m = 1–6), Et_pC₆₀ (p = 2–6), and dimer EtC₆₀C₆₀Et as stable products of FR transformations. As found by ESR, the EtC₆₀ ^· radical (g = 2.0037) is also generated by photolysis of solutions obtained after interaction in the (C₆₀— R₃Al)—O₂ system. In the presence of dioxygen, the FR is not oxidized but yields complexes with O₂, which appear as broadening of the ESR signals. Chemiluminescence arising in the (C₆₀—R₃Al)—O₂ system is much brighter (I _max = 1.86·10⁸ photon s⁻¹ mL⁻¹) than the known background CL (I _max = 6.0·10⁶ photon s⁻¹ mL⁻¹) for the autooxidation of R₃Al and is localized in a longer-wavelength spectral region (λ_max = 617 and 664 nm). This CL is generated as a result of energy transfer from the primary emitter ³CH₃CHO* to the products of FR transformation: R_nC₆₀H_m, R_pC₆₀, and EtC₆₀C₆₀Et. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 205–213, February, 2007.     

Solution ozonolysis of C<Subscript>70</Subscript>: stable products and chemiluminescence

For the first time the total and relative contents of the stable ozonolysis products of fullerene C₇₀ solutions were identified by IR spectroscopy and elemental and chemical analyses. At the 100% conversion of C₇₀ a mixture of products corresponding to the empirical formula C₇₀O_14.3H_0.21 (epoxides: polyketones: polyesters: secondary fullerene ozonides (SFOZ): acids = 1.07: 6: 6: 0.21: 1.02) is formed. The content of polyketones, polyesters, acids, and SFOZ increases during the whole ozonolysis time (1 h). The number of oxygen atoms in epoxides C₇₀O _n (n = 1–4) is lower than that in epoxides C₆₀O _n (n = 1–6) formed by the ozonolysis of fullerene C₆₀. The kinetic curve of accumulation of epoxides C₇₀O _n (n = 1–4) passes through a maximum, which is observed 0.5 min after the beginning of ozonolysis. No epoxides were identified among the products 3.5 min after the ozonolysis. The photoluminescence (PL) (λ_max = 645 and 685 nm) of fullerene polyketones in glassy EtO₂/EtOH solutions frozen at 77 K was observed. This PL is much brighter, than that of polyketones formed upon the ozonolysis of fullerenes C₆₀. For the first time the chemiluminescence (CL) was detected and studied upon the ozonolysis of C₇₀ solutions at 300 K. The CL emitters are excited states of fullerene polyketones. The CL spectrum is partially overlapped with the known CL spectrum appeared upon the ozonolysis of C₆₀ (λ_max = 685 nm) but contains the greater number of maxima (λ_max = 645 and 685 nm), which is related to a lower symmetry of the C₇₀ oxidation products.     

Study of equilibria in solutions of buckminsterfullerene exohedral derivative, (η2-C60)Pd(PPh3)2, using electrochemical methods and electronic spectroscopy

Polarization curves of electrochemical oxidation and reduction, as well as electronic absorption spectra of the palladium complex of fullerene, C₆₀Pd(PPh₃)₂, and its mixtures with Pd(PPh₃)₄ have been studied in toluene-acetonitrile (9:1) solutions. The experimental data can be explained by the assumption that equilibrium takes place between the initial complex, polymetallated compounds, C₆₀[Pd(PPh₃)₂]_n (n=1–4), and free fullerene, C₆₀.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 12, pp. 2153–2158, December, 1994.This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Project No. 93-03-18725.     

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of fullerene-containing C<Subscript>60</Subscript>-acceptor dyads with fluoronitrobenzene and fluoroquinoxaline moieties as substituents

Reactions of fullerene C₆₀ with 4-azido-3-fluoro-1-nitrobenzene and 7-azido-6-fluoroquinoxaline afforded earlier unknown cycloadducts (C₆₀-acceptor dyads), in which the electron affinities of the fullerene spheres are comparable with the affinity of nonmodified C₆₀.__________Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 3, pp. 650–655, March, 2005.     

Phosphine-Stabilized Pnictinidenes

The reaction of the intramolecular germylene-phosphine Lewis pair (o-PPh₂)C₆H₄GeAr* ( 1 ) with Group 15 element trichlorides ECl₃ (E=P, As, Sb) was investigated. After oxidative addition, the resulting compounds (o-PPh₂)C₆H₄(Ar*)Ge(Cl)ECl₂ ( 2 : E=P, 3 : E=As, 4 : E=Sb) were reduced by using sodium metal or LiHBEt₃. The molecular structures of the phosphine-stabilized phosphinidene (o-PPh₂)C₆H₄(Ar*)Ge(Cl)P ( 5 ), arsinidene (o-PPh₂)C₆H₄(Ar*)Ge(Cl)As ( 6 ) and stibinidene (o-PPh₂)C₆H₄(Ar*)Ge(Cl)Sb ( 7 ) are presented; they feature a two-coordinate low-valent Group 15 element. After chloride abstraction, a cyclic germaphosphene [(o-PPh₂)C₆H₄(Ar*)GeP] [B(C₆H₃(CF₃)₂)₄] ( 8 ) was isolated. The ³¹P NMR data of the germaphosphene were compared with literature examples and analyzed by quantum chemical calculations. The phosphinidene was treated with [iBu₂AlH]₂, and the product of an Al−H addition to the low-valent phosphorus atom (o-PPh₂)C₆H₄(Ar*)Ge(H)P(H)Al(C₄H₉)₂ ( 9 ) was characterized.