全氟/多氟化合物分析方法的研究进展

随着全氟和多氟化合物(perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFASs)被列入《斯德哥尔摩公约》的持久性有机污染物名录,各国对于该类物质的关注逐步升高。该类物质在环境中的广泛检出,使得其环境行为研究不断扩展和加深。目前,针对不同类型PFASs的样品前处理方式与检测方法也在不断发展中,而从中选择最合适的前处理和分析方法是开展PFASs环境科学、管理和污染控制研究的前提。该文针对传统PFASs及其异构体、PFASs前体物和新型PFASs等的样品前处理方法、色谱-质谱分析方法进行归纳总结,认识其现状和问题,并在此基础上对其发展进行了展望。     

高分辨质谱技术在全氟多氟化合物分析中的应用研究进展

全氟多氟化合物（PFAS）是工业生产和日常生活中应用普遍的一类化合物,由于其可能会对人类和环境带来一定的威胁而被广泛研究,已在全球许多环境和生物基质中检出,相关法规的演变是趋向对PFAS进行大类或整类列管。目前研究PFAS的传统方法主要采用质谱技术,其中基于低分辨质谱的目标物分析存在一定的局限性,而高分辨质谱因其分辨率高、质量精度高等特点在高通量和未知物分析上更具优势,可以同时实现目标物和非目标物的测定,满足和应对法规的不断更新和加严。该文主要综述了高分辨质谱在PFAS分析中的研究进展,包括相关的前处理方法,并通过环境样品、食品、消费品、人体样品等基质分别对其应用进行介绍,阐述了非靶向分析的流程,最后对未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

蛋中全氟/多氟化合物的分析方法及其作为污染指示物的应用

全氟和多氟化合物(perfluoroalkyl and poly-fluoroalkylated substances, PFASs)在环境中有极强的持久性和生物富集能力,在全球生态系统及人体中已被普遍检出,其潜在的毒性引起了人们高度关注。蛋是卵生动物生命的起源,同时其营养丰富,是人类主要的蛋白质来源之一,因此,蛋中的污染物水平一方面有可能影响卵生动物种族繁衍,另一方面也关系到人类的健康风险。近年来禽蛋类样品作为非损伤性生物基质已广泛应用于生物体和生态系统污染情况的评估,同时利用蛋类样品中污染物水平评估相应的遗传发育毒性风险和摄入健康风险的研究也逐渐增多。该文对现有文献中蛋中PFASs的样品前处理和仪器检测方法进行了归纳总结,并且对蛋作为PFASs污染指示物的适用性和先进性进行了讨论。     

全氟化合物的环境问题

全氟化合物是一类新型有机污染物,它具有疏油、疏水特性,在环境中可以长期稳定存在,其环境污染问题已经引起了人们的广泛关注,其研究也已成为近年环境科学和分析化学的热点.但我国的研究还较少,并缺乏环境污染方面的系统性数据.本文介绍了全氟化合物的毒理效应、污染特点、污染现状和环境行为及环境修复等方面的内容,讨论了目前存在的问题,为我国全氟化合物环境污染研究提供相应参考.     

全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸人体暴露途径解析及其污染控制技术*

全氟辛酸（PFOA）和全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）是人工合成全氟化合物的典型代表。近年来,大量的环境调查数据表明它们普遍存在于多种环境介质、生物体甚至人体中,呈现出全球分布的态势,具有环境持久性和生物富集性,对人体健康存在潜在的危害,已成为一类新的环境持久性有机污染物而引起人们广泛的关注。本文介绍了PFOA和PFOS的环境来源和传输途径,解析了人体暴露的三种主要途径以及在食物、饮用水和空气/灰尘中的污染现状,并就围绕着它们所开展的污染控制技术方面的研究进行了评述。在此基础上,通过分析目前研究中所存在的问题,对今后的发展方向和研究重点进行了展望。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定化妆品中全氟及多氟化合物北大核心CSCD

