圆柱体的空间圆锥光反射、折射与衍射

用准直或会聚激光束倾斜照射圆柱体时,其反射光、透射光(柱体透明时)、衍射光(柱体较细时)的叠加将形成以光束入射点为顶点的空间圆锥形光面(空间光锥),并且在垂直于柱体轴线方向的观察平面上投影成一圆形光环.空间光锥的形成与所选圆柱体材料及其粗细无关,只要其表面具有一定反射能力即可.空间光锥的锥角等于入射光束主光轴与圆柱体轴线夹角的2倍,与圆柱体和照射光束的直径大小及光波长无关.给出了对光纤及不同直径大小的玻璃和金属圆柱体的实验观察结果,并利用矢量图解法对其进行了详细地理论分析.进而得出,通常所谓单丝衍射图样,实际上是细丝的衍射和其表面的反射光场的叠加图样,对于透明细丝,还包括其透射光场的贡献.圆柱体的这种空间圆锥光反射和衍射原理有可能用于光束定位、成形、表面检测以及三维面形测量等 关键词： 圆柱体 空间光锥 投影光环     

强非局域介质中高斯型损耗空间光孤子

 利用变分法研究了1+1维傍轴高斯光束在含有小损耗的强非局域非线性介质中的传输特性，得到了光束各参量的演化方程、束宽的演化规律和一个临界功率。在介质损耗足够小的前提下，当光束初始功率等于临界功率时，得到了一个束宽随传输距离缓慢展宽的准空间光孤子——损耗空间光孤子；当光束初始功率小于临界功率时，光束束宽则按雅可比椭圆正弦函数和椭圆余弦函数作准周期展宽变化；当光束初始功率大于临界功率时，光束束宽将从按雅可比椭圆正弦函数和椭圆余弦函数作准周期压缩变化过渡到按雅可比椭圆正弦函数和椭圆余弦函数准周期展宽变化。     

一种单目运动像机对点状运动物体的三维定位方法

针对单目运动像机无法确定点状运动物体三维位置的难题,提出了一种求解点状运动物体三维位置的方法,利用直线在其法平面上的投影为点这个特性,将各时刻像机光心与物体位置的连线(以下称观察视线)投影到以运动物体轨迹为法线的平面上,通过迭代使其投影线交于一点,交点对应的直线就是物体的运动轨迹,仅需要取大于等于5个时刻的数据就可以确...     

强非局域介质中椭圆厄米高斯损耗光孤子

用变分法研究了强非局域非线性小损耗介质中椭圆厄米高斯光束的传输特性。得到光束各参量在传输过程中的演化方程和束宽的演化规律,当输入功率等于临界功率时,在传输距离不是很远时,可得到椭圆厄米高斯损耗光孤子。随着传输距离的增大,光束束宽缓慢展宽.当初始输入功率大于或小于临界功率时,光束束宽将会按照准正弦和准余弦函数规律作准周期性展宽。     

制作悬浮小球及体会

沉浮条件是初中物理重要的一个知识点。即当物体完全浸没在液体中时，若浮力大于重力物体上浮；浮力小于重力物体下沉；浮力等于重力物体悬浮。虽然上浮和下沉现象在生活中很容易见到，但悬浮现象一般人很少见过。实验室没有现成的演示“悬浮现象”的教具。那么，我们物理教师何不亲手制作一个“悬浮小球”，既可加强学生对悬浮现象的感性认识，作为教具保存又可一劳永逸，为培养学生的学习兴趣，提高动手能力，     

单颗LED实现远距离均匀照明系统设计

针对现有的LED照明系统体积大、结构复杂、工作距离短的缺点,提出一种轻量化、均匀性好、能够实现远距离照明的单颗LED投影系统的设计方法。从照明设计理论出发,结合非成像设计和成像设计方法,设计了由单颗大功率LED、聚光镜、孔径光阑和投影物镜组成的投影照明系统。聚光镜对LED出射的光线进行匀化并会聚于照明面位置,投影物镜将照明面处的光斑投影到指定距离的接收面上。系统采用全透射式结构,便于加工和装调;单颗大功率LED作为光源能够有效减小系统体积和质量。实验结果表明:系统能在3 m~3 km范围内形成均匀度大于90%的照明,成像质量良好,投影面畸变小于5%,能满足远距离均匀照明投影的要求。     

