Background rejection in schlieren visualization

It was recently suggested that an image orthicon could be used as a two-dimensional array of lock-in amplifiers. This technique enables rejection of extraneous optical signals from images of periodic phenomena, and the suitability of the method to improve schlieren images of ultrasonic beams is verified by experimental results.     

A comparison of three quantitative schlieren techniques

We compare the results of three quantitative schlieren techniques applied to the measurement and visualization of a two-dimensional laminar free-convection boundary layer. The techniques applied are Schardin's “calibrated” schlieren technique, in which a weak lens in the field-of-view provides a calibration of light deflection angle to facilitate quantitative measurements, “rainbow schlieren”, in which the magnitude of schlieren deflection is coded by hue in the image, and “background-oriented schlieren” (BOS), in which quantitative schlieren-like results are had from measuring the distortion of a background pattern using digital-image-correlation software. In each case computers and software are applied to process the data, thus streamlining and modernizing the quantitative application of schlieren optics. (BOS, in particular, is only possible with digital-image-correlation software.) Very good results are had with the lens-calibrated standard schlieren method in the flow tested here. BOS likewise produces good results and requires less expensive apparatus than the other methods, but lacks the simplification of parallel light that they feature. Rainbow schlieren suffers some unique drawbacks, including the production of the required rainbow cutoff filter, and provides little significant benefit over the calibrated schlieren technique.     

相位物可视化的研究

从理论、实验和数值模拟3方面对几种常见相位物可视化方法进行了分析比较,得出了各种方法的优劣点和适用范围.提出了新的图像处理方法,其核心思想是利用低频正弦光栅替代复合光栅滤波,用三重干涉来达到类似微分运算的效果,以此实现相位物可视化.     

Observing ultrasonic wave propagation by stroboscopic visualization methods

The generation of various wave modes by single element devices working in the range 2 MHz to 5 MHz is illustrated and the unwanted production of spurious wave modes identified. A linear four-element phased array is described with which beam steering can be clearly demonstrated. The mode conversion of waves which can occur during reflection at component boundaries, and the interaction of compressional waves with slots and internal defects of various shapes are displayed. The diffraction of compressional waves around an obstacle has been given particular attention, both in a solid and in water by the complementary schlieren technique. The results suggest that the transparent solid effects are very much more complicated than had been anticipated. The future value of these comparisons is briefly discussed in relation to the immersion and direct contact methods of material inspection.     

A new stroboscope for schlieren and photoelastic visualization of ultrasound

Conventional stroboscopes, when used for visualizing the path of ultrasound in a transparent medium, suffer from many problems including too long a flash duration, jitter and inconsistency. To overcome these limitations a new stroboscope has been developed which is based on a light emitting diode driven with very short, very high current pulses.     

温度场纹影定量测量技术

为了研究纹影系统的温度场定量测量技术,本文详细阐述了纹影技术的定量测量原理,并通过分析流场纹影图像灰度大小与未被遮挡的光源像面积的关系,提出了一种新颖的流场温度定量测量的计算方法。首先,在光学平台上搭建了透射式纹影系统,将加热平台放置在该系统的测量区域,利用CCD相机将采集到的纹影图像上传到上位机进行图像处理,然后采用该算法计算得到温度场的测量值,并与热电偶的测量值相对比。实验结果表明：在室温20℃时,将加热平台的温度分别设定为50℃和90℃,纹影系统测量得到的温度值相对误差小于10%,证明了该计算方法的可靠性,实现了以纹影技术为基础的温度场定量测量。     

Hamiltonian and gradient structures in the Toda flows

In this paper we consider gradient structures in the dynamics and geometry of the asymmetri nonperiodic tridiagonal and full Toda flow equations. We compare and contrast a number of formulations of the nonperiodic Toda equations. In the case of the full Kostant (asymmetric) Toda flow we explain the role of noncommutative integrability in its qualitative behavior. We describe the relationship between the asymmetric Toda flows and the symmetric and indefinite Toda flows, and prove in particular that one may conjugate from the full Kostant Toda flows to the full symmetric Toda flows via a Poisson map.     

An analysis of the incompressible viscous flows problem by meshless method

Generally the incompressible viscous flow problem is described by the Navier--Stokes equation. Based on the weighted residual method the discrete formulation of element-free Galerkin is inferred in this paper. By the step-by-step computation in the field of time, and adopting the least-square estimation of the-same-order shift, this paper has calculated both velocity and pressure from the decoupling independent equations. Each time fraction Newton--Raphson iterative method is applied for the velocity and pressure. Finally, this paper puts the method into practice of the shear-drive cavity flow, verifying the validity, high accuracy and stability.     

