多孔碳材料的制备

多孔碳材料不仅具有碳材料化学稳定高、导电性好等优点,由于多孔结构的引入,还具有比表面积高、孔道结构丰富、孔径可调等特点,在催化、吸附和电化学储能等方面都得到了广泛的应用。本文综述了微孔、介孔、大孔及多级孔碳等多孔碳材料的最新研究进展,重点介绍了多孔碳孔道结构的调控,并对多孔碳材料的应用进行了展望。     

多级孔钛硅分子筛的制备及应用进展

以钛硅分子筛(TS-1)为催化剂的选择性催化氧化工艺具有反应条件温和、产物选择性高及环境污染小等特点,促进了烃类催化氧化反应的绿色化发展.但常规TS-1分子筛狭窄的孔道限制了其在大分子催化氧化反应中的应用.多级孔TS-1分子筛为包含不同尺度的孔道结构的晶体沸石,兼具微孔分子筛晶体优异的水热稳定性和介孔材料优异的扩散传输性能,因此其受到国内外众多专家学者的广泛关注.多级孔TS-1分子筛的制备方法很多,主要有直接合成法和后处理法,其中直接合成法包括硬模板法、软模板法和自组装法,而后处理制备主要为碱处理法.我们在对多级孔TS-1分子筛制备方法进行归纳总结的基础上,探讨不同制备方法对分子筛中钛硅物种分布、孔道结构及催化烃类选择性氧化反应性能的影响.结合目前TS-1分子筛应用现状,对其未来发展进行展望.     

多级孔催化剂的合成及应用(英文)

系统总结了多级孔分子筛、多级孔金属氧化物和多级孔碳基材料等多级孔催化剂材料的研究进展, 主要阐述了多级孔催化剂材料已有的制备方法及其在催化领域中的应用.     

模板法制备中孔碳材料

模板法为各种中孔碳材料的可控和定向合成开辟了一条新的技术途径,近几年来已经成为国内外材料制备领域研究的热点之一.中孔碳材料具有孔道排列规则有序、孔径分布窄和比表面积高等特点而被广泛应用于气体分离、催化剂载体、吸附、色谱分析、超级电容器以及燃料电池等很多方面.本文综述了近几年来国内外模板法制备中孔碳材料的研究进展,重点阐述了模板法的种类,中孔碳材料的合成机理、方法以及中孔碳材料在生物、催化和电子能源等领域的应用,并分析了模板法制备中孔碳材料的发展趋势,认为中孔分子筛模板法和软模板法是未来制备中孔碳材料的重要方向.     

多级复合孔硅铝材料的合成与表征

采用表面包覆聚电解质的聚苯乙烯小球为模板,制备多级复合孔硅铝材料前体。 经水热晶化处理后焙烧脱模板,获得了多级孔结构的硅铝分子筛材料。 通过X射线衍射、傅里叶红外光谱、N2吸附-脱附、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜等测试技术对水热晶化不同时间的硅铝材料进行表征。 探讨了水热晶化时间对材料孔道结构的影响。 结果表明,水热晶化时间小于22 h,样品中含有介孔-大孔双连续孔道体系。 晶化时间超过22 h,样品中含有微孔-介孔-大孔多级孔道体系。 晶化36 h的样品,大孔孔壁由纳米级ZSM-5型沸石分子筛晶体构成。     

Zn-空气电池中二维与三维结构碳负载Mn3O4的催化性能比较

采用湿法浸渍将Mn3O4负载到不同碳材料的表面, 测试了这些复合材料用于空气电极催化剂的电催化性能. 通过充放电和循环伏安等电化学测试发现, 具有三维孔道结构的介孔碳材料(CMK-3)的催化性能远比二维孔道结构的介孔碳(OMC)的好. 从透射电子显微镜观察发现, 氧化锰粒子均负载在碳的外表面, 位于三维孔道外表面的氧化锰可以与电解液和碳孔道内的氧气同时接触. 这种结构产生了大量有效的三相反应界面, 从而达到良好的催化效果.     

介观尺度多孔材料的电子显微学结构解析

孔径在介观尺度的多孔材料由于其规整的孔道结构、大比表面积、特殊的空间限域效应使其在吸附、分离、催化、传感、载药、能源等领域都具有广阔的应用前景. 深入解析材料的结构特征不仅是理解其物理化学性能和应用的关键, 也是研究材料的形成机理及新材料制备的重要反馈和支持. 电子显微学以电子为探针, 通过电子衍射和高分辨像对材料结构展开探索, 可以研究更小尺寸晶体的结构, 揭示局部结构信息如缺陷及共生等, 对介观尺度多孔材料的结构解析至关重要. 对近年来通过电子显微学方法解析的介观尺度多孔材料工作进行了综述, 主要针对有序介孔材料以及有序大孔材料展开, 归纳了不同结构类型的介观尺度多孔材料所适用的电子晶体学方法, 在此基础上提出电子显微学在介观尺度孔材料结构解析上的优势、不足和未来发展的方向, 以及将电子显微学用于其它材料结构解析的可行性.     

新型多孔氮化硼材料

多孔氮化硼材料是一种新型多孔非氧化物材料,具有高比表面积、可调孔径、良好的化学惰性和热稳定性等特点,在催化、储氢、气体吸附和分离等领域具有巨大的应用潜力,是材料领域研究热点之一。依孔径的不同,多孔氮化硼材料被分为微孔氮化硼、介孔氮化硼、大孔氮化硼和多级孔氮化硼。本文综述了微孔、介孔、大孔及多级孔等类型氮化硼材料的研究进展。重点介绍了不同类型氮化硼材料的制备和性能,并分析了各种制备方法的优缺点,最后探讨了多孔氮化硼材料的发展前景。     

多级孔IM-5分子筛的简易制备及其在甲烷芳构化中的催化性能

采用一步水热晶化法、不添加第二模板剂、仅通过控制合成条件,制备了具有多级孔道结构的IM-5-H分子筛。多级孔IM-5-H材料展现了与常规IM-5-C分子筛不同的形貌、结构和酸性质。由于IM-5-H分子筛载体介孔结构的促进作用,钼基Mo-IM-5-H催化剂在甲烷无氧芳构化反应中表现出较高的甲烷转化率（13.1%）、芳烃产率（7.5%）和稳定性。该研究为合成多级孔IM-5材料提供了一种简便的方法,同时扩展了微孔-介孔复合材料在甲烷芳构化反应中的应用。     

多级孔IM-5分子筛的简易制备及其在甲烷芳构化中的催化性能（英文）

采用一步水热晶化法、不添加第二模板剂、仅通过控制合成条件,制备了具有多级孔道结构的IM-5-H分子筛。多级孔IM-5-H材料展现了与常规IM-5-C分子筛不同的形貌、结构和酸性质。由于IM-5-H分子筛载体介孔结构的促进作用,钼基Mo-IM-5-H催化剂在甲烷无氧芳构化反应中表现出较高的甲烷转化率(13.1%)、芳烃产率(7.5%)和稳定性。该研究为合成多级孔IM-5材料提供了一种简便的方法,同时扩展了微孔-介孔复合材料在甲烷芳构化反应中的应用。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.