Excimer laser micromachining of aspheric microlenses with precise surface profile control and optimal focusing capability

This paper demonstrates the unique and exceptional capability of excimer laser micromachining in fabricating aspheric microlenses with precise surface profile control. A newly developed laser scanning method is introduced for machining refractive types of microlenses, which have pre-designed surface profiles aiming at minimizing the optical focal spot sizes. The machining accuracy and machined surface roughness are examined experimentally, and very good results are obtained. Optical testing on the fabricated aspheric microlenses shows significant improvement in focusing capability and the focal spot sizes are approaching optical diffraction limits. The proposed excimer laser micromachining method is flexible, versatile, and accurate, hence can be very useful and powerful in machining 3D microstructures of complex profiles and demanding profile accuracy.     

Droplet Size Distribution and Sphericity Measurements of Low‐Density Sprays Through Image Analysis

An image analysis technique has been developed in order to determine the drop size distributions of sprays produced by low‐velocity plain cylindrical jets. The particle sizing method is based on incoherent backlight images. Each drop is analyzed individually in the image. The two‐dimensional image resulting from the projection of the three‐dimensional object shape (the drop) on a screen (the video sensor surface) is modeled. The model, based on the point spread function formulation, has been developed to derive a relation between contrast and relative width of individual drops. This relation is used to extend the domain of validity of drop size in terms of size range, out of focus and image resolution. The shape parameter is determined for each drop image through morphological analysis. Spherical and non‐spherical droplets are then sorted on the basis of this parameter. Non‐spherical drops are regarded as non‐fully atomized liquid bulks or coalesced drops. Finally, the droplet size distribution of true spherical droplets is established for a low‐velocity plain cylindrical liquid jet.     

相位锁定循环投影技术及其应用

由一组规则栅线投影到物体表面的变形光栅,采用相位锁定循环解调算法解调出含有物体表面高度信息的相位.该技术的最大优势是不需传统的相位去包裹.利用该算法对二维栅线图扫描确定的相位.本文给出了一个典型试件的实验结果和分析.     

基于椭圆形光强分布光栅投影的三维面形测量方法

基于椭圆形光强分布光栅投影测量物体三维面形的方法,将椭圆形光强分布光栅投影到被测物体表面,用摄像机获取变形条纹图,通过系统参量和条纹图携带的相位信息求解出物体的三维面形.推导出通过椭圆形光强分布光栅条纹求解相位的计算公式并对提出方法作了计算机仿真.实验结果表明该方法可以比较准确地测量物体的三维面形,在噪音较大的情况下测量结果仍具有较高准确度.     

基于椭圆形光强分布光栅投影的三维面形测量方法

基于椭圆形光强分布光栅投影测量物体三维面形的方法,将椭圆形光强分布光栅投影到被测物体表面,用摄像机获取变形条纹图,通过系统参量和条纹图携带的相位信息求解出物体的三维面形.推导出通过椭圆形光强分布光栅条纹求解相位的计算公式并对提出方法作了计算机仿真.实验结果表明该方法可以比较准确地测量物体的三维面形,在噪音较大的情况下测量结果仍具有较高准确度.     

基于虚拟圆柱的曲面拼接方法

圆柱坐标下的多视角(孔径)扫描拼接方法主要针对类似回转物体面形的拼接测量,用该方法在对非单一回转轴,或者近似回转轴位置远离坐标轴形式的一类物体面形的拼接测量时遇到了困难,把拼接方法推广到基于虚拟圆柱可以解决这一难题。为此提出了基于虚拟圆柱原理的曲面拼接方法,给出了如何估计虚拟圆柱的半径,以及轴心坐标的计算方法,推导了基于虚拟圆柱的坐标转换方程,通过计算机模拟验证了其精确性,并通过实验证明这种方法对解决三维复杂物体表面特别是多视角测量获得面形的拼接测量问题是十分有效的。     

阶跃型三维形貌信息小波去噪方法研究

阶跃样品显微测量时,样品三维形貌本身丰富的阶跃信息极易受到噪声高频信号的干扰,如何在滤除噪声的同时保持三维形貌的阶跃特征,实现对样品表面三维形貌信息的高精度测量是一个重要研究问题。利用小波函数良好的空间域和频率域的局部化特性,针对阶跃型样品的特点选取Haar小波,并采用一种基于模平方的阈值处理方法对三维形貌信息小波去噪方法进行研究。将该方法应用在本课题组研制的激光差动共焦显微镜扫描台阶样品得到的三维高度轮廓中,去噪后测量样品高度与OLYMPUS共焦显微镜扫描结果相对比,误差为0.146 8 nm,满足三维形貌信息后续测量分析的要求,证明了算法的有效性。     