An interface capturing method for the simulation of multi-phase compressible flows

A novel finite-volume interface (contact) capturing method is presented for simulation of multi-component compressible flows with high density ratios and strong shocks. In addition, the materials on the two sides of interfaces can have significantly different equations of state. Material boundaries are identified through an interface function, which is solved in concert with the governing equations on the same mesh. For long simulations, the method relies on an interface compression technique that constrains the thickness of the diffused interface to a few grid cells throughout the simulation. This is done in the spirit of shock-capturing schemes, for which numerical dissipation effectively preserves a sharp but mesh-representable shock profile. For contact capturing, the formulation is modified so that interface representations remain sharp like captured shocks, countering their tendency to diffuse via the same numerical diffusion needed for shock-capturing. Special techniques for accurate and robust computation of interface normals and derivatives of the interface function are developed. The interface compression method is coupled to a shock-capturing compressible flow solver in a way that avoids the spurious oscillations that typically develop at material boundaries. Convergence to weak solutions of the governing equations is proved for the new contact capturing approach. Comparisons with exact Riemann problems for model one-dimensional multi-material flows show that the interface compression technique is accurate. The method employs Cartesian product stencils and, therefore, there is no inherent obstacles in multiple dimensions. Examples of two- and three-dimensional flows are also presented, including a demonstration with significantly disparate equations of state: a shock induced collapse of three-dimensional van der Waal’s bubbles (air) in a stiffened equation of state liquid (water) adjacent to a Mie-Grüneisen equation of state wall (copper).     

Flow visualization and density measurement of compressible flows by a laser speckle method

Laser speckle method is a well known technique that is useful for both visualization and quantitative measurement. This technique was applied to the density measurement of Mach reflection of shock waves in the present experiment. The Object of the measurement is the density field of simple Mach reflection in relatively low shock Mach number. The non-uniform flow field is divided into three regions by incident, Mach and reflected shock waves. A shock tube was employed in the present experiment. Wedges of 20 degrees and 45 degrees were placed in the test section. YAG laser was employed as a light source. Speckle photograph was taken by a digital still camera. Simple subtraction between the reference and flow images shows a shock pattern and a degree of the correlation of speckle pattern in the flow field. Thus, we can obtain a visualized flow image showing a configuration of Mach reflection from speckle photograph. Speckle photographs which was obtained in the experiments were processed with cross-correlation method. A reconstructed density gradient vector map of Mach reflection was obtained. Comparing the experimental result with numerical one, the measured density gradient shows a good agreement with theoretical prediction.     

基于可视化图形特征的入侵检测方法

入侵检测是保障网络安全的重要措施,网络攻击手段的多样性和隐蔽性不断增强导致入侵检测愈加困难,迫切需要研究新的入侵检测方法。结合可视化技术和k近邻分类算法,提出一种基于图形特征的入侵检测方法。采用信息增益方法对原始特征进行排序选择,并进行雷达图可视化表示,提取雷达图的图形特征构成新的数据集并送入k近邻分类器进行训练和测试。通过KDDCUP99数据集仿真实验表明,该方法不仅能直观显示攻击行为,而且获得较好的攻击检测性能,对DOS攻击的检测率可达97.9%,误报率为1.5%。     

实时确定光弹性参数的积分相移法

积分相移法可以实时测量光弹性参数,在光弹性实验的某些变载测试中将有一定的发展潜力。推导了积分相移法三种典型算法,通过对径压缩圆盘问题的理论仿真模拟,考察了载荷变化对积分相移法的影响,给出了降低这种影响的具体措施。     

A numerical method for simulating the dynamics of 3D axisymmetric vesicles suspended in viscous flows

We extend [Shravan K. Veerapaneni, Denis Gueyffier, Denis Zorin, George Biros, A boundary integral method for simulating the dynamics of inextensible vesicles suspended in a viscous fluid in 2D, Journal of Computational Physics 228(7) (2009) 2334–2353] to the case of three-dimensional axisymmetric vesicles of spherical or toroidal topology immersed in viscous flows. Although the main components of the algorithm are similar in spirit to the 2D case—spectral approximation in space, semi-implicit time-stepping scheme—the main differences are that the bending and viscous force require new analysis, the linearization for the semi-implicit schemes must be rederived, a fully implicit scheme must be used for the toroidal topology to eliminate a CFL-type restriction and a novel numerical scheme for the evaluation of the 3D Stokes single layer potential on an axisymmetric surface is necessary to speed up the calculations. By introducing these novel components, we obtain a time-scheme that experimentally is unconditionally stable, has low cost per time step, and is third-order accurate in time. We present numerical results to analyze the cost and convergence rates of the scheme. To verify the solver, we compare it to a constrained variational approach to compute equilibrium shapes that does not involve interactions with a viscous fluid. To illustrate the applicability of method, we consider a few vesicle-flow interaction problems: the sedimentation of a vesicle, interactions of one and three vesicles with a background Poiseuille flow.     

