用于检测多硫化氢和亚硝酰氢的小分子荧光探针

多硫化氢（H₂S_n）和亚硝酰氢（HNO）在一系列生理病理过程中起着重要的作用,包括调节细胞内氧化还原信号传递过程、增强心肌的收缩能力、抑制血小板聚集等。H₂S_n可以通过硫化氢（H₂S）与活性氧物种反应得到。一氧化氮（NO）和HNO可以在超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）作用下相互转化,H₂S和NO反应可以生成H₂S_n和HNO,调控酶的活性以及蛋白与蛋白之间的相互作用,从而影响蛋白质的生理功能。因此,实时检测生物体内H₂S_n和HNO的浓度具有十分重要的生物医学意义。在各种生物检测技术中,荧光探针具有选择性好,灵敏度高,可以实时原位检测,对样品损伤小等优点,受到了广泛关注。本文将按照探针响应基团的反应类型,将近几年用于定性定量检测H₂S_n和HNO荧光探针进行分类和总结,重点概述探针的设计理念、响应机制和生物应用,并对探针的应用前景进行了展望。同时,本文也关注了硫化氢和其他硫烷硫类物种荧光检测的近期进展。     

一种点亮型硫化氢荧光探针的合成及其在红酒和细胞中的应用

合成了一种新颖的三苯胺衍生物Tdip,利用硫化氢(H₂S)触发Tdip发生串联反应,释放出具有强荧光的前体化合物,进而实现荧光点亮识别H₂S.该探针具有较好的选择性和抗干扰能力,较大的斯托克斯位移(146 nm),8～13的pH适用范围,较低的检测限(2.24μmol/L).此外,Tdip能检测实际红酒样品中的H₂S,并可对活细胞中的H₂S进行荧光成像.     

反应型次氯酸荧光探针

生物体内的次氯酸是氯离子和过氧化氢(H₂O₂)由髓过氧化物酶(MPO)催化生成的,是生物体内最重要的活性氧(ROS)之一,在生理过程中发挥了至关重要的作用。但是,过量的次氯酸会导致一系列生理疾病,因此有效的识别和检测次氯酸备受研究者们的青睐。与传统检测方法相比,荧光探针具有选择性好、灵敏度高、可实时监测等诸多优势,因此在近年来得到了快速发展。本文主要基于不同的荧光团,综述了近三年次氯酸荧光探针的研究进展及生物应用。     

检测一氧化碳分子荧光探针的研究进展

一氧化碳(CO)是一种重要的内源性气体递质分子,参与调节生命体的多种生理和病理过程.因此,选择性识别和高灵敏检测生物体内源CO具有十分重要的生物学和医学意义.荧光探针法具有选择性好、灵敏度高、适于高通量筛选,尤其是对生物样品无侵入性损伤,以及可实现实时原位检测等优势,因此,利用荧光探针技术检测细胞、组织和活体内CO浓度的变化是近年来研究热点之一.综述了近十年来CO荧光探针的研究进展,概述了相关荧光探针的设计理念、检测机理及生物应用,探讨了探针的结构和性能之间的关系,展望了CO荧光探针的发展趋势和应用前景.     

基于4-氨基-1, 8萘酰亚胺的双光子荧光H2S探针光学性质与响应机理分析

基于密度泛函理论水平上的解析响应函数方法,采用极化连续模型(PCM)研究了两种新型的截断型双光子荧光H₂S探针AcHS-1, 2的单双光子吸收及荧光发射性质,并对其响应机制进行了理论分析.计算结果表明, AcHS-1, 2在与H₂S反应后,生成物的单双光子吸收性质特别是荧光发射性质发生了明显的变化,它们的吸收峰都有较大的红移.此外,不同末端基团对探针分子的光学性质也有一定的影响.分析了探针分子AcHS-1, 2与H₂S反应前后的Mulliken布居及电荷转移过程,反应后分子内电荷转移量增大,从而改变了分子的光学性质,实现了对H₂S的探测.     

硼氮掺杂的碳纳米管对硫化氢气敏性能的理论研究

应用密度泛函理论研究了纯(8, 0)单壁碳纳米管(SWCNT)和B原子、N原子以及BN原子对掺杂的(8, 0) SWCNTs对硫化氢气体分子的传感性质. 计算结果表明, 与纯碳纳米管相比, B原子掺杂的SWCNT显示了对H₂S分子的敏感性, 其几何结构和电子性质在吸附H₂S分子后发生了显著变化; 而N原子和BN原子对的掺杂没有改善SWCNT对H₂S分子的吸附性能, 因此我们建议B原子掺杂的SWCNT作为检测H₂S分子的新型气相传感器.     