该文基于超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UHPLC-MS/MS),建立了多种类型化妆品中全氟及多氟化合物(PFASs)的分析方法。水剂、膏霜、乳液、凝胶和粉剂样品经过饱和乙酸铵-氯化钠溶液(含1%甲酸)分散后采用1%甲酸-乙腈溶液提取,油状和蜡基类化妆品经过正己烷分散后采用饱和乙酸铵-乙腈溶液(含0.001%氨水)提取,提取液以Agilent RRHD Eclipse Plus Zorbax C_(18)色谱柱(3.0 mm×100 mm,1.8μm)进行分离,在电喷雾离子源(ESI)下以多反应监测(MRM)模式检测,基质匹配外标法定量。通过考察不同前处理方式对30种PFASs回收率的影响,确定最优前处理方法。在优化条件下,30种PFASs在1~250μg/L范围内呈良好线性关系,相关系数(r^(2))为0.9903~0.9998;方法检出限为0.025~0.125μg/g,定量下限为0.050~0.250μg/g,30种PFASs的平均回收率为70.8%~112%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为0.50%~12%,24 h内各基质溶液中30种PFASs的峰面积相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于10%。采用该方法对采集的88个化妆品样品进行检测,发现1个阳性样品,检出全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟辛基磺酸(PFOS)含量分别为4.7μg/g和1.4μg/g。该方法简便、快速、准确、灵敏,可为化妆品的质量控制和日常监管提供技术支撑。     

全氟和多氟烷基磺酸的研究XVIII.全氟烷磺酸二氟甲酯及其反应

和RFSO3CH2R(1)及RFSO3CF2RF'(2)不同,RFSO3CF2H(3)(RF=CF3,3a;ICF2CF2OCF2CF2,3b;Cl2CFCF2OCF2CF2,3c;ClCF2CF2OCF2CF2,3d)和亲核试剂的反应较为复杂。除X[-](X=F,Cl,I)及C2H5OH与3反应时只发生C-O键断裂外,其它试剂如RCO2[-],C6H5S[-]等既可进攻硫原子又可进攻碳原子,但以前者为主。碱性较强的试剂如RO[-]还可夺取二氟甲基的氢原子而产生二氟卡宾。在3中由于甲基碳上存在两个氟原子,确实有着一定的屏蔽作用,因此阻碍了某些试剂对它的亲核进攻,但由于这个碳上还连有一个氢原子,所以这种屏蔽作用并不完全。     

全氟和多氟烷基化合物的分析检测

全氟和多氟烷基化合物(Perfluorinated and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances,PFAS)已成为引人关注的新型污染物,其检测难点包括微量或痕量分析、复杂PFAS组分的定量分析等.对PFAS的分析和检测,除了传统的高效液相色谱-质谱(HPLC-MS)法之外,新的分析测试技术也不断涌现,一...     

高氯酸盐的环境污染问题

高氯酸盐是新型的持久性污染物质,其特点是扩散速度快、稳定性高、难降解,其环境污染问题已引起了人们高度的关注,成为近年环境科学和分析化学的研究热点,但我国关于高氯酸盐污染的研究基本没有开展。本文介绍了高氯酸盐污染的特点、毒理效应、污染现状和环境行为、分析方法和环境修复等,讨论了目前存在的问题,为我国高氯酸盐环境污染的研究提供参考。     

Detection of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) by Interrupted Energy Transfer