Simultaneous Shadow, Schlieren and Interferometric Visualization of Compressible Flows

For detailed investigations of processes and phenomena in the flow of compressible fluids, it is sometimes necessary to apply more than just one flow visualization technique as each method has its own characteristic strengths and weaknesses. In the case of flows with a low degree of repeatability, it may become mandatory to perform these multiple visualizations within the same experiment at identical or at least almost identical instants. This paper describes how two or more density-sensitive visualization techniques can be coupled in order to obtain simultaneously the distribution of density and its gradient and/or its second derivative in a flow field. The resulting optical systems are more complex than a conventional single visualization apparatus, but they can provide an unprecedented wealth of information about the flow field. By applying multiple visualization techniques, the inherent shortcomings of each individual method can be overcome and the risk of overlooking or misinterpreting certain flow features is reduced.     

Asymptotics of unit Burger number rotating and stratified flows for small aspect ratio

Rotating and stably stratified Boussinesq flow is investigated for Burger number unity in domain aspect ratio (height/horizontal length) δ<1 and δ=1. To achieve Burger number unity, the non-dimensional rotation and stratification frequencies (Rossby and Froude numbers, respectively) are both set equal to a second small parameter ?<1. Non-dimensionalization of potential vorticity distinguishes contributions proportional to (?δ)⁻¹, δ⁻¹ and O(1). The (?δ)⁻¹ terms are the linear terms associated with the pseudo-potential vorticity of the quasi-geostrophic limit. For fixed δ=1/4 and a series of decreasing ?, numerical simulations are used to assess the importance of the δ⁻¹ contribution of potential vorticity to the potential enstrophy. The change in the energy spectral scalings is studied as ? is decreased. For intermediate values of ?, as the flow transitions to the (δ?)⁻¹ regime in potential vorticity, both the wave and vortical components of the energy spectrum undergo changes in their scaling behavior. For sufficiently small ?, the (δ?)⁻¹ contributions dominate the potential vorticity, and the vortical mode spectrum recovers k⁻³ quasi-geostrophic scaling. However, the wave mode spectrum shows scaling that is very different from the well-known k⁻¹ scaling observed for the same asymptotics at δ=1. Visualization of the wave component of the horizontal velocity at δ=1/4 reveals a tendency toward a layered structure while there is no evidence of layering in the δ=1 case. The investigation makes progress toward quantifying the effects of aspect ratio δ on the ?→0 asymptotics for the wave component of unit Burger number flows. At the lowest value of ?=0.002, it is shown that the horizontal kinetic energy spectral scalings are consistent with phenomenology that explains how linear potential vorticity constrains energy in the limit ?→0 for fixed δ.     

Experimental study on supersonic film cooling on the surface of a blunt body in hypersonic flow

The experimental study focuses on the heat flux on a double cone blunt body in the presence of tangential-slot super- sonic injection into hypersonic flow. The tests are conducted in a contoured axisymmetric nozzle with Mach numbers of 7.3 and 8.1, and the total temperature is about 900 K. The injection Mach number is 3.2, and total temperature is 300 K. A constant voltage circuit is developed to supply the temperature detectors instead of the normally used constant current circuit. The schlieren photographs are presented additionally to visualize the flow and help analyze the pressure relationship between the cooling flow and the main flow. The dependence of the film-cooling effectiveness on flow parameters, i.e. the blow ratio, the convective Mach number, and the attack angle, is determined. A semi-empirical formula is tested by the present data, and is improved for a better correlation.     

A method for visualizing the mixing zone between two co-axial flows in an ejector

This paper describes an optical method which allows the accurate visualization of the mixing zone between two high-speed flows inside an ejector. This method associates Rayleigh scattering, laser induced fluorescence and image processing.     

使用莫尔条纹法测量气流密度

把莫尔条纹应用于对称的和非对称的流场，测出了从喷嘴喷出的不完全膨胀气流的密度分布。气流的内部密度分布通过使用数字表示的转化方法转变成了莫尔条纹图像数据，这些莫尔条纹图像数据表明了同种光在穿过气流时将会发生折射。这一现象可以通过改变气体喷口的压力比来完成并观察到。实验表明：不同形状的喷嘴喷出的气流密度分布各不相同，而且复杂程度也不同，但沿着喷嘴气流轴的气流密度变化大致相似。