Development and applications of accurate measurement of X-ray absorption The X-ray extended range technique for high accuracy absolute XAFS by transmission and fluorescence

Over recent synchrotron experiments and publications we have devel- oped methods for measuring the absorption coefficient in the XAFS (X-ray Absorption Fine Structure) region and far from an edge in neutral atoms, simple compounds and organometallics which can reach accuracies of below 0.02%. This is 50–500 times more accurate than earlier methods, and 50–250 times more accurate than claimed uncertainties in theoretical computations for these systems. The data and methodology is useful for a wide range of applications, including dominant synchrotron and laboratory techniques relating to fine structure, near-edge analysis and standard crystallography. The experiments are sensitive to many theoretical and computational issues, including correlation and convergence of individual electronic and atomic orbitals and wavefunctions.     

Realistic limits to computation III. Climbing the third dimension

As far as ultra-dense crossbars are related to correspondingly dense wire arrays, the crossbar route to tera-scale integration depends on the availability of preparation techniques for wire arrays with density of 10⁶ cm⁻¹ or more. This linear density implies, for a planar arrangement, a pitch of 10 nm or less, which not only is at the limits of the current technical possibilities, but also can modify appreciably the band structure of silicon. A dramatic increase of density could only be achieved if it were possible to organize the nanowires in a three-dimensional fashion still exploiting the planar technology. In this work processes are described for the fabrication of out-of-plane, vertically arranged, polycrystalline silicon nanowires via a rigorously top-down batch process. These techniques are consistent with the production of wire arrays with linear density (projected on the surface) larger than that achievable with any other proposed top-down process. Used for the fabrication of the bottom wire arrays of crossbars, these processes should eventually allow a cross-point amount per unit area in excess of 10¹² cm⁻², thus providing candidate technologies for ultra tera scale integration. The technique developed for such out-of-plane crossbars can be used to implement new functions like coils, solenoids and transformers.     

The measurement of the transverse polarization of LLambda hyperons produced in nC reactions in the EXCHARM experiment

New precise data of the polarization are obtained in the EXCHARM experiment at the Serpukhov accelerator. The s have been produced in nC interactions in the neutron energy interval 40–70 GeV and detected in the kinematic range of and GeV/c. The obtained results are compared with other measurements in the pp and pA interactions. Received: 25 August 1999 / Published online: 25 February 2000     

Single spin asymmetries in the (quasi)elastic electron-proton and electron-deuteron scattering Strangeness in the nucleon and two-photon exchange amplitude

Single spin asymmetries in (quasi)elastic electron-proton and electron-deuteron scattering give insight into the structure of the nucleon. In case of a longitudinally polarized electron beam, the parity violating asymmetries can be used to determine the contribution of strange quarks to the vector form factors of the nucleon, whereas the asymmetries using a transversely polarized electron beam allow a determination of the imaginary part of the two-photon exchange amplitude which is related to the nucleon structure due to excited intermediate proton states. Both cases are presented here.     

POLAREX Study of polarized exotic nuclei at millikelvin temperatures

POLAREX (POLARization of EXotic nuclei) is a new facility for the study of nuclear magnetic moments and decay modes of exotic nuclei using the established On-Line Nuclear Orientation (OLNO) method. A radioactive beam of interest is implanted into a ferromagnetic host foil held at a temperature of order 10mK in a ³He - ⁴He dilution refrigerator. The foil is magnetized by an applied magnetic field and the nuclear spins become polarized through the internal hyperfine field. The angular distribution of decay products from the polarized sample is measured. Accurate values of nuclear moment are obtained by NMR. The new facility will have access to neutron-rich nuclides produced at the ALTO facility (Linear Accelerator at Orsay Tandem) by fission induced by electrons from the linear electron accelerator. Basic concepts and initial tests are outlined.     

Derivation of diffusion coefficient of a Brownian particle in tilted periodic potential from the coordinate moments

In this research, diffusion of an overdamped Brownian particle in the tilted periodic potential is investigated. Using the one-dimensional hopping model, the formulations of the mean velocity VN and effective diffusion coefficient DN of the Brownian particle have been obtained [B. Derrida, J. Stat. Phys. 31 (1983) 433]. Based on the relation between the effective diffusion coefficient and the moments of the mean first passage time, the formulation of effective diffusion coefficient Deff of the Brownian particle also has been obtained [P. Reimann, et al., Phys. Rev. E 65 (2002) 031104]. In this research, we'll give another analytical expression of the effective diffusion coefficient Deff from the moments of the particle's coordinate.     