The ubiquitous presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in aqueous environments has aroused societal concern. Nonetheless, effective sensing technologies for continuous monitoring of PFAS within water distribution infrastructures currently do not exist. Herein, we describe a ratiometric sensing approach to selectively detect aqueous perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) at concentrations of μg ⋅ L⁻¹. Our method relies on the excitonic transport in a highly fluorinated poly(p-phenylene ethynylene) to amplify a ratiometric emission signal modulated by an embedded fluorinated squaraine dye. The electronic coupling between the polymer and dye occurs through overlap of π-orbitals and is designed such that energy transfer is dominated by an electron-exchange (Dexter) mechanism. Exposure to aqueous solutions of PFAS perturbs the orbital interactions between the squaraine dye and the polymer backbone, thereby diminishing the efficiency of the energy transfer and producing a “polymer-ON/dye-OFF” response. These polymer/dye combinations were evaluated in spin-coated films and polymer nanoparticles and were able to selectively detect PFAS at concentrations of ca. 150 ppb and ca. 50 ppb, respectively. Both polymer films and nanoparticles are not affected by the type of water, and similar responses to PFAS were found in milliQ and well water.     

多溴联苯醚及其环境问题

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是全球性的环境污染物,对其环境问题的研究已成为当前环境科学的一大热点,而我国PBDEs的研究刚刚起步.本文介绍了多溴联苯醚的性质、应用、污染来源、环境行为、污染水平、趋势、控制措施以及分析方法等,综述了国内外对PBDEs的研究情况,讨论了目前存在的问题,为我国开展PBDEs的研究提供参考.     

季铵盐类化合物环境问题研究进展

季铵盐类化合物(quaternary ammonium compounds, QACs)是一类广泛使用的阳离子表面活性剂,在环境介质(水、沉积物、污泥等)中普遍存在,尤其在污泥/沉积物中其浓度可达数百甚至上千mg/kg水平。QACs具有高表面活性和中/高毒性,低浓度下即对鱼类、藻类、细菌和无脊椎动物等产生毒害作用,并显著影响与其共存污染物的迁移性和生物有效性,其环境问题已经引起发达国家广泛关注,但在我国研究尚未成熟。因此,本文综述了QACs在环境介质中的来源、分析方法、污染现状、环境行为及毒性效应,并讨论了目前研究存在的问题,以期为我国开展QACs环境问题的研究提供参考。     

典型化学物质的环境行为和生态毒理学研究动态

本文综述了国外近年来在有毒化学物质的行为和生态毒理学研究中的动向和发展趋势,重点介绍了有关新技术、新学说和危险性评价在实践中的应用以及美国环保局和经济合作与发展组织在生态研究、分析监测技术和化学品试验指南的新方向。     

Developing a QSPR Model of Organic Carbon Normalized Sorption Coefficients of Perfluorinated and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances

Perfluorinated and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are known for their long-distance migration, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. The transport of PFASs in the environment has been a source of increasing concerned. The organic carbon normalized sorption coefficient (K_oc) is an important parameter from which to understand the distribution behavior of organic matter between solid and liquid phases. Currently, the theoretical prediction research on log K_oc of PFASs is extremely limited. The existing models have limitations such as restricted application fields and unsatisfactory prediction results for some substances. In this study, a quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) model was established to predict the log K_oc of PFASs, and the potential mechanism affecting the distribution of PFASs between two phases from the perspective of molecular structure was analyzed. The developed model had sufficient goodness of fit and robustness, satisfying the model application requirements. The molecular weight (MW) related to the hydrophobicity of the compound; lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy (E_LUMO) and maximum average local ionization energy on the molecular surface (ALIE_max), both related to electrostatic properties; and the dipole moment (μ), related to the polarity of the compound; are the key structural variables that affect the distribution behavior of PFASs. This study carried out a standardized modeling process, and the model dataset covered a comprehensive variety of PFASs. The model can be used to predict the log K_oc of conventional and emerging PFASs effectively, filling the data gap of the log K_oc of uncommon PFASs. The explanation of the mechanism of the model has proven to be of great value for understanding the distribution behavior and migration trends of PFASs between sediment/soil and water, and for estimating the potential environmental risks generated by PFASs.     