基于小分子的汞离子荧光探针*

汞离子（Hg²⁺）作为一种极具生理毒性的化学物质,其检测方法在传感领域得到了广泛的研究。荧光探针由于具有高效灵敏、快速便捷检测等优点而成为Hg²⁺检测的重要手段之一。通过Hg²⁺与探针特征的结合位点作用,引起其光物理性质的变化,从而实现对Hg²⁺的高选择性识别。本文综述了近年来小分子Hg²⁺荧光探针的研究进展。文中着重总结了Hg²⁺荧光探针分子的设计原理、检测机制及应用方法;评述了这些化合物的结构和检测性能之间的关系;最后展望了Hg²⁺荧光探针的研究和发展方向。     

气体分子在二维石墨烯纳米孔中的选择性渗透特性

二维石墨烯纳米孔中气体分子的选择性渗透对多孔石墨烯分离膜非常重要。本文采用分子动力学方法研究了气体分子在氮氢修饰石墨烯纳米孔中的渗透特性,从分子的大小和结构、纳米孔的构型以及分子与石墨烯之间的作用强度等角度阐明了分子出现选择性渗透的原因。结果表明,不同分子的渗透率不同,即H₂O＞H₂S＞CO₂＞N₂＞CH₄。渗透率跟分子的质量和直径以及分子在石墨烯表面上的吸附密度有关;根据气体分子动理学理论,渗透率跟分子质量成反比关系;而分子在石墨烯表面上的高吸附密度对渗透起促进作用。对于H₂O和CH₄分子,分子直径起主导作用;H₂O分子直径最小,其渗透率最大;同理,CH₄分子的渗透率最小。对于H₂S和CO₂分子,H₂S分子的直径较大,但其与石墨烯之间的作用强度较大(吸附密度较高),导致渗透率较高;对于CO₂和N₂分子,CO₂分子的直径较小,并且与石墨烯之间的作用强度较大,渗透率较高。同时发现,分子在纳米孔中的渗透使得其在石墨烯表面的密度分布极不均匀。纳米孔左右两侧的功能化氮原子使CH₄分子容易从孔两侧区域穿过,而其它分子由于直径较小在纳米孔中心区域穿过的概率最大。分子与石墨烯之间的作用越强,导致分子在石墨烯表面区域内停留的时间越长,最终使其在渗透纳米孔的过程中所经历的时间越长。本文所采用的氮氢修饰石墨烯纳米孔中,分子渗透速率达到~10^-3 mol·s^-1·m^-2·Pa^-1,并且其它分子相对于CH₄分子的选择性也很高,说明基于该类型纳米孔的多孔石墨烯分离膜在天然气处理等工业气体分离领域具有很好的应用前景。     

基于硫堇掺杂的聚乙烯醇薄膜的光波导传感器检测硫化氢气体

采用旋转甩涂法将硫堇掺杂的聚乙烯醇薄膜固定在K⁺交换玻璃光波导表面,研制出一种高灵敏硫化氢气体传感器。 传感膜与硫化氢(H₂S)气体作用时,薄膜颜色从紫色变为无色,从而降低薄膜对倏逝波的吸收,使传感器的输出光强度（信号）增强。 采用流动注射法对H₂S气体进行检测。 实验结果表明,H₂S传感器对浓度在0.14~56 mg/m3范围的H₂S气体具有良好的线性响应（r=0.99667）,检出限为0.11 mg/m³(S/N=3),相对标准偏差为4.0%,响应时间（t90）＜2 s。 该传感器具有灵敏度高、响应快、可逆性和重复性好等特点。     

用于光催化分解硫化氢制氢的金属硫化物

硫化氢(H₂S)作为一种剧毒、恶臭的强腐蚀性气体,广泛来源于人类活动和自然界,对动植物生存和环境都具有较大的危害。光催化分解H₂S制氢是一种理想的H₂S处理技术,可以同时实现H₂S的转移和清洁能源氢气的产生。近年来,金属硫化物由于其优异的可见光响应、恰当的能带结构和对H₂S有高的稳定性,因此被广泛地应用于光催化分解H₂S制氢。本文对近年来国内外金属硫化物驱动H₂S资源化利用制氢领域取得的重要进展进行了概述和总结,探讨了不同反应媒介下光催化分解H₂S制氢机制;特别关注了一些为实现高效稳定光催化H₂S资源化利用制氢的优异调控策略;最后,对H₂S资源化利用的挑战和前景进行了展望。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.