Three-dimensional finite element for thick shells of general shape

When the thickness of a shell increases in comparison with other dimensions as seen in arch dams, pressure vessels and shelter roofs, the effect of the unit deformations and shear deformations along the thickness have to be taken into account for achieving an acceptable approximation. This however, may entail the use of three dimensional elasticity solutions in developing suitable finite elements. In the present study, a twenty node isoparametric finite element is developed for analysis of thick shells having a general shape by using the three-dimensional theory of elasticity in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates. Shell geometric properties and their derivatives, which are necessary for obtaining a displacement-strain matrix, are determined by means of the shape functions. The accuracy of the presented formulation is assessed by comparing the numerical results with those given in the three dimensional elasticity solutions as well as with those obtained by the use of three dimensional finite elements.     

隔板截面形状对旋转冲压压缩转子性能的影响

本文采用三维雷诺平均N-S方程和Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型,在设计工况下对3种具有不同隔板截面形状的旋转冲压压缩转子进行了数值研究.计算结果表明:旋转冲压压缩转子进气流道内主要存在三道曲线激波对气流进行压缩;隔板截面形状对激波及气流流动影响较大,隔板截面形状为"正梯形"时,旋转冲压压缩转子具有较高的效率和...     

运载火箭控制系统的BIT设计与实现

根据拓扑性质知觉原理,视觉原语是从整体到局部,拓扑感知优先。根据此仿生原理,建立感知目标物的形状拓扑信息的数学模型。首先提取物体三维轮廓信息;将空间图形轮廓降维映射到二维投影平面中进行处理;建立提取空间图形拓扑特征的数学模型。将轮廓拓扑空间同胚映射到(Hausdorf或度量空间或)二维投影平面,保持了拓扑不变性,因此便于分析出拓扑特征,可继续应用拓扑映射原理,分析点集拓扑。最终,拓扑特征与知识库模型相匹配,识别出物体。     

基于矢量夹角的三维物体识别

提出了一种基于局部描述符的物体识别算法.算法根据点云位置信息得到其矢量和曲率信息,根据形状索引提取特征点,在每个特征点根据矢量夹角把点云物体分割成不同的曲面片,每个矢量夹角曲面片通过一个二维直方图描述.该图显示了特征点与邻域之间法线矢量夹角对特征点法线矢量与特征点到邻域矢量之间夹角的出现频率.对于给定的一个物体,通过比对预测物体和模型物体的曲面片集描述,可得到潜在的对应模型物体,再通过迭代最近点算法,得到最终的识别结果.     

Surface profile measurement of low-frequency vibrating objects using temporal analysis of fringe pattern

A simple and accurate algorithm (phase scanning method) is proposed for 3D surface contouring and dynamic response determination of a vibrating object. A sinusoidal fringe pattern is projected onto a low-frequency vibrating object by a programmable liquid crystal display projector. The fringe patterns are captured by a high-speed CCD camera with a telecentric gauging lens. Phase values are evaluated point by point using phase scanning method. From the phase values of each point on the object, the contour of the specimen at different instants of vibration can be retrieved. In this paper, a small vibrating coin is used to demonstrate the validity of the method and the experimental results are compared with test results on a stationary coin using four-step phase shifting and fast Fourier transform methods. The technique is especially useful in applications where the vibrating object has a complicated shape.     

基于单幅图像大尺寸实际平面上的光点定位方法

 为满足某地面实验中视觉测量系统的研制需求,研究了一种基于单幅图像的大尺寸实际平面上光点的定位方法。通过建立关于实际平面上光点3D坐标的数学模型,结合利用图像确定的通过光点的空间光束,实现了由单幅图像确定光点的3D坐标。依据具体特点,把实际平面分为高阶曲面型、分块平面型和分块曲面型3种类型,并分别给出了相应类型的光点定位方法。仿真实验验证了所提出方法的正确性,并比较分析了方法的精确性;实际试验数据表明,所提出方法可以满足尺寸为8000mm×8000mm的大型实际平面上光点的定位需求,定位误差小于1mm。     

Confocal full‐field X‐ray microscope for novel three‐dimensional X‐ray imaging

A confocal full‐field X‐ray microscope has been developed for use as a novel three‐dimensional X‐ray imaging method. The system consists of an X‐ray illuminating `sheet‐beam' whose beam shape is micrified only in one dimension, and an X‐ray full‐field microscope whose optical axis is normal to the illuminating sheet beam. An arbitral cross‐sectional region of the object is irradiated by the sheet‐beam, and secondary X‐ray emission such as fluorescent X‐rays from this region is imaged simultaneously using the full‐field microscope. This system enables a virtual sliced image of a specimen to be obtained as a two‐dimensional magnified image, and three‐dimensional observation is available only by a linear translation of the object along the optical axis of the full‐field microscope. A feasibility test has been carried out at beamline 37XU of SPring‐8. Observation of the three‐dimensional distribution of metallic inclusions in an artificial diamond was performed.     