Search for the formation of new particles in pp reactions near 3 GeV

Using the multiparticle spectrometer facility (MPS) at BNL, we have set upper limits on the formation of a meson state in the mass range 2.99–3.14 GeV from proton-anti-proton annihilations. The upper limits are, in terms of the cross section integrated over the width, 18 MeV · μb for the final state $\text{γ}\text{γ}\text{, 18}\text{MeV}\text{·}\text{for K}{}^0\text{K}{}^{01}\text{(890) +}\text{c.c.}$, and 2 MeV · μb for K_SK_L.     

Non-perturbative QCD effects explain the ΔI = 12 rule in the chiral limit

It is shown that in the chiral limit, the enhancement of the $\text{ΔI=}\text{1}\text{2}$ transitions for mesons is explained by the large size of non-perturbative QCD matrix elements. For $\text{〈}\text{s}\text{s〉 = 〈}\text{u}\text{u〉}$ we obtain ∣M(K_S⁰ → 2π⁰) ∣ =(5.2±0.6) × 10^?7m_K in excellent agreement with experiment.     

Birefringence of interferential mirrors at normal incidence Experimental and computational study

In this paper we present a review of the existing data on interferential mirror birefringence. We also report new measurements of two sets of mirrors that confirm that mirror phase retardation per reflection decreases when mirror reflectivity increases. We finally developed a computational code to calculate the expected phase retardation per reflection as a function of the total number of layers constituting the mirror. Different cases have been studied and we have compared computational results with the trend of the experimental data. Our study indicates that the origin of the mirror intrinsic birefringence can be ascribed to the reflecting layers close to the substrate.     

Amorphous carbon and carbonaceous materials in space I.—Laboratory measurements

Summary We present here the most recent measurements (UV and Raman spectroscopy) carried out on carbonaceous materials candidates as cosmic dust. To speed up publication, the proofs were not sent to the authors and were supervised by the scientific Committee.     

Self-gravitating Brownian particles in two dimensions: the case of N = 2 particles

We study the motion of N = 2 overdamped Brownianparticles in gravitational interaction in a space of dimensiond = 2. This is equivalent to the simplified motion of twobiological entities interacting via chemotaxis when time delay anddegradation of the chemical are ignored. This problem also bearssimilarities with the stochastic motion of two point vorticesin viscous hydrodynamics [O. Agullo, A. Verga, Phys. Rev. E 63,056304 (2001)]. We analytically obtain the probability density offinding the particles at a distance r from each other at timet. We also determine the probability that the particles havecoalesced and formed a Dirac peak at time t(i.e. the probability that the reduced particle has reached r = 0at time t). Finally, we investigate the meansquare separation \(\langle\) r ² \(\rangle\) and discuss the proper formof the virial theorem for this system. The reduced particle has anormal diffusion behavior for small times with a gravity-modifieddiffusion coefficient \(\langle\) r ² \(\rangle\) = r ₀ ² + (4k _B /ξ μ)(T–\(T_{*}\))t, wherek _B \(T_{*}\) = Gm ₁ m ₂/2 is a critical temperature, and an anomalousdiffusion for large times \(\langle\) r ² \(\rangle\) \(\propto\) \(t^{1-T_*/T}\). As a by-product, our solution also describes thegrowth of the Dirac peak (condensate) that forms at large time inthe post collapse regime of the Smoluchowski-Poisson system (orKeller-Segel model in biology) for T < T _c = GMm/(4k _B ). We find thatthe saturation of the mass of the condensate to the total mass isalgebraic in an infinite domain and exponential in a boundeddomain. Finally, we provide the general form of the virial theoremfor Brownian particles with power law interactions.     

Relativistic transport equation for spin 12 particles

For the model of positive energy Dirac particles with short range interaction a transport equation for the one- particle Wigner function is obtained. This transport equation is a generalization of the non-relativistic Walsmann- Snider equation for spin particles.     

Boson description of nuclear collective motion II. Application to octupole vibration

As the first part of the series on the application of the boson expansion method to the nuclear collective motion, the method of Kishimoto and Tamura is illustrated by taking a simple case of boson expansion up to second order. By taking into account the effect of particle channel by the projection technique, the lowest mode is shown to have the same property as the RPA phonon.