基于SURF算法的在线三维测量方法

提出了一种采用加速鲁棒特征算法匹配运动物体的特征点,实现在线三维测量的方法.该方法只需投影一固定的正弦光栅到在线运动中的被测物体表面上,使投影光栅线垂直运动方向,当物体每移动相同的距离,由CCD采集到相应的变形条纹图,从中提出对应的背景光场,借助SURF算法对各帧背景光场的物体进行特征匹配,即可获得一组具有等步相移量的等效相移条纹图,从而采用等步相移算法可重构出在线运动物体的三维面形.实验验证了该方法的有效性和可行性,并与在线FTP方法进行了比较,所提方法的平均绝对误差小于在线FTP方法的二分之一,均方根误差小于在线FTP方法的四分之一.     

物理学符号、单位和术语(续完)

1)希文大写德塔,不是三角形符号. 8.建议使用的数学符号8.1一般符号等于 =不等于 ≠恒等于 ≡按定义等于 定义(def)相当于近似等于 ≈渐近等于正比于　∝趋近于 →大于>小于<远大于远小于大于或等于≥小于或等于 ≤加 减-加或减 ±a乘以b ab,a·b,a×ba除以b　a/b,a6-1一个圆的     

加速度向下就一定是失重吗?

在高中物理教材中牛顿运动定律一章中有一节课讲解了失重和超重的概念，教材中的定义为物体对支持物的压力（或对悬挂物的拉力）大于物体重力的现象为超重现象；反之，物体对支持物的压力（或对悬挂物的拉力）小于物体重力的现象为失重现象．     

布阵声全息成象中复全息函数的实部与虚部的联系

本文提出一个从离散声全息成象的复全息函数实部导出其虚部的方法,以此虚部与原实部组成的复全息函数可以无共轭象地重建物象。方法的充分条件是物体线度小于或等于λz/2d,λ—波长,d—取样点间距,z—接收面与物间距离。作了计算机模拟计算,显示这方法的有效性。     

椭圆截面的无限长金属棒对任意平面电磁波在有损耗的均匀各向同性无限媒质中的散射

本文利用椭圆柱形坐标系,严格地分析了具有任意偏心度的椭圆截面的无限长理想导电的金属棒,放在有损耗的均匀各向同性的无限介质中,对从任意方向入射的均匀平面波的散射问题;并将散射场表示为马许函数。     

Semiderivative real filter for microoptical elements quality control

The article presents a proposal for a new method of automatic quality control of microlenses arrays, which is based on a semiderivative real filter. The use of the semiderivative filter for examining pure-phase objects involves modifying the spatial frequency. The basis of the proposed setup is a 4f correlator setup with coherent light. The phase object examined is placed in the input plane of the correlator. Next, the light passes through a filter located in the frequency plane, which gives an intensity signal. In the output plane a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera registers the light intensity, the range of which informs the shape of the phase object. The proposed method is shift invariant, so it allows for examination of single elements or a set of micro-optical elements simultaneously. Additionally, the same setup allows for measuring the phase of objects whose thickness is either considerably smaller or much bigger than 2π.     

从单站光测图像确定空间目标三维姿态

基于在物距与焦距之比远大于 1时摄像系统成像模型可用平行投影近似的事实 ,充分利用空间目标的几何先验知识 ,提出了一种从单站经纬仪等光测设备获得的图像确定火箭等空间目标三维姿态的方法 ,避免了多站图像的立体匹配。仿真实验和实际应用结果表明 :方法精度高 ,结果稳定     

Application of acoustic reflection tomography to sonar imaging

Computer-aided tomography is a technique for providing a two-dimensional cross-sectional view of a three-dimensional object through the digital processing of many one-dimensional views (or projections) taken at different look directions. In acoustic reflection tomography, insonifying the object and then recording the backscattered signal provides the projection information for a given look direction (or aspect angle). Processing the projection information for all possible aspect angles enables an image to be reconstructed that represents the two-dimensional spatial distribution of the object's acoustic reflectivity function when projected on the imaging plane. The shape of an idealized object, which is an elliptical cylinder, is reconstructed by applying standard backprojection, Radon transform inversion (using both convolution and filtered backprojections), and direct Fourier inversion to simulated projection data. The relative merits of the various reconstruction algorithms are assessed and the resulting shape estimates compared. For bandpass sonar data, however, the wave number components of the acoustic reflectivity function that are outside the passband are absent. This leads to the consideration of image reconstruction for bandpass data. Tomographic image reconstruction is applied to real data collected with an ultra-wideband sonar transducer to form high-resolution acoustic images of various underwater objects when the sonar and object are widely separated.     