On-line phase measuring profilometry based on phase matching

On-line phase measuring profilometry based on phase matching is proposed. While just one fixed sinusoidal fringe is projected on a measured object moving with the pipeline, deformed patterns modulated by the object moving at the same distance moment are captured synchronously by the CCD camera. The phase information of the object in those captured deformed patterns can be predicted using FTP method to assist the pixel matching so as to realize the point-to-point correspondence of the object in the captured deformed patterns. Meanwhile, the equivalent phase-shifting deformed patterns can be extracted. So the three dimensional shape of the object can be reconstructed successfully with an equal phase-shifting algorithm. Numerical simulation and experiments show feasibility and validity of the proposed method.     

光栅投影图像测量物体三维外形

使用投影光栅技术 ,由 Computer TV Camera得到待测物体表面和一参考平面的变形投影条纹图像 ,通过比较投影光强和在两幅图像的分布位置对应关系 ,非接触测量物体表面三维外形 ,给出了测量原理和石膏头像脸部表面三维外形测量结果 ,分辨率为 0 .0 6 mm     

Excimer laser projection micromachined free-standing polymer films

Projection etching techniques using 308 nm and 248 nm excimer laser illumination have been investigated as a means of micromachining thin free-standing polymer films. Consideration is given to the choice of operating parameters (wavelength, fluence) to minimise damage to the machined structures. High quality grid patterns have been produced on free-standing mylar films with a thickness down to 1.5 μm.     

Factors affecting the low-dose gamma irradiation of hydrocarbons

The effect of differing conditions on the extent and nature of the damage produced in organic substances by γ-irradiation at low dose rates has been examined by a new chromatographic method which makes detection possible in a region where all other standard techniques fail. Use is made of the fact that certain surface active dyes profoundly affect the shape of a chromatographic band in a manner related to the composition of the material undergoing chromatography.

Taking length of outline per unit area as a measure of the shape of the band on paper impregnated with such dyes, a method of chromatography has been evolved, having a completely standardized development technique for all mixtures which does not require the separation of the components of the mixture.

This outline/area index varies with the temperature according to the nature of the polar groups of the compounds present in the mixture under investigation and with the concentration of the individual components.

It is thus possible to construct a three dimensional diagram having as axes, temperature, concentration and index. The diagram obtained is absolutely characteristic of the composition of a given mixture.     

光学介质表面波度的计算机模型

任一光学介质表面波度对光散射具有不可忽视的影响.本文对用激光轮廓仪所测物体表面曲线进行研究,运用傅里叶级数和最小二乘法拟合光学介质表面波形形态分布,建立了光学介质表面波度的计算机一维模型.     

Nondestructive testing of objects of complex shape using infrared thermography: Determination of the spatiotemporal distribution of the irradiation heat flux

The existing inverse methods used to determine the heat flux density require that the forward problem and the problem domain (geometry) be known. In this paper, in order to determine the spatiotemporal heat flux density without knowing the real problem domain, we propose an approach based on temporal tracking of the thermal front. The proposed approach is particularly relevant when a three-dimensional formulation is adopted for nondestructive testing using infrared thermography. For such a formulation, heat flux density resulting from the external thermal stimulus is needed and must be determined to accurately characterize the defects and reconstruct the internal geometry of the inspected objects. The proposed approach uses only two inputs: the time-dependent temperature of the frontal surface recorded by an infrared camera and the 3D point cloud of the frontal surface collected by a 3D scanner. The method is evaluated numerically on an object of complex shape. We consider the case of pulsed thermal stimulus as well as the cases of unit step and modulated thermal stimuli. An experimental validation is performed on a cylindrical object submitted to a pulsed thermal stimulus and a modulated thermal stimulus. The results show the accuracy of the method which can easily be implemented as the initial step of the three-dimensional quantitative nondestructive testing of objects using infrared thermography.