多环麝香(PCMs)的环境行为及毒性效应

多环麝香(PCMs)作为重要的人工合成麝香广泛应用于日用品中,目前在各种环境介质中都能检测到PCMs的存在。由于其持续不断地进入环境并能够在生物体内积累,其效应类似于持久性污染物。作为一类新型污染物,PCMs所引起的环境问题受到了广泛重视。本文介绍了PCMs的物理化学性质、来源以及在不同环境介质中的分析方法和污染现状,概述了其在环境中的降解转化、生物富集行为,并总结了其能产生的急性毒性效应、亚慢性毒性效应、内分泌干扰效应和其他潜在的毒性效应,最后讨论了目前研究中存在的问题,并对未来研究进行了展望。今后,应该建立有效的、可比对的标准分析方法,更加系统地进行环境污染现状、迁移转化规律和生物降解代谢途径的研究;重视暴露途径和生物有效性的研究,并与风险评价结合;结合环境中PCMs的污染现状,探讨低剂量长期暴露和复合暴露对生物的影响。     

A QSAR–ICE–SSD Model Prediction of the PNECs for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Their Ecological Risks in an Area of Electroplating Factories

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of highly fluorinated aliphatic compounds that are persistent and bioaccumulate, posing a potential threat to the aquatic environment. The electroplating industry is considered to be an important source of PFASs. Due to emerging PFASs and many alternatives, the acute toxicity data for PFASs and their alternatives are relatively limited. In this study, a QSAR–ICE–SSD composite model was constructed by combining quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR), interspecies correlation estimation (ICE), and species sensitivity distribution (SSD) models in order to obtain the predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) of selected PFASs. The PNECs for the selected PFASs ranged from 0.254 to 6.27 mg/L. The ΣPFAS concentrations ranged from 177 to 983 ng/L in a river close to an electroplating industry in Shenzhen. The ecological risks associated with PFASs in the river were below 2.97 × 10⁻⁴.     

表阿霉素及其相关物质在反相离子对色谱中的色谱行为

以表阿霉素及其6种相关物质为研究对象,系统评价了其在反相离子对色谱模式下的色谱行为.分别考察了流动相中有机相种类、有机相比例、水相中离子对试剂浓度、pH值对表阿霉素及其相关物质的影响.结果表明,使用乙腈作为有机相洗脱能力及分离效果优于甲醇,保留时间随乙腈比例增大而减小;随着离子对试剂十二烷基硫酸钠浓度增加,杂质阿霉素酮及柔红霉酮几乎无影响,其他5种物质保留时间增加.同时,表阿霉素及其杂质的保留行为受流动相pH值影响较大,当pH不高于4时可获得较好的分离效果.通过对表阿霉素及其相关物质反相离子对模式下的保留行为进行了系统的评价和定量描述,研究结果将有助于该类化合物液相色谱分离方法的发展.     

Comparison of two extraction methods for the analysis of per- and polyfluorinated chemicals in digested sewage sludge

A rapid and reliable analytical method, based on ion-pair extraction, clean-up on Envicarb cartridge and detection by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), was developed for determination of 17 per- and polyfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) in digested sewage sludge. Envicarb cartridge and six labeled internal standards were selected for the elimination/reduction and correction of matrix effects, respectively. As a result, the matrix effect for perfluorooctane sulfonamides (FOSAs) and perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) with carbon chain length from C6 to C14 was lowered to a range of −14% to +28%. However, the matrix effect for other analytes was still great mainly due to the absence of appropriate internal standard. Mean recoveries of the target analytes based on matrix spikes, at different spike levels (10–300 ng/g), ranged from 70% to 169%. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) were in the range of 2–20% at different spike levels. The limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged between 0.6 and 30 ng/g. The method was successfully applied to several sewage sludge samples from wastewater treatment plants nearby Zürich, Switzerland. In addition, by comparing the accuracy and precision of ion-pair extraction method and methanol extraction method, we further demonstrated that the ion-pair extraction method can be used for the analysis of PFCs in sludge samples. To our knowledge, this is the first study to extract the PFCs in sewage sludge with ion-pair method and to find unsaturated fluorotelomer carboxylic acids (FTUCAs) in sewage sludge.