Pumping Power Minimization in Staggered Finned Circular and Elliptic-Tube Heat Exchangers in Turbulent Flow

An experimental study aimed at minimizing pumping power required to supply air through a finned tube bundle configuration is presented in this article. Results were obtained for the Reynolds number based on the smaller ellipse axis (RE_2b) ranging from 2,650 to 10,600, i.e., in turbulent flow. In the turbulent regime, pressure drops are expected to vary with eccentricity. Experimental optimization results for finned circular and elliptic tubes show that pumping power can be minimized with respect to tube spacing and eccentricity. In comparison with values obtained for circular tubes, the optimal elliptical arrangements show pumping power reductions from 5% to 10%.     

手持式眼底相机光学系统设计

提出一种新型眼底成像系统,结构更加简单、紧凑。系统的成像和调焦投影光路共用调焦镜,调焦投影光路完全嵌入到照明光路。调焦投影光路不再专设照明组件,避免了投影目标和调焦镜之间的机械联动结构。并且充分利用了网膜物镜系统的空间。利用LED光源窄带宽的优势,瞄准和拍照过程共用一个电荷耦合器件相机。采用新的光学结构,设计了一款视场30°、工作距离30mm的眼底相机光学系统,眼光焦度补偿范围-10m-1～+5m-1,物方各视场分辨率为45line/mm,畸变小于5%。     

Slow Wave Characteristics of Helix Structure with Elliptical Cross Section

We present a novel helix slow wave structure with an elliptical cross section shielded by an elliptical waveguide. The rf characteristics including dispersion properties, interaction impedance of zero mode in this structure have been studied in detail. The theoretical results reveal that weaker dispersion even abnormal dispersion characteristics is obtained with the increasing eccentricity of the elliptical waveguide, while the interaction impedance is enhanced by enlarging the eccentricity of elliptical helix.     

基于物体特征有效提取和离散点三维重建的3D扫描系统原型研究

针对3D扫描技术的近期发展情况,以及市场关于被摄物体特征有效提取的迫切需求,通过系统的对照相机和投影仪测量的方法与计算,利用离散点三维重建算法、标准化算法详细分析了,作为3D扫描原型系统的关键技术,并深入的对三维坐标重复演算的过程,进行了实践研究与计算,论证了基于投影光编码技术的3D扫描仪原型系统,在物体特征有效提取和离散点三维重建中完全可以高效应用;同时,使用焦距标准化运算、逆向倾角变形运算、逆向扭曲变形运算三种方法,综合论述了物体特征有效提取和离散点三维重建过程的相关内容,测试了原型系统对真实文物的扫描情况,展开了该原型系统可应用于不同材料,不同种类物体的扫描,并能有效的进行数字化物体特征识别的研究结论。     

Low eccentricity elliptical fibers with helical windings under slow-wave consideration—Some special cases

Analytical investigation of the lightwave propagation through dielectric elliptical fibers with conducting helical windings on the core-clad boundary is presented under the consideration of slow-wave approximation. The analysis essentially requires the use of elliptical coordinate system. Mathieu and the modified Mathieu functions are used as the representatives of the electromagnetic fields within the structure. Field components in the different sections of the guide are presented, and the characteristic dispersion relations for the system are deduced for 0° and 90° pitch angles. The investigation reveals that the pitch angle has ultimately no effect on the dispersion relations for their selected values. The effect of core ellipse eccentricity on the dispersion characteristics is presented for two different operating wavelengths, and considering different values of the core major axis length.     

Moufang plane and octonionic Quantum Mechanics

It is shown that the usual axioms of one-particle Quantum Mechanics can be implemented with projection operators belonging to the exceptional Jordan algebraJ ₈ ³ over real octonions. Certain lemmas on these projection operators are proved by elementary means. Use is made of the Moufang projective plane. It is shown that this plane can be orthocomplemented and that there exists a unique probability function. The result of successive, compatible experiments is shown not to depend on the order in which they are performed, in spite of the non-associativity of octonion multiplication. The algebra of observables and the action of the exceptional groupF ₄ is studied, as well as a possible relation with the color group SU(3) and quark confinement.Work supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation